{"id":29855,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/gosudarstvennyj-internet-rasskaz-udalyonshhika-o-vpn-v-kitae\/"},"modified":"2026-07-04T18:21:41","modified_gmt":"2026-07-04T16:21:41","slug":"gosudarstvennyj-internet-rasskaz-udalyonshhika-o-vpn-v-kitae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/gosudarstvennyj-internet-rasskaz-udalyonshhika-o-vpn-v-kitae","title":{"rendered":"\u0160t\u00e1tny internet: rozpr\u00e1vanie vzdialen\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edka o VPN v \u010c\u00edne","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Cenz\u00fara \u00fazko s\u00favis\u00ed s politikou. Ro\u010dn\u00fd celosvetov\u00fd rebr\u00ed\u010dek<\/a> slobody na internete jasne ilustruje t\u00fato z\u00e1vislos\u0165: \u0161t\u00e1ty, v ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa poru\u0161ovan\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1va, blokuj\u00fa \u201enevhodn\u00e9\u201c zdroje alebo obmedzuj\u00fa pr\u00edstup na glob\u00e1lnu sie\u0165.
\n\"\u0160t\u00e1tny<\/p>\n

Iba 13 z 65 kraj\u00edn, ktor\u00fdch anal\u00fdzu vykonali v\u00fdskumn\u00edci z Freedom House v roku 2017, nebr\u00e1ni<\/a> informovanej slobody svojich ob\u010danov. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina ostatn\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov svetov\u00e9ho internetu m\u00f4\u017ee z\u00edska\u0165 pr\u00edstup k blokovan\u00fdm zdrojom iba s pomocou VPN slu\u017eieb<\/a>. Medzi nimi aj obyvatelia \u010c\u00edny, kde sa v poslednej dobe pr\u00edsne<\/a> lov\u00ed na neleg\u00e1lne VPN.<\/p>\n

Frontendov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj\u00e1r Ararat Martirosyan, ktor\u00fd \u017eije v \u010c\u00edne a pracuje na dia\u013eku, n\u00e1m povedal, \u010do sa deje s miestnymi VPN slu\u017ebami<\/a> a kde, pod\u013ea jeho n\u00e1zoru, je najvo\u013enej\u0161\u00ed internet. Publikujeme tu jeho pr\u00edbeh.
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

Chronol\u00f3gia obmedzen\u00ed<\/h3>\n

E\u0161te v roku 2008 bol v \u010c\u00edne zablokovan\u00fd Youtube. O rok nesk\u00f4r pri\u0161lo na rad Twitter, Facebook a slu\u017eby Google \u2014 boli zablokovan\u00e9 Google Docs, Google Calendar, Google Drive a samotn\u00fd Google.com. V roku 2014 bol zru\u0161en\u00fd pr\u00edstup k Instagramu. Ofici\u00e1lna verzia \u00faradov tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161etky tieto zdroje \u0161\u00edria pre ob\u010danov \u010c\u00edny ne\u017eelan\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, ale existuje aj in\u00e1 verzia.<\/p>\n

Projekt \u201eZlat\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt\u201c (alebo Ve\u013ek\u00fd \u010d\u00ednsky firewall)<\/i>, ktor\u00fd filtruje \u201enebezpe\u010dn\u00fd\u201c obsah pod\u013ea k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch slov a obmedzuje pr\u00edstup na weby z miestneho \u010dierneho zoznamu, pracuje v \u010c\u00edne od roku 2003. Z\u00e1padn\u00e9 soci\u00e1lne siete neboli zaraden\u00e9 do tohto zoznamu. Preto si mnoh\u00ed myslia, \u017ee masov\u00e9 blok\u00e1cie v rokoch 2008-2009 jednoducho pomohli \u0161t\u00e1tu bojova\u0165 s povstaniami<\/a> medzi Ujgurov v Sin-\u0165iangu na z\u00e1pade krajiny. Aj ja to pova\u017eujem za pravdu: v roku 2009 boli povstania potla\u010den\u00e9 silou a inform\u00e1cie o tom sa v\u0161etk\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi skr\u00fdvali \u2014 ani m\u00e9di\u00e1, ani ochrancovia \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v nemohli adekv\u00e1tne sledova\u0165 situ\u00e1ciu. Je potvrden\u00e9, \u017ee Instagram bol zablokovan\u00fd kv\u00f4li protestom<\/a> v Hongkongu.<\/p>\n

