{"id":139749,"date":"2025-07-28T17:11:54","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T15:11:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-yadra-linux-6-16"},"modified":"2025-07-28T17:11:54","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T15:11:54","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-6-16","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-6-16","title":{"rendered":"Uvo\u013enenie jadra Linux 6.16","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Po dvoch mesiacoch v\u00fdvoja Linus Torvalds predstavil vydanie jadra Linux 6.16. Medzi najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie zmeny patr\u00ed: ovl\u00e1da\u010d na ur\u00fdchlenie OpenVPN, mechanizmus Kexec HandOver, zapnutie predvolenej p\u00e4\u0165\u00farov\u0148ovej tabu\u013eky str\u00e1n pam\u00e4te pre x86, odstr\u00e1nenie protokolu DCCP, blokov\u00fd ovl\u00e1da\u010d zloop, mo\u017enos\u0165 odosielania core dumpov cez UNIX socket, podpora atomick\u00e9ho z\u00e1pisu v XFS, offload spracovanie zvuku pre USB zariadenia, optimaliz\u00e1cie v Ext4, virtu\u00e1lny ovl\u00e1da\u010d TPM (Trusted Platform Module), pln\u00e1 implement\u00e1cia Device Memory TCP, podpora bezmenn\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov v io_uring, pr\u00edprava na integr\u00e1ciu DRM ovl\u00e1da\u010da Asahi, mechanizmus \u201eusermode queue\u201c v ovl\u00e1da\u010di AMDGPU, podpora Intel TDE (Trusted Domain Extensions) a Intel APE (Advanced Performance Extensions).    <\/p>\n<p>Do novej verzie bolo prijat\u00fdch 15924 opr\u00e1v od 2145 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov, ve\u013ekos\u0165 patchu \u2013 50 MB (zmeny sa dotkli 13793 s\u00faborov, pridalo sa 655451 riadkov k\u00f3du, odstr\u00e1nilo sa 316441 riadkov). V predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej verzii bolo 15945 opr\u00e1v od 2154 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov, ve\u013ekos\u0165 patchu \u2013 59 MB. Asi 45% v\u0161etk\u00fdch zmenen\u00fdch v 6.16 s\u00favis\u00ed s ovl\u00e1da\u010dmi zariaden\u00ed, pribli\u017ene 16% zmien s\u00favis\u00ed s aktualiz\u00e1ciou k\u00f3du \u0161pecifick\u00e9ho pre hardv\u00e9rov\u00e9 architekt\u00fary, 13% s\u00favis\u00ed so sie\u0165ov\u00fdm z\u00e1sobn\u00edkom, 4% \u2013 s s\u00faborov\u00fdmi syst\u00e9mami a 3% s intern\u00fdmi subsyst\u00e9mami jadra.       <\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00e9 novinky v jadre 6.16:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Diskov\u00fd subsyst\u00e9m, I\/O a s\u00faborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bol pridan\u00fd ovl\u00e1da\u010d zloop na vytv\u00e1ranie zonovan\u00fdch blokov\u00fdch loopback zariaden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa montuj\u00fa v loop re\u017eime. Ovl\u00e1da\u010d emuluje pr\u00e1cu be\u017en\u00fdch blokov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, pri\u010dom pou\u017e\u00edva nieko\u013eko s\u00faborov z existuj\u00faceho s\u00faborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (po jednom s\u00fabore na ulo\u017eenie ka\u017edej z\u00f3ny). T\u00e1to mo\u017enos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 na testovanie s\u00faborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, spracovate\u013eov device mapper a aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed na podporu zonovan\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa delenie na z\u00f3ny skup\u00edn blokov alebo sektorov, do ktor\u00fdch je povolen\u00e9 iba sekven\u010dn\u00e9 prid\u00e1vanie \u00fadajov s aktualiz\u00e1ciou celej skupiny blokov.\n<li class=\"l\"> V s\u00faborovom syst\u00e9me XFS bola implementovan\u00e1 podpora atomick\u00e9ho z\u00e1pisu ve\u013ek\u00fdch porci\u00ed d\u00e1t \u2013 nieko\u013eko blokov m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 teraz zap\u00edsan\u00fdch v atomickom re\u017eime (bu\u010f v\u0161etky bloky bud\u00fa \u00faspe\u0161ne zap\u00edsan\u00e9, alebo \u017eiadny blok nebude zap\u00edsan\u00fd).