{"id":124683,"date":"2025-05-13T15:05:07","date_gmt":"2025-05-13T13:05:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/training-solo-novye-varianty-ataki-spectre-v2-zatragivayushhie-cpu-intel"},"modified":"2026-01-24T17:56:45","modified_gmt":"2026-01-24T15:56:45","slug":"training-solo-novye-varianty-ataki-spectre-v2-zatragivayushhie-cpu-intel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/training-solo-novye-varianty-ataki-spectre-v2-zatragivayushhie-cpu-intel","title":{"rendered":"Training Solo \u2014 nov\u00e9 varianty \u00fatoku Spectre-v2, dot\u00fdkaj\u00face sa CPU Intel","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Skupina v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov z Amsterdamskej slobodnej univerzity identifikovala nieko\u013eko nov\u00fdch zranite\u013enost\u00ed typu Spectre-v2, publikovan\u00fdch pod k\u00f3dov\u00fdm menom Training Solo, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa ob\u00eds\u0165 mechanizmy izol\u00e1cie pam\u00e4te. V kontexte virtualiza\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov tieto zranite\u013enosti umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa ur\u010di\u0165 obsah pam\u00e4te hostite\u013esk\u00e9ho prostredia z hos\u0165ovsk\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, a v kontexte serverov umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa ur\u010di\u0165 obsah pam\u00e4te jadra pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed exploitov v u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eskom priestore. Pr\u00edklady exploitov na vykonanie tak\u00fdchto \u00fatokov s\u00fa zverejnen\u00e9 na GitHub. Predlo\u017een\u00e9 exploit\u00e1cie umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa extrahova\u0165 \u013eubovo\u013en\u00e9 d\u00e1ta z pam\u00e4te jadra r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 17 KB\/s, a z pam\u00e4te hyperv\u00edzora - 8,5 KB\/s.      <\/p>\n<p>Pri \u00fatokoch triedy Spectre-v2 sa na organizovanie \u00faniku \u00fadajov pou\u017e\u00edva podstrkovanie hodn\u00f4t do vyrovn\u00e1vacej pam\u00e4te adresy vetvenia (Branch Target Buffer) alebo vyrovn\u00e1vacej pam\u00e4te hist\u00f3rie prechodov (Branch History Buffer), ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na predpovedanie \u010fal\u0161ej oper\u00e1cie vetvenia. Manipul\u00e1ciou s hist\u00f3riou prechodov sa vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa podmienky nespr\u00e1vnej predpovede prechodu pri \u0161pekulat\u00edvnom vykon\u00e1van\u00ed in\u0161trukci\u00ed. \u00dalohou \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka je pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed \u0161pekulat\u00edvnej oper\u00e1cie vetvenia zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby bol adres prechodov prevzat\u00fd z po\u017eadovanej oblasti pam\u00e4te. Po vykonan\u00ed \u0161pekulat\u00edvneho prechodu zost\u00e1va v procesorovej vyrovn\u00e1vacej pam\u00e4ti pre\u010d\u00edtan\u00e1 z pam\u00e4te adresa prechodu (pod z\u00e1mienkou adresy s\u00fa pre\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 potrebn\u00e9 \u00fadaje pre \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka z pam\u00e4te). Na extrakciu inform\u00e1ci\u00ed z vyrovn\u00e1vacej pam\u00e4te m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00e1 jedna z met\u00f3d ur\u010dovania obsahu vyrovn\u00e1vacej pam\u00e4te zalo\u017een\u00e1 na anal\u00fdze zmien \u010dasu pr\u00edstupu k cache-ovan\u00fdm a ne-cache-ovan\u00fdm \u00fadajom.         <\/p>\n<p>Met\u00f3dy \u00fatoku Training Solo s\u00fa zameran\u00e9 na ob\u00eddenie mechanizmov izol\u00e1cie v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, ako s\u00fa IBPB, eIBRS a BHI_NO, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na blokovanie \u00fatokov typu Spectre-v2. Napr\u00edklad in\u0161trukcia IBPB (Indirect Branch Prediction Barriers) zabezpe\u010duje resetovanie stavu bloku predpokladania skokov pri ka\u017edom prep\u00ednan\u00ed kontextu - pri prenose riadenia medzi u\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00fdm priestorom a jadrom alebo medzi hos\u0165ovac\u00edm syst\u00e9mom a hostite\u013esk\u00fdm prostred\u00edm. Resetovanie stavu blokuje mo\u017enos\u0165 pou\u017eitia vlastn\u00e9ho k\u00f3du na ovplyvnenie spr\u00e1vania bloku predpokladania nepriamych skokov.        <\/p>\n<p>Rozdiely met\u00f3d Training Solo spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee na ovplyvnenie bloku predpovedania prechodov sa navrhuje neuv\u00e1dza\u0165 k\u00f3d ovl\u00e1dan\u00fd \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkom, ale vyu\u017ei\u0165 k\u00f3d, ktor\u00fd u\u017e existuje na strane privilegovan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed vykon\u00e1vania (jadro alebo hyperv\u00edzor), z ktor\u00fdch \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk dosiahne \u00fanik. Inak s\u00fa met\u00f3dy podobn\u00e9 klasick\u00e9mu \u00fatoku Spectre-v2. Okrem toho v\u00fdskumn\u00edci identifikovali dve hardv\u00e9rov\u00e9 probl\u00e9my (CVE-2024-28956 a CVE-2025-24495), ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa \u00faplne ob\u00eds\u0165 izol\u00e1ciu oblast\u00ed vykon\u00e1vania a realizova\u0165 \u00faniky z procesov in\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, in\u00fdch hos\u0165uj\u00facich syst\u00e9mov alebo hostite\u013esk\u00e9ho prostredia.    <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Training Solo - nov\u00e9 varianty \u00fatokov Spectre-v2, ktor\u00e9 zasahuj\u00fa CPU Intel\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/aab3af31923044fc239d55ff8b7846b4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>      <\/p>\n<p>Navrhnut\u00e9 s\u00fa tri typy \u00fatokov Training Solo:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Deform\u00e1cia logiky predpovedania prechodov pomocou vyvolania u\u017e existuj\u00facich v jadre sekvenci\u00ed pr\u00edkazov (gadgets), ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa obsah buffera s hist\u00f3riou prechodov. Ako podobn\u00e9 gadgets sa navrhuje vyu\u017ei\u0165 mechanizmus obmedzenia pr\u00edstupu k syst\u00e9mov\u00fdm volaniam SECCOMP, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje prostredn\u00edctvom substit\u00facie vlastn\u00fdch BPF filtrov dosiahnu\u0165 falo\u0161n\u00fd nepriamy prechod v \u0161pekulat\u00edvnom re\u017eime (filtre v SECCOMP s\u00fa definovan\u00e9 pomocou klasick\u00e9ho cBPF, ktor\u00fd je predvolene zapnut\u00fd na rozdiel od eBPF). Pri testovan\u00ed na CPU Intel Tiger Lake a Lion Cove bola r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u00faniku pri pou\u017eit\u00ed tejto met\u00f3dy 1.7 KB\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Vyu\u017eitie IP kol\u00edzi\u00ed (Instruction Pointer) v bloku predpovedania prechodov. \u00dato\u010dn\u00edk m\u00f4\u017ee vytvori\u0165 podmienky, za ktor\u00fdch adresa pre \u0161pekulat\u00edvny prechod bude vybran\u00e1 iba na z\u00e1klade u\u017e existuj\u00facej v buffere adresy prechodu, bez zoh\u013eadnenia hist\u00f3rie prechodov. My\u0161lienka spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee jedna oper\u00e1cia nepriamych prechodov m\u00f4\u017ee ovplyvni\u0165 in\u00fa, ak d\u00f4jde ku kol\u00edzii pri uchov\u00e1van\u00ed hashov ich adries v BTB (Branch Target Buffer).