\"\u0160t\u00e1tny
\nSkontrolova\u0165, \u010di \u201eZlat\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt\u201c umo\u017e\u0148uje prechod na potrebn\u00fd odkaz, m\u00f4\u017eete cez WebSitePulse<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Spolu s \u201eroz\u0161irovate\u013emi ne\u017eiad\u00faceho obsahu\u201c boli zablokovan\u00e9 aj in\u00e9 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 zdroje. Zablokovan\u00edm serverov a IP adries prestali fungova\u0165 str\u00e1nky, ktor\u00e9 interagovali s Google \u2013 napr\u00edklad sa nena\u010d\u00edtavali google p\u00edsma (rovnak\u00e9 sa st\u00e1valo<\/a> aj v Rusku). Taktie\u017e sa to dotklo online vysok\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l a jednoducho z\u00e1bavn\u00e9ho obsahu \u201ezo Z\u00e1padu\u201c. Zauj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt: pomocou \u010d\u00ednskej 4G SIM karty dokonca z inej krajiny nebolo mo\u017en\u00e9 nav\u0161t\u00edvi\u0165 zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 zdroje.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ve vtedy si \u013eudia uvedomili, \u017ee obch\u00e1dzanie blok\u00e1cie je mo\u017en\u00e9. Najprv to boli proxy, prostredn\u00edctvom ktor\u00fdch mohli pou\u017e\u00edvatelia komunikova\u0165 so zahrani\u010dn\u00fdm svetom. Av\u0161ak do roku 2012 sa na ne dostalo aj vl\u00e1dne obmedzenie. V krajine za\u010dal boom VPN<\/a>; slu\u017eby, ktor\u00e9 u\u017e dlho fungovali v \u010c\u00edne, dnes dok\u00e1\u017eu vydr\u017ea\u0165 aj zjazd Komunistickej strany, aj ke\u010f po\u010das tohto v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho podujatia sa v celej krajine je blokovan\u00e9<\/a> zastavuje zahrani\u010dn\u00fd prenos a \u017eivot sa zastavuje v\u0161ade.<\/p>\n

Protecionizmus a expanzia VPN<\/h3>\n

Predstavte si, \u017ee v\u0161etky zdroje, ktor\u00e9 pr\u00e1ve pou\u017e\u00edvate, s\u00fa zablokovan\u00e9. M\u00f4\u017eete pou\u017ei\u0165 len tie, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa zak\u00e1zan\u00e9. \u010c\u00ednske IT spolo\u010dnosti za\u010dali r\u00fdchlo r\u00e1s\u0165 a vym\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 dom\u00e1ce alternat\u00edvy z\u00e1padn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb: Youku<\/a> namiesto YouTube, Weibo<\/a> namiesto Twitteru, Baidu<\/a> namiesto Google, WeChat<\/a> namiesto messengerov (a in\u00fdch platobn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov). Blok\u00e1cie pomohli \u010c\u00edne za\u010da\u0165 \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fa protekcionistick\u00fa politiku.<\/p>\n

Napriek mno\u017estvu \u010d\u00ednskych slu\u017eieb a aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, mnoho technicky zdatn\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov za\u010dalo pristupova\u0165 na Internet cez VPN. Boli to mal\u00e9 a neleg\u00e1lne slu\u017eby, ktor\u00e9 sa neust\u00e1le blokovali. V\u0161etko sa zmenilo, ke\u010f v rokoch 2014-2015 pri\u0161li na trh z\u00e1padn\u00ed poskytovatelia VPN. Vl\u00e1da ich prin\u00fatila z\u00edska\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lnu licenciu alebo opusti\u0165 krajinu.<\/p>\n