\n<li class=\"l\"> V s\u00faborovom syst\u00e9me Ext4 bola zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 v\u00fdkonnos\u0165 mechanizmu \u201efast commit\u201c. Bola pridan\u00e1 podpora ve\u013ek\u00fdch foliantov str\u00e1n pam\u00e4te (large folios) pre be\u017en\u00e9 s\u00fabory, \u010do v uskuto\u010dnen\u00fdch testoch zv\u00fd\u0161ilo v\u00fdkonnos\u0165 pri intenz\u00edvnom sekven\u010dnom vstupe\/v\u00fdstupe o 37%. Bola pridan\u00e1 podpora atomick\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed z\u00e1pisu, ktor\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvaj\u00fa nieko\u013eko blokov.\n<li class=\"l\"> Vo vodi\u010di pre s\u00faborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m ext2 bola ozn\u00e1men\u00e1 zastaranos\u0165 podpory mechanizmu DAX, ktor\u00fd zabezpe\u010duje priamy pr\u00edstup k FS obch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci str\u00e1nkov\u00fa cache. Odstr\u00e1nenie DAX z vodi\u010da ext2 je napl\u00e1novan\u00e9 na koniec roka. Ako d\u00f4vod je uveden\u00e9 zoh\u013eadnenie vodi\u010da ext2 ako stabilnej \u0161tandardnej implement\u00e1cie, v ktorej nie je prijate\u013en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 funkcie, ktor\u00e9 nez\u00edskali primeran\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenie.\n<li class=\"l\"> S\u00faborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my OrangeFS, UFS, BFS a OMFS pre\u0161li na pou\u017e\u00edvanie nov\u00e9ho API na montovanie zv\u00e4zkov.\n<li class=\"l\"> V sysctl bola pridan\u00e1 nastavenie vfs_cache_pressure_denom, na riadenie po\u010dtu z\u00e1znamov v cache \u201edentry\u201c (vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 zobrazenie polo\u017eiek adres\u00e1rov) za podmienok nedostatku pam\u00e4te v syst\u00e9me. \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161ia je nastaven\u00e1 hodnota, t\u00fdm viac m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vypr\u00e1zdnen\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov z cache (menej z\u00e1znamov zostane v cache) pri nedostatku pam\u00e4te.\n<li class=\"l\"> V s\u00faborovom syst\u00e9me Bcachefs bola pridan\u00e1 vo\u013eba \u201erebalance_on_ac_only\u201c, ktor\u00e1 zakazuje vykon\u00e1vanie oper\u00e1ci\u00ed rebalance a pozadia kompresie pri nap\u00e1jan\u00ed syst\u00e9mu z bat\u00e9rie. Oper\u00e1cie odstra\u0148ovania sn\u00edmok a zariaden\u00ed sa ur\u00fdchlili. Spotreba pam\u00e4te pri montovan\u00ed v re\u017eime iba na \u010d\u00edtanie sa zn\u00ed\u017eila. Bola pridan\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165ania niektor\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed obnovy po zlyhan\u00ed na pozad\u00ed bez zastavenia pr\u00e1ce so s\u00faborov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom.\n<li class=\"l\"> Podsystemu spr\u00e1vy nap\u00e1jania bolo umo\u017enen\u00e9 samostatne vykon\u00e1va\u0165 zmrazenie s\u00faborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov a premenn\u00fdch EFI pre re\u017eimy suspend a sleep (ak s\u00fa u\u017e FS zamrznut\u00e9 obsluhou v u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eskom priestore, \u010fal\u0161ie zmrazenie sa nevykon\u00e1va).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 ur\u00fdchli\u0165 pr\u00e1cu EROFS pomocou zabudovan\u00e9ho ur\u00fdch\u013eova\u010da Intel QAT (QuickAssist Technology), ktor\u00fd pon\u00faka prostriedky na ur\u00fdchlenie v\u00fdpo\u010dtov s\u00favisiacich s kompresiou a \u0161ifrovan\u00edm.\n<li class=\"l\"> V NFS bol maxim\u00e1lny ve\u013ekos\u0165 d\u00e1vky \u00fadajov pre oper\u00e1cie \u010d\u00edtania a z\u00e1pisu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd z 1 na 4 MB (predvolen\u00e9 nastavenie je 1 MB, preto\u017ee nie v\u0161etci klienti podporuj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu ve\u013ekos\u0165).\n<li class=\"l\"> Neprevilegovanym pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom, ktor\u00ed maj\u00fa pr\u00e1va CAP_SYS_ADMIN v samostatnom priestore identifik\u00e1torov pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov (user namespace), ale nemaj\u00fa roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 pr\u00e1va v kore\u0148ovom priestore, bola poskytnut\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 vyu\u017eitia mechanizmu fanotify na sledovanie zmien v s\u00faborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre s\u00faborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00face subsyst\u00e9m FUSE bola poskytnut\u00e1 funk\u010dnos\u0165 na jednorazov\u00e9 vy\u010distenie v\u0161etk\u00fdch ulo\u017een\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov o adres\u00e1roch (dentries). Do subsyst\u00e9mu FUSE bola pridan\u00e1 podpora pre ve\u013ek\u00e9 str\u00e1nky pam\u00e4te.