\n<li class=\"l\"> Vyu\u017eitie vplyvu priamych skokov na predpokladanie nepriamych skokov. Tak\u00e9to spr\u00e1vanie je sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 dvoma hardv\u00e9rov\u00fdmi zranite\u013enos\u0165ami: CVE-2024-28956 - ITS (Indirect Target Selection) a CVE-2025-24495 - probl\u00e9m v CPU Intel s jadrami Lion Cove. R\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u00faniku d\u00e1t z pam\u00e4te pri pou\u017eit\u00ed tejto met\u00f3dy bola 17 KB\/s. V demon\u0161trovanom exploite na ur\u010denie hash-u hesla u\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea root, ulo\u017een\u00e9ho v pam\u00e4ti po vykonan\u00ed pr\u00edkazu \u201epasswd -s\u201c, bolo str\u00e1ven\u00fdch 60 sek\u00fand.    <\/ul>\n<p>      <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Training Solo - nov\u00e9 varianty \u00fatokov Spectre-v2, ktor\u00e9 zasahuj\u00fa CPU Intel\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/14076832d38911938e435cf800505ac7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>              <\/p>\n<p>\u00datok na naru\u0161enie vyrovn\u00e1vacej pam\u00e4te s hist\u00f3riou prechodov zasiahol v\u0161etky CPU Intel, ktor\u00e9 podporuj\u00fa mechanizmus eIBRS, vr\u00e1tane CPU Intel Coffee Lake a Lion Cove. Na zablokovanie zranite\u013enosti spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Intel vydala aktualiz\u00e1ciu mikrocode s implement\u00e1ciou novej in\u0161trukcie IBHF (Indirect Branch History Fence), ktor\u00fa sa odpor\u00fa\u010da uv\u00e1dza\u0165 po k\u00f3de ovplyv\u0148uj\u00facom vyrovn\u00e1vaciu pam\u00e4\u0165 hist\u00f3rie prechodov. Pre star\u0161ie CPU Intel sa odpor\u00fa\u010da pou\u017ei\u0165 softv\u00e9rov\u00fa met\u00f3du \u010distenia hist\u00f3rie prechodov. Do jadra Linux sa prijalo zmeny, prid\u00e1vaj\u00face softv\u00e9rov\u00e9 a hardv\u00e9rov\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/zhashchita-ot-ddos\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"8\">ochranu pred \u00fatokmi<\/a>, vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 pomocou cBPF. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 AMD uviedla, \u017ee na jej CPU met\u00f3da \u00fatoku nefunguje. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 ARM ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee probl\u00e9m sa t\u00fdka iba star\u0161\u00edch procesorov ARM, zranite\u013en\u00fdch vo\u010di \u00fatokom Spectre-v2 a nepodporuj\u00facich roz\u0161\u00edrenia FEAT_CSV2_3 a FEAT_CLRBHB.          <\/p>\n<p>Zranite\u013enos\u0165 Indirect Target Selection (ITS, CVE-2024-28956) zasahuje CPU Intel Core 9-11 gener\u00e1ci\u00ed (Cascade Lake, Cooper Lake, Whiskey Lake V, Coffee Lake R, Comet Lake, Ice Lake, Tiger Lake a Rocket Lake) a Intel Xeon 2-3 gener\u00e1ci\u00ed. Zranite\u013enos\u0165 CVE-2025-24495 sa prejavuje na CPU zalo\u017een\u00fdch na mikroarchitekt\u00farach Lunar Lake a Arrow Lake. Probl\u00e9my boli opraven\u00e9 v\u010deraj\u0161ou aktualiz\u00e1ciou mikrocode. Do jadra Linux sa prijalo zmeny, ktor\u00e9 blokuj\u00fa probl\u00e9m premies\u0165ovan\u00edm nepriamych prechodov do hornej \u010dasti vyrovn\u00e1vacej pam\u00e4te.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63227\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 Spectre-v2, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c Training Solo \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442-\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":124684,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-124683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e 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