Tu s\u00fa leg\u00e1lne len \u0161t\u00e1tne VPN: tak\u00e9 miestne slu\u017eby dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa licenciu od \u00faradov a m\u00f4\u017eu ich pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 osoby. Fyzick\u00e9 osoby \u2013 teda oby\u010dajn\u00ed ob\u010dania \u2013 m\u00f4\u017eu t\u00fato VPN taktie\u017e pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165, ale len na vzdel\u00e1vacie alebo vedeck\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely.<\/p>\n

Samozrejme, \u010c\u00edna urobila v\u0161etko, \u010do bolo v jej sil\u00e1ch, aby lok\u00e1lny VPN bol dostupnej\u0161\u00ed ako zahrani\u010dn\u00fd. A naozaj sa tak stalo. Existuje ur\u010dit\u00fd bal\u00edk VPN, ktor\u00fd je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165, ale na jeho pr\u00edstup bude pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e musie\u0165 prejs\u0165 ofici\u00e1lnou registr\u00e1ciou, teda obh\u00e1ji\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1tu svoju t\u00fa\u017ebu ob\u00eds\u0165 z\u00e1kaz a poskytn\u00fa\u0165 mu svoje osobn\u00e9 \u00fadaje. Nepripom\u00edna to ve\u013emi princ\u00edpy VPN, na ktor\u00e9 sme v\u0161etci zvyknut\u00ed, \u010di?<\/p>\n

\u0160iroko zn\u00e1my je vtipn\u00fd pr\u00edpad: tvorca Zlat\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00edtu, ktor\u00fd vystupoval pred \u0161tudentmi, musel vyu\u017ei\u0165 VPN, aby z\u00edskal pr\u00edstup na ju\u017enok\u00f3rejsk\u00fa str\u00e1nku. Mimochodom, o tom p\u00edsali na Habr<\/a>. Je potrebn\u00e9 pochopi\u0165, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvanie ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek (!) VPN v \u010c\u00edne nie je vo v\u0161eobecnosti zak\u00e1zan\u00e9, ale samotn\u00ed nelicencovan\u00ed poskytovatelia m\u00f4\u017eu dosta\u0165<\/a> a\u017e 6 rokov v\u00e4zenia.<\/p>\n

\u010caro \u010d\u00ednskeho modelu<\/h3>\n

\u010caro \u010d\u00ednskeho modelu kontroly spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee tu v\u0161etko blokuj\u00fa otvorene. Nov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka sa ocitla na \u010diernej listine? O tom pravdepodobne ozn\u00e1mia ofici\u00e1lne. V\u0161etko sa tu reguluje legislat\u00edvne, preto o blok\u00e1ci\u00e1ch vopred informuj\u00fa v m\u00e9di\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea mojich sk\u00fasenost\u00ed sa \u010c\u00ed\u0148anom v\u00f4bec nep\u00e1\u010dia blok\u00e1cie. Ne\u017eij\u00fa v sm\u00faten\u00ed za Facebookom alebo Twitterom. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich neovl\u00e1da \u017eiadny jazyk okrem \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny: pre\u010do by sa im mala p\u00e1\u010di\u0165 anglick\u00e1 verzia YouTube, ke\u010f m\u00f4\u017eu sledova\u0165 \u010d\u00ednske vide\u00e1 na Youku? Navy\u0161e je \u010d\u00ednsky dizajn a cel\u00e1 logika budovania str\u00e1nok ve\u013emi odli\u0161n\u00e1 od toho, na \u010do s\u00fa zvyknut\u00ed Eur\u00f3pania.<\/p>\n

Hlavnou zvl\u00e1\u0161tnos\u0165ou \u010c\u00edny je, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom sa v\u017edy pon\u00faka alternat\u00edva k blokovan\u00fdm zdrojom. Ke\u010f v Rusku za\u010dali masovo blokova\u0165 Telegram, nikto nenavrhol nejak\u00fa in\u00fa aplik\u00e1ciu na zasielanie spr\u00e1v. Nikto nepovedal: \u201eChlapi, tu sme vytvorili n\u00e1\u0161 Telegram, \u0161peci\u00e1lne prisp\u00f4soben\u00fd rusk\u00fdm pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom.\u201c Hl\u00fape n\u00e1vrhu<\/a> pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ICQ alebo TamTam od Mail.ru \u2014 to sa ner\u00e1ta.<\/p>\n

