{"id":30026,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","slug":"na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","title":{"rendered":"Na ceste k fundament\u00e1lnej te\u00f3rii vedomia","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00f4vod a podstata vedom\u00fdch z\u00e1\u017eitkov \u2014 niekedy ich naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa latinsk\u00fdm slovom qualia<\/b> \u2014 boli pre n\u00e1s z\u00e1hadou od najrannej\u0161ej antiky a\u017e po ned\u00e1vno. Mnoh\u00ed filozofi vedomia, vr\u00e1tane t\u00fdch s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch, pova\u017euj\u00fa existenciu vedomia za tak neakceptovate\u013en\u00fd rozpor s t\u00fdm, \u010do pod\u013ea nich existuje v svete hmoty a pr\u00e1zdnoty, \u017ee ho vyhlasuj\u00fa za il\u00faziu. In\u00fdmi slovami, bu\u010f popieraj\u00fa existenciu qualia v princ\u00edpe, alebo tvrdia, \u017ee je nemo\u017en\u00e9 ich zmysluplne \u0161tudova\u0165 vedou.<\/p>\n

Keby toto tvrdenie bolo pravdiv\u00e9 \u2014 tento \u010dl\u00e1nok by bol ve\u013emi kr\u00e1tky. A pod katom by nebolo ni\u010d. Ale nie\u010do tam predsa len je...<\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nAk je vedomie nemo\u017en\u00e9 zmysluplne uchopi\u0165 pomocou n\u00e1strojov vedy, bolo by potrebn\u00e9 len vysvetli\u0165, pre\u010do vy, ja a takmer v\u0161etci ostatn\u00ed sme tak presved\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00f4bec m\u00e1me pocity. Av\u0161ak bolestiv\u00fd zub mi sp\u00f4sobil absces. Zlo\u017eit\u00fd argument s cie\u013eom presved\u010di\u0165, \u017ee moja boles\u0165 je iluz\u00f3rna, ma ani na chv\u00ed\u013eu nezbav\u00ed t\u00fdchto \u00fatrap. Nem\u00e1m sympatie k tak\u00e9mu bezv\u00fdchodiskov\u00e9mu v\u00fdkladu vz\u0165ahu medzi du\u0161ou a telom, preto asi pokra\u010dujem.<\/p>\n

Vedomie je v\u0161etko, \u010do c\u00edti\u0161 (na z\u00e1klade inform\u00e1ci\u00ed zo senzorick\u00fdch org\u00e1nov) a potom pre\u017e\u00edva\u0161 (v\u010faka vn\u00edmaniu a ch\u00e1paniu). <\/p>\n

Zaseknut\u00e1 mel\u00f3dia v hlave, chu\u0165 \u010dokol\u00e1dovej dezertnosti, prenikav\u00e1 zubn\u00e1 boles\u0165, l\u00e1ska k die\u0165a\u0165u, abstraktn\u00e9 myslenie a pochopenie toho, \u017ee raz v\u0161etk\u00fdm pocitom pr\u00edde koniec.<\/p>\n

Vedci sa pomaly pribli\u017euj\u00fa k rozl\u00fa\u0161teniu tajomstva, ktor\u00e9 dlhodobo znepokojovalo filozofov. A vyvrcholen\u00edm t\u00fdchto vedeck\u00fdch sna\u017een\u00ed o\u010dak\u00e1va \u2014 \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e1 pracovn\u00e1 te\u00f3ria vedomia. Najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edklad aplik\u00e1cie tejto te\u00f3rie \u2014 plnohodnotn\u00e1 AI (to nevylu\u010duje mo\u017enos\u0165 vzniku AI bez te\u00f3rie vedomia, ale na z\u00e1klade u\u017e existuj\u00facich empirick\u00fdch pr\u00edstupov pri v\u00fdvoji AI)<\/p>\n

V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina vedcov pova\u017euje vedomie za danos\u0165 a sna\u017e\u00ed sa pochopi\u0165 jeho vz\u0165ah s objekt\u00edvnym svetom, ktor\u00fd opisuje veda. Pred dvadsiatimi piatimi rokmi Francis Crick a ostatn\u00ed kognit\u00edvni neurobiol\u00f3govia<\/a><\/noindex> sa rozhodli odlo\u017ei\u0165 bokom filozofick\u00e9 diskusie o vedom\u00ed (ktor\u00e9 znepokojovali vedcov minim\u00e1lne od \u010dias Aristotela) a namiesto toho sa pusti\u0165 do h\u013eadania jeho fyzick\u00fdch st\u00f4p. <\/b><\/p>\n