\n<li class=\"l\"> Vo F\u0421 OverlayFS bola implementovan\u00e1 podpora pre vytv\u00e1ranie v nepodriaden\u00fdch priestoroch vrstiev s d\u00e1tami, pre ktor\u00e9 sa vyu\u017e\u00edva kontrola integrity pomocou modulu dm-verity. Uveden\u00e1 funk\u010dnos\u0165 umo\u017e\u0148uje kombinova\u0165 d\u00f4veryhodn\u00e9 vrstvy s metad\u00e1tami s ned\u00f4veryhodn\u00fdmi vrstvami s d\u00e1tami, spracov\u00e1van\u00fdmi v nepodriaden\u00fdch priestoroch.                      <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Pam\u00e4\u0165 a syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bol pridan\u00fd mechanizmus KHO (Kexec HandOver) na spustenie nov\u00e9ho jadra zo star\u00e9ho bez straty stavu syst\u00e9mu. Pred odovzdan\u00edm riadenia novej verzii jadra m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 stav k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch subsyst\u00e9mov jadra pomocou KHO serializovan\u00fd do oblasti pam\u00e4te, ktor\u00e1 nebude naru\u0161en\u00e1 \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi oper\u00e1ciami. Nov\u00e9 jadro, ktor\u00e9 prevezme kontrolu, obnov\u00ed serializovan\u00fd stav sp\u00e4\u0165. Na z\u00e1klade KHO sa vyv\u00edja subsyst\u00e9m Live Update Orchestrator (LUO), ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje re\u0161tart jadra bez preru\u0161enia \u010dinnosti zariaden\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bol pridan\u00fd parameter zostavenia jadra CONFIG_X86_NATIVE, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje pri kompil\u00e1cii pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 vo\u013ebu \u201e-march=native\u201c na optimaliz\u00e1ciu so zoh\u013eadnen\u00edm schopnost\u00ed procesora na aktu\u00e1lnom syst\u00e9me.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bol pridan\u00fd podpora roz\u0161\u00edrenia architekt\u00fary sady in\u0161trukci\u00ed Intel APX (Advanced Performance Extension), ktor\u00e1 poskytuje 16 \u010fal\u0161\u00edch v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch registrov (okrem 16 existuj\u00facich), \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje pou\u017ei\u0165 v k\u00f3de menej oper\u00e1ci\u00ed \u010d\u00edtania a zapisovania do pam\u00e4te na zv\u00fd\u0161enie v\u00fdkonu a zn\u00ed\u017eenie spotreby energie.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bol pridan\u00fd re\u017eim automatick\u00e9ho nastavenia politiky rozde\u013eovania pam\u00e4te v NUMA syst\u00e9moch, pri ktorom sa v\u00e1hy uzlov prepo\u010d\u00edtavaj\u00fa pri objaven\u00ed novej inform\u00e1cie o priepustnosti po\u010das zav\u00e1dzania alebo pri hor\u00facom pripojen\u00ed pam\u00e4te.\n<li class=\"l\"> V implement\u00e1cii futex-ov bola pridan\u00e1 podpora lok\u00e1lnej hash tabu\u013eky procesov (local futex_hash_bucket), ktor\u00e1 je na rozdiel od predt\u00fdm podporovanej spolo\u010dnej hash tabu\u013eky pre v\u0161etky procesy lok\u00e1lna pre jednotliv\u00fd proces a je zdie\u013ean\u00e1 v\u0161etk\u00fdmi vl\u00e1knami tohto procesu. Lok\u00e1lne hash tabu\u013eky sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa iba pre futex-oper\u00e1cie PROCESS_PRIVATE. Okrem toho, v novej verzii bola pridan\u00e1 podpora mo\u017enost\u00ed FUTEX2_NUMA a FUTEX2_MPOL, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa ovplyvni\u0165 umiestnenie futex-ov v pam\u00e4ti tak, aby boli bli\u017e\u0161ie k procesom, ktor\u00e9 ich vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre syst\u00e9my x86_64 bola zapnut\u00e1 trval\u00e1 podpora p\u00e4\u0165\u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch tabuliek str\u00e1n pam\u00e4te (parameter CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL, ktor\u00fd riadil zapnutie p\u00e4\u0165\u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdch tabuliek, bol odstr\u00e1nen\u00fd).