Nepodporujem blok\u00e1cie, ale ak u\u017e nie\u010do blokuj\u00fa, malo by to by\u0165 v prospech ob\u010danov: v \u010c\u00edne za 3-4 roky IT spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 predt\u00fdm nemohli konkurova\u0165 zahrani\u010dn\u00fdm slu\u017eb\u00e1m, teraz vstupuj\u00fa na ve\u013ek\u00fd trh. \u0160t\u00e1t im poskytuje r\u00f4zne v\u00fdhody a v\u0161emo\u017ene ich podporuje. \u010c\u00edna vytvorila tak \u00fazke hospod\u00e1rske prostredie pomocou leg\u00e1lnych VPN a kontroly webov\u00e9ho priestoru, \u017ee miestnym spolo\u010dnostiam proste nezost\u00e1valo in\u00e9 v\u00fdchodisko: mali v\u0161etky podmienky pre rast. Mnoh\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednske anal\u00f3gy zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch hostingov s\u00fa ove\u013ea lep\u0161ie ako blokovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ale s\u00fa aj nev\u00fdhody. Napr\u00edklad, aby si spustil svoj online projekt, mus\u00ed\u0161 z\u00edska\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lnu ICP licenciu<\/a>. T\u00e1 mus\u00ed by\u0165 u ka\u017ed\u00e9ho webu zaregistrovan\u00e9ho na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010c\u00edny. Vyd\u00e1va ju Ministerstvo priemyslu a informatiz\u00e1cie \u010c\u00edny. Tak\u00e1to licencia ti umo\u017e\u0148uje zaregistrova\u0165 dom\u00e9nu, pripoji\u0165 sa k serveru, a zverejni\u0165 svoju str\u00e1nku v poskytovate\u013esk\u00fdch sie\u0165ach. Je to dlh\u00fd a byrokraticky komplikovan\u00fd proces.<\/p>\n

\"\u0160t\u00e1tny<\/p>\n

Sn\u00edmka hlavnej str\u00e1nky \u010d\u00ednskeho Googlu \u2014 Baidu. \u010c\u00edslo licencie mus\u00ed by\u0165 uveden\u00e9 v p\u00e4te ka\u017edej \u010d\u00ednskej str\u00e1nky<\/i><\/p>\n

Vo\u013en\u00fd Internet?<\/h3>\n

Som v \u010c\u00edne od roku 2013 a m\u00f4\u017eem pracova\u0165 na dia\u013eku len v\u010faka VPN. Predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e som za\u010dal pracova\u0165, som zap\u00ednal hromadu r\u00f4znych klientov s r\u00f4znymi protokolmi, nastavoval ich 2-3 hodiny denne a potom som sa rozhodol investova\u0165 do platen\u00e9ho servisu a takmer v\u00f4bec nem\u00e1m probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

V \u010c\u00edne som r\u00fdchlo pochopil, \u017ee vo\u013en\u00fd Internet je m\u00fdtus. V skuto\u010dnosti m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e1 krajina a ka\u017ed\u00fd regi\u00f3n vlastn\u00fd firewall: prakticky v\u0161ade je sie\u0165 nejak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom kontrolovan\u00e1. Ak sa pripoj\u00edm na Internet z rusk\u00e9ho servera, dost\u00e1vam mno\u017estvo blokovan\u00fdch zdrojov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v susednom Kazachstane otvoren\u00e9. Ak sa pripoj\u00edm z taiwansk\u00e9ho servera, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina online k\u00edn a torrentov nebude fungova\u0165, rovnako ako v \u010c\u00edne. Aby som sa c\u00edtil slobodnej\u0161\u00ed, potrebujem vedie\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00fd s\u00fabor serverov a rozumie\u0165, ktor\u00e9 zdroje s\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 v tej ktorej krajine.<\/p>\n

