{"id":181858,"date":"2026-06-02T14:48:21","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T12:48:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/opublikovan-nbd-vram"},"modified":"2026-06-02T14:48:21","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T12:48:22","slug":"opublikovan-nbd-vram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/opublikovan-nbd-vram","title":{"rendered":"Zverejnen\u00e9 NBD-VRAM","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Zverejnen\u00fd otvoren\u00fd projekt <strong>NBD-VRAM<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017ei\u0165 \u010das\u0165 video pam\u00e4te GPU NVIDIA ako swap priestor v Linuxe. Projekt je orientovan\u00fd predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na notebooky s pop\u00e1lenou opera\u010dnou pam\u00e4\u0165ou, kde RAM nemo\u017eno roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165, ale v syst\u00e9me je diskr\u00e9tna grafick\u00e1 karta NVIDIA RTX\/GTX s nevyu\u017eitou VRAM. K\u00f3d je nap\u00edsan\u00fd v jazyku C a shell a zverej\u0148uje sa pod licenciou <strong>MIT<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>My\u0161lienka NBD-VRAM je jednoduch\u00e1: ak syst\u00e9m u\u017e za\u010d\u00edna prech\u00e1dza\u0165 na swap na SSD, m\u00f4\u017eete pred SSD umiestni\u0165 e\u0161te jednu medzivrstvu \u2014 video pam\u00e4\u0165. Autor uv\u00e1dza pr\u00edklad s notebookom na <strong>RTX 3070 Laptop<\/strong>: z 8 GB VRAM bolo vy\u010dlenen\u00fdch 7 GB pod swap, a celkovo s RAM, zram a SSD swap z\u00edskal syst\u00e9m asi 46 GB adresovate\u013enej pam\u00e4te. Predpokladan\u00fd poriadok preplnenia je tak\u00fdto: najprv sa pou\u017e\u00edva RAM, potom VRAM ako r\u00fdchly swap, n\u00e1sledne zram a a\u017e potom SSD.<\/p>\n<p>Technicky NBD-VRAM neprid\u00e1va nov\u00fd ovl\u00e1da\u010d jadra. Mal\u00fd d\u00e9mon vy\u010dle\u0148uje pam\u00e4\u0165 grafickej karty cez <strong>CUDA Driver API<\/strong>, potom ju odovzd\u00e1va jadru Linux ako blokov\u00e9 zariadenie cez <strong>NBD<\/strong> \u2014 Network Block Device \u2014 nad Unix socketom. Po pripojen\u00ed \u0161tandardn\u00fdm nbd-client sa v syst\u00e9me objav\u00ed \/dev\/nbdX, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 naform\u00e1tova\u0165 ako oby\u010dajn\u00fd swap cez mkswap a aktivova\u0165 cez swapon.<\/p>\n<p>Autor osobitne zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee tak\u00fdto pr\u00edstup je zvolen\u00fd kv\u00f4li obmedzeniam spotrebite\u013esk\u00fdch grafick\u00fdch kariet NVIDIA. Priamej\u0161ia cesta cez NVIDIA P2P API na GeForce, pod\u013ea neho, nar\u00e1\u017ea na EINVAL, preto\u017ee pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 mo\u017enosti s\u00fa v skuto\u010dnosti dostupn\u00e9 iba pre profesion\u00e1lne a serverov\u00e9 modely. Varianta s priamym pr\u00edstupom k BAR1 tie\u017e nefungovala: dostupn\u00e1 je iba mal\u00e1 mapovan\u00e1 oblas\u0165, a \u010d\u00edtanie z ostatnej \u010dasti vracia nuly. NBD pr\u00edstup obch\u00e1dza toto obmedzenie, preto\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edva oby\u010dajn\u00e9 CUDA kop\u00edrovanie cuMemcpyHtoD a cuMemcpyDtoH.<\/p>\n<h2>Mo\u017enosti<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Vyu\u017eitie VRAM ako oby\u010dajn\u00e9ho Linux swapu.<\/strong> Po spusten\u00ed d\u00e9mon poskytuje video pam\u00e4\u0165 ako \/dev\/nbd0 alebo in\u00e9 NBD zariadenie, ktor\u00e9 pre jadro vyzer\u00e1 ako \u0161tandardn\u00e9 blokov\u00e9 zariadenie.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Prev\u00e1dzka bez vlastn\u00e9ho jadrov\u00e9ho modulu.<\/strong> Projekt nevy\u017eaduje p\u00edsa\u0165, kompilova\u0165 a udr\u017eiava\u0165 samostatn\u00fd kernel module, nepou\u017e\u00edva intern\u00e9 symboly ovl\u00e1da\u010da NVIDIA a mal by pre\u017ei\u0165 aktualiz\u00e1cie jadra a ovl\u00e1da\u010da bez prekompil\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Orient\u00e1cia na spotrebite\u013esk\u00e9 NVIDIA GPU.<\/strong> Po\u017eiadavky zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa NVIDIA GPU s podporou CUDA, vr\u00e1tane spotrebite\u013esk\u00fdch RTX\/GTX kariet, ofici\u00e1lny NVIDIA ovl\u00e1da\u010d s libcuda.so.1, modul nbd v jadre Linuxu, nbd-client, gcc a make. CUDA Toolkit nie je potrebn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>integr\u00e1cia systemd.