\n<li class=\"l\"> Do ovl\u00e1da\u010da intel_pstate, ktor\u00fd spravuje parametre spotreby energie (P-state) na syst\u00e9moch s procesormi Intel, bola pridan\u00e1 podpora fungovania pl\u00e1nova\u010da \u00faloh s oh\u013eadom na spotrebu energie (EAS \u2014 Energy Aware Scheduling) na hybridn\u00fdch procesoroch, ktor\u00e9 kombinuj\u00fa vysokov\u00fdkonn\u00e9 a energeticky efekt\u00edvne jadra CPU, ako je Intel Lunar Lake.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do sysfs boli pridan\u00e9 rozhrania: \u201e\/sys\/devices\/system\/cpu\/cpuN\/cpu_capacity\u201c na z\u00edskanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o mo\u017enostiach r\u00f4znych CPU v hybridn\u00fdch procesoroch a \u201e\/sys\/devices\/system\/cpu\/cpuidle\/intel_c1_demotion\u201c na spr\u00e1vu mo\u017enosti ponech\u00e1va\u0165 CPU v v\u00fdkonnej\u0161om stave, aj ke\u010f jadro sa sna\u017e\u00ed prepn\u00fa\u0165 CPU do ni\u017e\u0161ieho stavu spotreby energie (napr\u00edklad jadro m\u00f4\u017ee po\u017eiada\u0165 o prechod do stavu spotreby energie C6, ale firmware pri vysokej intenzite prebudenia CPU m\u00f4\u017ee ponecha\u0165 ho v stave C1).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre architekt\u00faru ARM64 bola zahrnut\u00e1 podpora re\u017eimu leniv\u00e9ho prejedn\u00e1vania \u00faloh (PREEMPT_LAZY, lazy preemption), ktor\u00fd zodpoved\u00e1 re\u017eimu \u00fapln\u00e9ho prejedn\u00e1vania (\u201efull preemption\u201c) pre realtime \u00falohy (RR\/FIFO\/DEADLINE), ale od\u010fa\u013euje prejedn\u00e1vanie be\u017en\u00fdch \u00faloh (SCHED_NORMAL) a\u017e po hranicu tik.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre architekt\u00faru ARM64 bola pridan\u00e1 podpora pou\u017e\u00edvania roz\u0161\u00edren\u00ed SME (Scalable Matrix Extension), aktivovan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom parametra CONFIG_ARM64_SME.\n<li class=\"l\">  Pokra\u010duje prenos zmien z vetvy Rust-for-Linux, ktor\u00e9 sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa pou\u017eitia jazyka Rust ako druh\u00e9ho jazyka pre v\u00fdvoj ovl\u00e1da\u010dov a modulov jadra (podpora Rust nie je predvolene akt\u00edvna a nevedie k zapo\u010d\u00edtaniu Rust medzi povinn\u00e9 zostavovacie z\u00e1vislosti jadra). Pre moduly nap\u00edsan\u00e9 v jazyku Rust je poskytnut\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvania configfs. Pridan\u00e9 abstrakcie potrebn\u00e9 pre v\u00fdvoj grafick\u00fdch ovl\u00e1da\u010dov. Roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 mo\u017enosti modulov alloc, time, str, list, workqueue a page. Pridan\u00e1 podpora makra \u201eassert!\u201c v testoch zalo\u017een\u00fdch na KUnit. Pridan\u00fd s\u00fabor abstrakci\u00ed na riadenie frekvencie CPU a vyu\u017e\u00edvanie API s\u00favisiacich s riaden\u00edm spotreby energie. Pridan\u00e1 podpora d\u00e1tovej \u0161trukt\u00fary \u2018xarray\u2019.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre architekt\u00faru RISC-V bola prenesen\u00e1 implement\u00e1cia syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho volania getrandom(), optimalizovan\u00e1 pomocou mechanizmu vDSO (virtu\u00e1lny dynamicky zdie\u013ean\u00fd objekt), ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje prenies\u0165 spracovate\u013e syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho volania z jadra do priestoru pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea a vyhn\u00fa\u0165 sa prep\u00ednaniu kontextu. V uskuto\u010dnen\u00fdch testoch optimaliz\u00e1cia ur\u00fdchlila z\u00edskavanie n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel 17-kr\u00e1t. Pre RISC-V bola tie\u017e implementovan\u00e1 podpora vektorov\u00fdch roz\u0161\u00edren\u00ed Zicbop, Zabha a Svinval, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v procesoroch SiFive.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre architekt\u00faru LoongArch bol limit na po\u010det CPU v syst\u00e9me zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd z 256 na 2048. Pridan\u00e1 podpora pl\u00e1nova\u010da \u00faloh SCHED_MC (Multi-core).