{"id":29874,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","slug":"primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","title":{"rendered":"Pou\u017eitie Linuxu a otvoren\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru v na\u0161ej vzdel\u00e1vacej in\u0161tit\u00facii: by\u0165 alebo neby\u0165?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Dobr\u00fd de\u0148, v\u00e1\u017een\u00ed \u010dlenovia komunity. V poslednej dobe ma za\u010dal zauj\u00edma\u0165 ot\u00e1zka: ako dlho bude pokra\u010dova\u0165 monopol spolo\u010dnosti Microsoft v sektore trhu dod\u00e1vok softv\u00e9ru pre mnoh\u00e9 vzdel\u00e1vacie in\u0161tit\u00facie na\u0161ej krajiny (v podstate bola spolo\u010dnos\u0165 obsaden\u00e1 u\u017e od 90. rokov<\/a><\/noindex>). <\/p>\n

Uvediem konkr\u00e9tny pr\u00edklad: nav\u0161tevujem relat\u00edvne popul\u00e1rny IT kr\u00fa\u017eok pre stredo\u0161kol\u00e1kov pri miestnej univerzite N (t\u00e1to vysok\u00e1 \u0161kola je celkom prest\u00ed\u017ena v mojom meste), kde sa u\u010d\u00edme rad discipl\u00edn:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u201eZ\u00e1klady informatiky a v\u00fdpo\u010dtovej techniky\u201c (u\u017e bolo dokon\u010den\u00e9).<\/li>\n
  2. \u201eZariadenie... po\u010d\u00edta\u010da\u201c: OS, \u201evn\u00fatorn\u00e9\u201c funkcie PC (dokon\u010den\u00e9).<\/li>\n
  3. \u201ePr\u00e1ca na P\u010c\u201c: z\u00e1klady Prieskumn\u00edka Windows, CMD, MS Office (pr\u00e1ve dokon\u010den\u00e9).<\/li>\n
  4. \u201eZ\u00e1klady programovania\u201c: PascalABC.NET (v\u010fakabohu, \u017ee aspo\u0148 nie Turbo Pascal).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nA teraz kritika v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny bodov:<\/a><\/noindex>
    \n1. Sn\u00e1\u010f jedin\u00e1 discipl\u00edna, ktor\u00e1 ma viac-menej uspokojila. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 s\u00fastavy, dvojkov\u00e1 logika a pod. Tu sme sa obi\u0161li bez pou\u017eitia ak\u00fdchko\u013evek OS a softv\u00e9ru, tak\u017ee sa to priamo net\u00fdka m\u00f4jho pr\u00edspevku.<\/p>\n

    2. Tu sa za\u010d\u00edna to najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie. Po prv\u00e9, takmer v\u0161etko, \u010do sme preberali \u2014 hist\u00f3ria a mo\u017enosti MS-DOS a Windows (v\u0161etk\u00fdch verzi\u00ed, av\u0161ak o Windows XP, ke\u010f\u017ee prezent\u00e1cia bola vykonan\u00e1 na za\u010diatku nult\u00fdch rokov), okrajovo sa spomenuli existuj\u00face syst\u00e9my ako GNU\/Linux, *nix a... to je v\u0161etko. Jasn\u00fa hist\u00f3riu a mo\u017enosti *nix v tejto prezent\u00e1cii som nevidel. Po druh\u00e9, na predn\u00e1\u0161ke sme dlho hovorili o rozdieloch medzi Windows 3.11 a 95 a 98; spomenuli sme existenciu IDE re\u017eimu; obozn\u00e1mili sme sa s FAT12\/16\/32 a NTFS (aj ke\u010f lektor ni\u010d, okrem rozk\u00f3dovania skratky \u201eNTFS\u201c, poriadne nepovedal), ale ani slovo som nepo\u010dul o EXT2\/3\/4, BTRFS, UDF, ani o rozdelen\u00ed disku \u2014 ticho! Rovnak\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia bola oh\u013eadom BSVV: vysvetlili funkciu Legacy-BIOS, ale zabudli dokonca na UEFI, nehovoriac o Coreboot a in\u00fdch realiz\u00e1ci\u00e1ch BIOSu. Pri tej pr\u00edle\u017eitosti n\u00e1m predn\u00e1\u0161aj\u00faci hovorili o \u201emocn\u00fdch najnov\u0161\u00edch\u201c Pentium 4 a DDR2, postupnom zastaran\u00ed diskiet a v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch Windows XP nad ME a 98 (op\u00e4\u0165 prezent\u00e1cia z rokov 2003-2005).<\/p>\n