<\/strong> In\u0161tal\u00e1cia cez install.sh prid\u00e1va slu\u017ebu vram-swap-nbd, ktor\u00fa je mo\u017en\u00e9 spusti\u0165 cez systemctl; po in\u0161tal\u00e1cii je slu\u017eba aktivovan\u00e1 na automatick\u00e9 spustenie pri zav\u00e1dzan\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Nastavenie ve\u013ekosti a priority swap.<\/strong> V systemd-unit je mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavi\u0165 VRAM_SETUP_SIZE_MB, teda horn\u00fd limit pridelen\u00e9ho VRAM, a VRAM_SWAP_PRIORITY, teda prioritu swap zariadenia. \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161ia priorita, t\u00fdm sk\u00f4r Linux pou\u017eije t\u00fato swap vrstvu.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Automatick\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017eenie po\u017eadovanej ve\u013ekosti.<\/strong> Ak po\u017eadovan\u00fd objem VRAM nie je k dispoz\u00edcii, d\u00e9mon sa sna\u017e\u00ed zni\u017eova\u0165 ve\u013ekos\u0165 blokmi po 512 MiB, aby aj tak pridelil dostupn\u00fd objem, napr\u00edklad ak je \u010das\u0165 pam\u00e4te u\u017e obsaden\u00e1 compositorom alebo grafickou rel\u00e1ciou.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Testovacie skripty.<\/strong> V repozit\u00e1ri je test-nbd.sh na smoketest s \u010d\u00edtan\u00edm\/zapisovan\u00edm 1 MiB a test-fill.sh na stresov\u00fd test cel\u00e9ho VRAM oddielu.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Vyhl\u00e1sen\u00fd v\u00fdkon pribli\u017ene 1,3 GB\/s.<\/strong> Na RTX 3070 Laptop autor nameral sekven\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1pis 7 GB blokmi po 4 MB pribli\u017ene na \u00farovni 1,3 GB\/s.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Scen\u00e1re pou\u017eitia<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Notebooky s prip\u00e1jkovanou RAM.<\/strong> Hlavn\u00fd scen\u00e1r \u2014 modern\u00e9 notebooky, kde 16 alebo 32 GB RAM u\u017e nesta\u010d\u00ed, ale nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 ju roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165. Ak m\u00e1 tak\u00fdto stroj diskr\u00e9tnu RTX kartu, \u010das\u0165 VRAM sa d\u00e1 pou\u017ei\u0165 ako dodato\u010dn\u00e1 swap vrstva. To nepremen\u00ed VRAM na plnohodnotn\u00fa RAM, ale m\u00f4\u017ee zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 syst\u00e9m pred ostr\u00fdm prechodom do pomal\u00e9ho SSD swapu alebo pred OOM-killerom pri \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdch z\u00e1\u0165a\u017eiach.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 pracovn\u00e9 prostredia v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ra.<\/strong> IDE, prehliada\u010d s desiatkami kariet, Docker kontajnery, lok\u00e1lne datab\u00e1zy, zostavy ve\u013ek\u00fdch projektov a testovacie prostredia \u013eahko vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 vrcholy spotreby pam\u00e4te. V takomto scen\u00e1ri m\u00f4\u017ee NBD-VRAM pracova\u0165 ako buffer: nezr\u00fdchli\u0165 be\u017en\u00fa pr\u00e1cu, ale zmierni\u0165 moment, ke\u010f RAM do\u0161la.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zn\u00ed\u017eenie z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee na SSD swap.<\/strong> Ak sa swap na SSD pou\u017e\u00edva \u010dasto, je to nielen pomal\u0161ie, ale aj sp\u00f4sobuje zbyto\u010dn\u00e9 zapisovanie na \u00falo\u017eisko. VRAM-swap m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nastaven\u00fd s vy\u0161\u0161ou prioritou, aby pri preplnen\u00ed RAM syst\u00e9m najprv uvo\u013e\u0148oval str\u00e1nky do videopam\u00e4te a a\u017e potom sa obracal na SSD. To je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 relevantn\u00e9 pre notebooky, kde je SSD \u010dasto tie\u017e neodn\u00edmate\u013en\u00fd alebo \u0165a\u017eko vymenite\u013en\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kombin\u00e1cia s zram.<\/strong> Autor presne popisuje sch\u00e9mu, kde VRAM swap dost\u00e1va vy\u0161\u0161iu prioritu a prij\u00edma prv\u00fd \"prepad\" pam\u00e4te, zram sa pou\u017e\u00edva na nasleduj\u00facej \u00farovni a SSD zost\u00e1va poslednou l\u00edniou obrany. T\u00e1to sch\u00e9ma m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 pre pracovn\u00e9 stanice a notebooky, kde je d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie zachova\u0165 responzivitu syst\u00e9mu pri nedostatku pam\u00e4te ako dosiahnu\u0165 maxim\u00e1lnu predv\u00eddate\u013enos\u0165 latenci\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lok\u00e1lne \u00falohy AI\/LLM okolo GPU, ale nie namiesto VRAM pre model.