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvania Unix-soketov na prenos s\u00faborov\u00fdch popisova\u010dov. Na zak\u00e1zanie takejto mo\u017enosti m\u00f4\u017eu aplik\u00e1cie pou\u017ei\u0165 v setsockopt() pr\u00edznak SO_PASSRIGHTS.\n<li class=\"l\"> Poskytnut\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 mapovania kruhov\u00e9ho bufferu, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edva na sledovanie \u010dinnosti jadra, do pam\u00e4te pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9ho priestoru.\n<li class=\"l\"> Spracovatelia crash-dump, ktor\u00ed sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na vytvorenie spr\u00e1vy o probl\u00e9moch po hav\u00e1rii jadra, teraz m\u00f4\u017eu vyu\u017ei\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010de LUKS pou\u017eit\u00e9 havarijn\u00fdm jadrom na ulo\u017eenie crash-dumpov do \u0161ifrovan\u00fdch FS.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do syst\u00e9mu asynchr\u00f3nneho vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu io_uring bola pridan\u00e1 oper\u00e1cia IORING_OP_PIPE na vytv\u00e1ranie neomenovan\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e1 je podobn\u00e1 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9mu volaniu pipe2, s v\u00fdnimkou podpory pevn\u00fdch s\u00faborov\u00fdch popisova\u010dov.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 pr\u00edkazov\u00e9ho riadku jadra \u201ert_group_sched\u201c na riadenie zapnutia pl\u00e1nova\u010da vykon\u00e1vania skup\u00edn realtime \u00faloh (SCHED_RR). Mo\u017enos\u0165 je ekvivalentn\u00e1 nastaveniu RT_GROUP_SCHED v Kconfig.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre zariadenia na b\u00e1ze zbernice CXL (Compute Express Link), pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch na organiz\u00e1ciu vysokor\u00fdchlostnej komunik\u00e1cie CPU s pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi zariadeniami, bola implementovan\u00e1 podpora roz\u0161\u00edren\u00ed RAS (Reliability, Availability, Serviceability), ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa implementova\u0165 r\u00f4zne sch\u00e9my detekcie a korekcie ch\u00fdb. CXL umo\u017e\u0148uje pripoji\u0165 nov\u00e9 oblasti pam\u00e4te poskytovan\u00e9 extern\u00fdmi pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi zariadeniami a vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ich ako \u010fal\u0161ie zdroje fyzick\u00e9ho adresn\u00e9ho priestoru na roz\u0161\u00edrenie syst\u00e9movej RAM (DDR) alebo trvalej pam\u00e4te (PMEM).\n<li class=\"l\"> Potrebn\u00e1 verzia GCC na zostavenie jadra bola pre v\u0161etky architekt\u00fary zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 na vetvu GCC 8. Na zostavenie je teraz potrebn\u00e1 aj minim\u00e1lne verzia bal\u00edka binutils 2.30.\n<li class=\"l\"> Syst\u00e9mov\u00fd volanie uselib() bolo odstr\u00e1nen\u00e9, preto\u017ee bolo u\u017e d\u00e1vno vyhl\u00e1sen\u00e9 za zastaran\u00e9. Namiesto toho sa na zdie\u013eanie kni\u017en\u00edc pou\u017e\u00edva mmap().                  <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualiz\u00e1cia a bezpe\u010dnos\u0165<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bola pridan\u00e1 po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e1 podpora pou\u017e\u00edvania mechanizmu Intel TDX (Trusted Domain Extensions) na ochranu hos\u0165uj\u00facich syst\u00e9mov be\u017eiacich pod hyperv\u00edzorom KVM pred z\u00e1sahom a anal\u00fdzou zo strany administr\u00e1tora hostite\u013esk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a fyzick\u00fdmi \u00fatokmi na hardv\u00e9r. Ochrana je zabezpe\u010den\u00e1 \u0161ifrovan\u00edm pam\u00e4te. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/vps\/\"   title=\"virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2021\">virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f<\/a>.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bol pridan\u00fd virtu\u00e1lny ovl\u00e1da\u010d TPM (Trusted Platform Module), ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje virtu\u00e1lnym strojom komunikova\u0165 s TPM zariadeniami emulovan\u00fdmi modulom SVSM (Secure VM Service Module).