Uzavret\u00fd internet sa u\u017e stal s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou n\u00e1\u0161ho sveta. Nielen \u010c\u00edna, ale aj Ju\u017en\u00e1 K\u00f3rea a dokonca aj Austr\u00e1lia kontroluj\u00fa svoj Webov\u00fd priestor. V Ju\u017enej K\u00f3rei je to v\u0161ak trochu in\u00e9: tam sa blokuj\u00fa nie zdroje, ale samotn\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Najslobodne\u0161ia sie\u0165, zd\u00e1 sa mi, je teraz v Japonsku, Est\u00f3nsku, Loty\u0161sku, Nemecku a \u0161kandin\u00e1vskych krajin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Artem Kozljuk<\/b>, ved\u00faci projektu RosKomSvoboda, o mo\u017enosti \u010d\u00ednskeho sk\u00fasenosti v Rusku:<\/i><\/p>\n

Opakovanie \u010d\u00ednskeho obmedzuj\u00faceho modelu v Rusku nie je mo\u017en\u00e9. Infrastrukt\u00farne a historicky sa internet v t\u00fdchto krajin\u00e1ch vyv\u00edjal \u00faplne odli\u0161ne. \u010c\u00ed\u0148ania za\u010dali budova\u0165 \"Zlat\u00fa sie\u0165\" u\u017e v 90. rokoch, od momentu prenikania internetu do tejto krajiny. V Rusku sa internet v\u0161ak do roku 2012 vyv\u00edjal v podmienkach vo\u013en\u00e9ho trhu, pod\u013ea princ\u00edpu samoregul\u00e1cie. V\u010faka tomu m\u00e1me tis\u00edce poskytovate\u013eov, r\u00fdchly a lacn\u00fd internet. \u00c1no, od roku 2012 sa v\u0161etko pos\u00fava smerom k pr\u00edsnej\u0161ej kontrole internetov\u00e9ho sektora: hostite\u013eov a oper\u00e1torov, informa\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov, slu\u017eieb. Ale \u00fapln\u00e9 obmedzenie nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 kv\u00f4li hlbok\u00fdm \u0161truktur\u00e1lnym d\u00f4vodom. Zoberme si napr\u00edklad \u010d\u00ednsku mnohomili\u00f3nov\u00fa arm\u00e1du provl\u00e1dnych bloggerov, \"Stranu 5 mao\" (5 mao = 50 kopejok: hovor\u00ed sa, \u017ee to\u013eko platia bloggerom za jeden koment\u00e1r na Weibo), ktor\u00e1 ru\u010dne monitoruje cel\u00e9 internetov\u00e9 priestory. Aby Rusko mohlo ovplyvni\u0165 runet rovnako ve\u013ek\u00fdm rozsahom a vybudova\u0165 efekt\u00edvny syst\u00e9m cenz\u00fary, bude musie\u0165 investova\u0165 miliardy rub\u013eov. A tie moment\u00e1lne ch\u00fdbaj\u00fa. <\/i><\/p>\n

Samozrejme, niektor\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednske prvky m\u00f4\u017ee Rusko k sebe na\u0165ahova\u0165. Nie je nutn\u00e9 extrapolova\u0165, ale pr\u00eds\u0165 k podobn\u00fdm poh\u013eadom. Rob\u00ed to u\u017e teraz, ale obch\u00e1dzanie obmedzen\u00ed pom\u00e1ha VPN. V \u010c\u00edne s\u00fa tie\u017e diery, a ak chce \u010dlovek z\u00edska\u0165 pr\u00edstup k niektor\u00fdm internetov\u00fdm str\u00e1nkam, z\u00edska ho. Ale \u0161t\u00e1t tam poskytuje ob\u010danom adekv\u00e1tnu n\u00e1hradu zahrani\u010dn\u00fdm zdrojom. Pri tom takmer v\u0161etky rusk\u00e9 pokusy vytvori\u0165 podobn\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00fdm slu\u017eb\u00e1m boli ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u010co si mysl\u00ed publikum Habra o mo\u017enom opakovan\u00ed \u010d\u00ednskeho scen\u00e1ra v Rusku? Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 teraz, ke\u010f bol z\u00e1kon \"o suver\u00e9nnom internete\" prijat\u00fd v prvom \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed. M\u00e1me naozaj to\u013eko rozdielov?<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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