<\/strong> NBD-VRAM nezvy\u0161uje ve\u013ekos\u0165 videopam\u00e4te dostupnej CUDA-aplik\u00e1cii ako VRAM pre model. To je opa\u010dn\u00fd scen\u00e1r: nie RAM sa pou\u017e\u00edva ako VRAM, ale VRAM sa pou\u017e\u00edva ako swap pre be\u017en\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165 Linuxu. Preto projekt neumo\u017en\u00ed priamo na\u010d\u00edta\u0165 do GPU model v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej ve\u013ekosti. M\u00f4\u017ee v\u0161ak by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fd na stroji, kde ved\u013ea LLM-inferencie pracuj\u00fa prehliada\u010d, IDE, index\u00e1tory, Python-prostredia a kontajnery a syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 RAM sa za\u010d\u00edna m\u00ed\u0148a\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dom\u00e1ce a experiment\u00e1lne pracovn\u00e9 stanice.<\/strong> Projekt je zauj\u00edmav\u00fd pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, ktor\u00fdch grafick\u00e1 karta \u010dasto idle mimo hier, renderovania alebo ML-\u00faloh. Napr\u00edklad, 8\u201312 GB VRAM na desktopovej GeForce m\u00f4\u017ee do\u010dasne premeni\u0165 na \u010fal\u0161iu vrstvu swap pre n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 \u00falohy kompil\u00e1cie, spracovania \u00fadajov alebo sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165ania. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/vps\/\" title=\"virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Obmedzenia<\/h2>\n<p>NBD-VRAM nie je n\u00e1hradou za opera\u010dn\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165. Pr\u00edstup k tomuto swapu prebieha cez re\u0165azec kernel swap \u2192 \/dev\/nbdX \u2192 nbd-ov ovl\u00e1da\u010d \u2192 Unix-socket \u2192 d\u00e9mon \u2192 CUDA-kop\u00edrovanie \u2192 VRAM, a preto latencie a spr\u00e1vanie bud\u00fa odli\u0161n\u00e9 od skuto\u010dnej RAM. Sk\u00f4r ide o n\u00fadzov\u00fa alebo prechodn\u00fa vrstvu medzi RAM a SSD, ne\u017e sp\u00f4sob \"prida\u0165 pam\u00e4\u0165\" bez n\u00e1sledkov.<\/p>\n<p>Projekt je tie\u017e viazan\u00fd na ofici\u00e1lny stack NVIDIA s CUDA. Nouveau\/Nova na to nie s\u00fa vhodn\u00e9, preto\u017ee vy\u017eaduje libcuda.so.1. Phoronix <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.phoronix.com\/news\/NVIDIA-NBD-VRAM\">tie\u017e uv\u00e1dza<\/a>, \u017ee NBD-VRAM bol vytvoren\u00fd pr\u00e1ve pre spotrebite\u013esk\u00e9 NVIDIA GPU, kde alternat\u00edvne pr\u00edstupy cez NVIDIA P2P API nefunguj\u00fa.<\/p>\n<p>V suchom zostatku, NBD-VRAM je mal\u00fd, ale zauj\u00edmav\u00fd syst\u00e9mov\u00fd hack pre Linux: nerob\u00ed z\u00e1zraky a nenahr\u00e1dza upgrade RAM, ale umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017ei\u0165 ne\u010dinn\u00fa grafick\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165 ako \u010fal\u0161iu \u00farove\u0148 swap pred SSD. Pre notebooky s integrovanou pam\u00e4\u0165ou a diskr\u00e9tnou RTX kartou to m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 praktick\u00fd sp\u00f4sob, ako pre\u017ei\u0165 vrcholov\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenia bez okam\u017eit\u00e9ho p\u00e1du aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo bolestiv\u00e9ho prechodu na pomal\u00fd disk.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linux.org.ru\/news\/hardware\/18308769\">linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 NBD-VRAM, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 NVIDIA GPU \u043a\u0430\u043a swap-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 Linux. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0433\u0434\u0435 RAM \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 NVIDIA RTX\/GTX \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 VRAM. \u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 C \u0438 shell, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439 MIT. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f NBD-VRAM \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430: \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-181858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 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