\n<li class=\"l\"> Bola obnoven\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 GCC plugin randstruct, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1hodne usporad\u00fava rozlo\u017eenie d\u00e1tov\u00fdch \u0161trukt\u00far po\u010das kompil\u00e1cie za \u00fa\u010delom s\u0165a\u017eenia exploit\u00e1cie zranite\u013enost\u00ed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridala sa mo\u017enos\u0165 vyu\u017eitia technol\u00f3gie IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture) na overenie integrity pri sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165an\u00ed nov\u00fdch jadier pomocou syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho volania kexec.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bola vykonan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca na zn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vplyvu pou\u017e\u00edvania SELinux na v\u00fdkon. Pre zr\u00fdchlenie bol pridan\u00fd cache s v\u00fdsledkami pr\u00edstupov\u00fdch kontrol k adres\u00e1rom. Do pravidiel genfscon bola pridan\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvania masiek.\n<li class=\"l\"> V k\u00f3de na interakciu s EFI bola pridan\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 zabudovania sekcie SBAT (UEFI Secure Boot Advanced Targeting) s metad\u00e1tami o zru\u0161en\u00fdch verzi\u00e1ch bootovac\u00edch komponentov.\n<li class=\"l\"> V na\u010d\u00edtavan\u00fdch moduloch bol preveden\u00fd oddiel \u201e.static_call_sites\u201c do re\u017eimu len na \u010d\u00edtanie po dokon\u010den\u00ed inicializ\u00e1cie.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre 64-bit ARM systems in the KVM hypervisor, support for nested virtualization has been implemented (disabled by default).\n<li class=\"l\"> The KVM hypervisor has announced stable support for the RISC-V architecture.                                  <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Sie\u0165ov\u00fd subsyst\u00e9m<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> The ovpn driver has been adopted, significantly improving OpenVPN performance by offloading encryption, packet processing, and channel management operations to the Linux kernel. This driver eliminates overhead related to context switching, optimizes performance through direct access to the kernel's internal APIs, and avoids slow data transfer between the kernel and user space (encryption, decryption, and routing are performed by the module without sending traffic to a user space handler). This offloading to the kernel eliminates unnecessary context switches.\n<li class=\"l\"> Support for sending data from device memory (TX path) has been added to the Device Memory TCP mechanism. Previously, to simplify the integration of Device Memory TCP into the kernel, the functionality was limited to receiving data (RX path). Device Memory TCP allows the use of network sockets for directly transmitting the contents of peripheral device memory over the network (zero-copy mode), as well as directly placing the contents of network packets in the memory area of the recipient's device. Data transmitted in packets goes from the network card to the peripheral device's memory (DMABUF), such as GPU video memory, or from device memory to the network card directly, bypassing the CPU, while packet headers end up in the usual kernel buffers.\n<li class=\"l\"> The ability to send core dump contents through the AF_UNIX socket has been provided, allowing the creation of more secure user-space core dump handlers that are not tied to privileged processes called by the kernel.\n<li class=\"l\"> Support for the DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol) has been removed, as it has not gained widespread use and has remained in the kernel without maintenance for five years. The removal of DCCP from the kernel will eliminate barriers that hinder the restructuring of the inet_connection_sock data structure to improve TCP stack efficiency. Support for netfilter modules for filtering DCCP packets has been retained.