    3. Tu je v\u0161etko jasn\u00e9: v\u0161etko je zastaran\u00e9 a\/alebo propriet\u00e1rne. Na samotn\u00e9 \u0161pecifik\u00e1cie po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov si nenavyk\u00e1m: 0,5-2 gigabajty RAM a Pentium 4\/D sta\u010dia pre klientsk\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, rovnako ako my m\u00e1me Windows XP a centr\u00e1lny server na s\u00fabory, ktor\u00fd \u010diasto\u010dne od\u013eah\u010duje z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e na syst\u00e9movom HDD. Ale na t\u00fdchto PC som na\u0161iel len p\u00e1r vo\u013en\u00fdch programov zo stovky: Notepad++ a ve\u013emi star\u00fa verziu OpenOffice. V\u0161etko ostatn\u00e9: Google Chrome, MS Office 2007\/2010 (neakt\u00edvny), Adobe PDF Reader, antiv\u00edrusy, propriet\u00e1rne kompil\u00e1tory, Turbo Pascal\u2026 Mimochodom, na niektor\u00fdch (s minim\u00e1lne 1 GB RAM) je nain\u0161talovan\u00e1 Kubuntu 14.04.x, od \u010dasu in\u0161tal\u00e1cie nebola aktualizovan\u00e1 ani syst\u00e9m, ani repozit\u00e1re. A navy\u0161e, nain\u0161talovali ho len tak pre formu: nikdy som nevidel \u017eiadneho \u0161tudenta, ktor\u00fd by pou\u017e\u00edval Linux. O to viac, \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed nain\u0161talovali distrib\u00faciu, neuvedli heslo pre root a bootloader. <\/p>\n

    Preto je \u013eahk\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 polo\u017eku Rescue Mode v GRUB2, automaticky z\u00edska\u0165 root pr\u00e1va, pre-montova\u0165 korene do read\/write a vykona\u0165 passwd. V podstate to robil v\u00e1\u0161 pokorn\u00fd sluha dvakr\u00e1t. A cel\u00e1 (v\u0161etky) OS s\u00fa v mojej plnej dispoz\u00edcii. Ak\u00fd m\u00e1 potom zmysel zamyka\u0165 Windows, in\u0161talova\u0165 antiv\u00edrusy, nastavova\u0165 proxy, ak t\u00e1to \u201eochrana\u201c nestoj\u00ed ani za prd? Navy\u0161e, ke\u010f som u\u010dite\u013eovi povedal o tejto zranite\u013enosti, odpovedal mi, \u017ee ho t\u00e1to probl\u00e9m ve\u013emi nezauj\u00edma. Ale ako to? Niekedy zakazuj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvanie USB flash diskov bez antiv\u00edrusov\u00e9ho skenovania, potom ignoruj\u00fa probl\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd je na povrchu. Mimochodom, na t\u00fdchto Kubuntu takmer nie je \u017eiadny softv\u00e9r. Ani gcc, ani g++, ani fpc, ni\u010d, okrem z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