\n<li class=\"l\"> Na zjednodu\u0161enie spr\u00e1vy ch\u00fdb pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed soketov SO_PEERPIDFD m\u00f4\u017ee teraz jadro pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 pidfd pre u\u017e ukon\u010den\u00e9 procesy (pidfd je spojen\u00fd s konkr\u00e9tnymi procesmi a na rozdiel od pid nie je znovu priraden\u00fd).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pomocou BPF je teraz mo\u017en\u00e9 vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 ovl\u00e1da\u010de riadenia frontov paketov v sie\u0165ovom z\u00e1sobn\u00edku (qdiscs) na ovplyvnenie poradia spracovania sie\u0165ov\u00fdch paketov.\n<li class=\"l\"> V sie\u0165ovom s\u00faborovom syst\u00e9me AFS sa pou\u017e\u00edva GSSAPI (Generic Security Services API) na spr\u00e1vu \u0161ifrovania pripojen\u00ed s <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/server\/dts-dusseldorf\/\"   title=\"servermi\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3430\">servermi<\/a> YFS a OpenAFS.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bol zaveden\u00fd ve\u013ek\u00fd objem optimaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed. Preorganizovali sa z\u00e1mky pre tabu\u013eky smerovania IPv6 (niektor\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie s trasami sa teraz vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa a\u017e 3-kr\u00e1t r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie). Zr\u00fdchlila sa softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00e1 kontrola s\u00fa\u010dtov crc32c. Motor GRO pre tunelovan\u00fd UDP prenos bol zr\u00fdchlen\u00fd o 10 %. Vylep\u0161il sa automatick\u00fd nastavenie prij\u00edmacieho buffera pre TCP a zv\u00fd\u0161ili sa predvolen\u00e9 limity (v uskuto\u010dnen\u00fdch testoch sa priepustnos\u0165 pre jednotliv\u00e9 pr\u00fady cez 200Gbs kan\u00e1l zv\u00fd\u0161ila o 60 %).\n<li class=\"l\"> Do Netfilteru bola pridan\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvania masiek v n\u00e1zvoch sie\u0165ov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v netdev a flowtable. Do infra\u0161trukt\u00fary nft trace bola integrovan\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia o sledovan\u00ed pripojen\u00ed (conntrack). Zr\u00fdchlila sa extrakcia tabuliek sledovania pripojen\u00ed (conntrack) cez procfs.      <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Zariadenie<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bola pridan\u00e1 podpora presunu spracovania zvukov\u00fdch pr\u00fadov na stranu zvukov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed s rozhran\u00edm USB (offload zvuku cez USB). T\u00e1to zmena umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdrazne zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 spotrebu energie prenosn\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed pokra\u010dovan\u00edm spracovania zvukov\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu po\u010das sp\u00e1nkov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu zvy\u0161ku syst\u00e9mu. Predt\u00fdm boli v jadr\u00e1ch pre platformu Android poskytnut\u00e9 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 implement\u00e1cie offload spracovania zvuku pre USB zariadenia, a teraz sa v hlavnom jadre objavila univerz\u00e1lna implement\u00e1cia, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017eu vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ak\u00e9ko\u013evek projekty.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pokra\u010dovala integr\u00e1cia komponentov ovl\u00e1da\u010da Nova pre GPU NVIDIA, vybaven\u00fdch GSP firmv\u00e9rmi, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa od s\u00e9rie NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2000 zalo\u017eenej na mikroarchitekt\u00fare Turing. Ovl\u00e1da\u010d je nap\u00edsan\u00fd v jazyku Rust. Okrem komponentu nova-core, ktor\u00fd bol pridan\u00fd v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom vydan\u00ed a implementuje z\u00e1kladn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 abstrakci\u00ed nad programov\u00fdmi rozhraniami firmv\u00e9ru GSP, je vo verzii 6.16 zahrnut\u00e1 po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e1 implement\u00e1cia DRM ovl\u00e1da\u010da nova-drm (Direct Rendering Manager) pre interakciu s GPU z u\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9ho priestoru.\n<li class=\"l\"> Za\u010dal sa proces integr\u00e1cie do jadra DRM ovl\u00e1da\u010da Asahi pre GPU Apple AGX, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v \u010dipoch Apple Silicon. Ovl\u00e1da\u010d je nap\u00edsan\u00fd v Rust. V tejto f\u00e1ze s\u00fa do jadra zahrnut\u00e9 len hlavi\u010dkov\u00e9 s\u00fabory s UAPI od ovl\u00e1da\u010da Asahi, potrebn\u00e9 pre Mesa, a hlavn\u00fd k\u00f3d ovl\u00e1da\u010da Asahi bude integrovan\u00fd nesk\u00f4r.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do ovl\u00e1da\u010da Nouveau bola pridan\u00e1 podpora GPU NVIDIA rodiny Hopper a Blackwell.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pokra\u010dovala pr\u00e1ca na drm-ovl\u00e1da\u010di (Direct Rendering Manager) Xe pre GPU zalo\u017een\u00e9 na architekt\u00fare Intel Xe, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva vo grafick\u00fdch kart\u00e1ch Intel rodiny Arc a integrovan\u00fdch grafick\u00fdch zariadeniach od procesorov Tiger Lake. Bola pridan\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 vyu\u017e\u00edvania r\u00f4znych s\u00faborov firmv\u00e9ru pre r\u00f4zne rodiny GPU Intel.\n<li class=\"l\"> V ovl\u00e1da\u010di AMDGPU bola implementovan\u00e1 podpora mechanizmu \u201eusermode queue\u201c, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 vlastn\u00e9 fronty pr\u00e1ce v priestore pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea a posiela\u0165 ich priamo do GPU bez zasahovania do pl\u00e1nova\u010da v jadre. Podpora \u201eusermode queue\u201c bola zapnut\u00e1 pre GPU Navi 4X a GFX 12.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00e1 podpora zvukov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov Intel WCL (Whiskey Lake), AMD ACP 7.x (Audio Co-Processor), Cirrus Logic CS35L63 a CS48L32, Everest Semiconductor ES8375 a ES8389, Pioneer DJM-V10, Longsoon-1 AC\u201997, NVIDIA Tegra264, Richtek ALC203, RT9123 a Rockchip SAI, ako aj nov\u00fdch platforiem Intel AVS.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bola pridan\u00e1 podpora ARM platforiem, SoC a zariaden\u00ed: Samsung Exynos7870, Qualcomm Snapdragon X1P42100, Qualcomm MSM8926, RK3562, NXP i.MX94, Renesas RZ\/V2N, Amlogic S6\/S7\/S7D, WonderMedia wm8950, Amlogic s805y, Allwinner A523, Toradex Verdin AM62P, ROCK 5B+, Nitrogen8M Plus, Retronix R-Car V4H Sparrow Hawk, MT8186 Ponyta Chromebook, VIA APC Rock\/Paper, Renesas rz\/t2h, ASUS Transformer Pad LTE TF300TL, LG Nexus 4, Google Pixel 4a, Raspberry Pi 2.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bol odstr\u00e1nen\u00fd ovl\u00e1da\u010d pre karty na zachyt\u00e1vanie videa na \u010dipoch STA2X11.                    <\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 latinskoamerick\u00fd Fond vo\u013en\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru vytvoril verziu plne vo\u013en\u00e9ho jadra 6.16 \u2014 Linux-libre 6.16-gnu, \u010dist\u00e9ho od prvkov firmv\u00e9rov a ovl\u00e1da\u010dov obsahuj\u00facich nevlastn\u00fd komponenty alebo \u00faseky k\u00f3du, ktor\u00fdch pou\u017eitie je obmedzen\u00e9 v\u00fdrobcom. V vydan\u00ed 6.16 bola neutralizovan\u00e1 na\u010d\u00edtanie blobov v nov\u00fdch ovl\u00e1da\u010doch Intel qat 6xxx crypto, ST vd55g1 sensor, ath12k AHB wifi, Aeonsemi AS21xxx a MediaTek 25Gb Ethernet. Prebehla o\u010dista mien blobov v dts s\u00faboroch (devicetree) pre ARM \u010dipy Qualcomm a MediaTek. Aktualizovan\u00fd k\u00f3d na \u010distenie blobov v ovl\u00e1da\u010doch Nova Core, Nouveau, Realtek r8169 Ethernet, Qualcomm Iris, Venus, Mediatek mt7996 wifi, Qualcomm ath11k a ath12k wifi, Texas Instruments tas2781 a Renesas R-Car gen4 PCIe.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63632\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 6.16. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f OpenVPN, \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c Kexec HandOver, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f x86, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 DCCP, \u0431\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440 zloop, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 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