    Ak hovor\u00edme o kancel\u00e1rii, tak pou\u017e\u00edvanie Libreoffice a otvoren\u00fdch \u0161tandardov dokumentov viedlo k tomu, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina .odt s\u00faborov sa nespr\u00e1vne otv\u00e1rala v produkte spolo\u010dnosti Microsoft, a naopak, tie\u017e je to pravda. Hoci MS Office (IMHO) je ve\u013emi pohodln\u00fd produkt, Libreoffice, najm\u00e4 ako bezplatn\u00fd projekt, je tie\u017e dobr\u00fd. V podstate, keby nebola propriet\u00e1rnos\u0165 a uzavretos\u0165 MS Office, zmysel existencie jeho alternat\u00edv by bol minim\u00e1lny (op\u00e4\u0165, pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho skromn\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru). <\/p>\n

    Napriek tomu, \u017ee s\u00fahlas\u00edm s A.V.Stolyarov<\/a><\/noindex>, m\u00e1m pochopenie, \u017ee niektor\u00e9 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 softv\u00e9ry existuj\u00fa len pre Windows a v najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch nieko\u013ek\u00fdch rokoch t\u00e1to platforma ur\u010dite nebude nahraden\u00e1 v t\u00fdchto oblastiach (napr\u00edklad od programovania niektor\u00fdch mikrokontrol\u00e9rov po sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie softv\u00e9ru na ovl\u00e1danie st\u00e1nkov geometrie kolies), no s ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokom tak\u00fdchto softv\u00e9rov ub\u00fadaj\u00fa. O to viac, \u017ee s\u00fa to dos\u0165 zriedkav\u00e9 smery a *nix nie s\u00fa bez d\u00f4vodu pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za dobr\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pre u\u010denie sa z\u00e1kladom programovania.<\/p>\n

    Mor\u00e1lka tejto b\u00e1jky je: bohu\u017eia\u013e, kon\u0161tatujem, \u017ee na miestnej V\u0160 (pravdepodobne nielen na tejto) sa preferuj\u00fa propriet\u00e1rne a uzavret\u00e9 produkty, aj ke\u010f sa musia pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 neleg\u00e1lne. In\u00fd softv\u00e9r sa \u010dasto ignoruje, preto\u017ee nie je \u017eiadny podnet zlep\u0161ova\u0165 ani svoje re\u00e1lne vedomosti, ani vedomosti \u0161tudentov, ak nie s\u00fa u\u010dite\u013eia ochotn\u00ed u\u010di\u0165 sa (\u201eU\u010ditelia nechc\u00fa u\u010di\u0165\u201c). Napad\u00e1 mi, \u017ee vo v\u0161eobecnosti je vo\u013en\u00fd softv\u00e9r pripraven\u00fd na pou\u017e\u00edvanie, ale sami pou\u017e\u00edvatelia ho nechc\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 a\/alebo sa rozv\u00edja\u0165, ak \u201ea tak to sta\u010d\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n

    P.S.:UNIX v ZSSR<\/b> M\u00f4j dedko mi hovoril, \u017ee v rokoch 1986-1988, ako ved\u00faci organiz\u00e1cie UPRCENTREZAPCHAST, spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi kolegami sa rozhodli previes\u0165 person\u00e1l na ich z\u00e1kladni v Stolbcoch a v Tashkente na mini-VBM \u201eRobotron\u201c a na \u010fal\u0161\u00edch na\u0161ich v\u00fdrobkov\u00fdch VBM, s centr\u00e1lnym po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom-serverom. S\u00fadime pod\u013ea jeho popisov a Wikip\u00e9die, na tomto serveri bola nain\u0161talovan\u00e1 Unix, pri\u010dom na niektor\u00fdch z nich sovietskeho vydania. Preto, aby som tak povedal, potenci\u00e1l na u\u010denie *nix zostal. <\/p>\n

    Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Microsoft \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u041e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b (\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 90-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 it-\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Vyu\u017eitie Linuxu a vo\u013en\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru v na\u0161ej vzdel\u00e1vacej in\u0161tit\u00facii: by\u0165 alebo neby\u0165? 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