\u010do presne v extr\u00e9mne vzru\u0161ivej \u010dasti mozgov\u00e9ho tkaniva vyvol\u00e1va vedomie? Ak to vedci zistia, m\u00f4\u017eu d\u00fafa\u0165, \u017ee sa pribl\u00ed\u017eia k rie\u0161eniu fundament\u00e1lnej\u0161ej ot\u00e1zky.
\nKonkr\u00e9tne, neurobiol\u00f3govia h\u013eadaj\u00fa neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 korel\u00e1ty vedomia (NKV) \u2014 najmen\u0161ie neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 mechanizmy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa dostato\u010dn\u00e9 na ak\u00fdko\u013evek konkr\u00e9tny vedom\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitok v pocitoch. <\/b><\/p>\n

\u010co sa mus\u00ed dia\u0165 v mozgu, aby ste za\u017e\u00edvali zubn\u00fa boles\u0165, povedzme? Musia nejak\u00e9 nervov\u00e9 bunky vibrova\u0165 na nejakej magickej frekvencii? Je potrebn\u00e9 aktivova\u0165 nejak\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lne \u201eneur\u00f3ny vedomia\u201c? V ktor\u00fdch oblastiach mozgu by tak\u00e9to bunky mohli by\u0165 umiestnen\u00e9?<\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/p>\n

Neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 korel\u00e1ty vedomia<\/h2>\n

\nPri defin\u00edcii NKV je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka \u201eminim\u00e1lny\u201c. Ve\u010f mozog ako celok m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 za NKV \u2014 de\u0148 \u010do de\u0148 vytv\u00e1ra pocity. Napriek tomu m\u00f4\u017eeme lokaliz\u00e1ciu ur\u010di\u0165 e\u0161te presnej\u0161ie. Zoberme si miechu \u2014 46-centimetrov\u00fa flexibiln\u00fa trubicu nervov\u00e9ho tkaniva vo vn\u00fatri chrbtice, ktor\u00e1 obsahuje pribli\u017ene miliardu nervov\u00fdch buniek. Ak je n\u00e1sledkom poranenia miecha \u00faplne po\u0161koden\u00e1 a\u017e do kr\u010dnej oblasti, postihnut\u00fd nebude schopn\u00fd ovl\u00e1da\u0165 nohy, ruky a trup, nebude schopn\u00fd kontrolova\u0165 \u010drev\u00e1 a mo\u010dov\u00fd mech\u00far a bude zbaven\u00fd telesn\u00fdch pocitov. Napriek tomu tak\u00ed paralyzovan\u00ed pokra\u010duj\u00fa v spozn\u00e1van\u00ed \u017eivota vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch jeho rozmanitostiach: vidia, po\u010duj\u00fa, c\u00edtia v\u00f4ne, za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa em\u00f3cie a pam\u00e4taj\u00fa si rovnako dobre, ako pred t\u00fdm, ne\u017e tragick\u00e1 udalos\u0165 z\u00e1sadne zmenila ich \u017eivot.<\/p>\n

Alebo si zoberme mozo\u010dek \u2014 \u201emal\u00fd mozog\u201c v zadnej \u010dasti mozgu. Tento mozgov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, jeden z najstar\u0161\u00edch z evolu\u010dn\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska, sa podie\u013ea na kontrole motoriky, polohe tela a ch\u00f4dzi a tie\u017e zodpoved\u00e1 za prec\u00edzne vykon\u00e1vanie zlo\u017eit\u00fdch sekvenci\u00ed pohybov.
\nHranie na klav\u00edri, p\u00edsanie na kl\u00e1vesnici, krasokor\u010du\u013eovanie alebo skalolezectvo \u2014 vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch t\u00fdchto \u010dinnostiach je zapojen\u00fd mozo\u010dek. Je vybaven\u00fd najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edmi neur\u00f3nmi naz\u00fdvan\u00fdmi Purky\u0148ove bunky, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa v\u00fdbe\u017eky, ktor\u00e9 sa vlnia ako morsk\u00fd koral, a skr\u00fdvaj\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00fa elektrick\u00fa dynamiku. A e\u0161te mozo\u010dek obsahuje najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed po\u010det neur\u00f3nov<\/b>, pribli\u017ene 69 mili\u00e1rd (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou s\u00fa to cerebel\u00e1rne labrocyty v tvare hviezdy) \u2014 \u0161tyrikr\u00e1t viac<\/b>, ne\u017e by cel\u00fd mozog dokopy (zapam\u00e4tajte si - toto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd moment).<\/p>\n

\u010co sa deje s vedom\u00edm, ak \u010dlovek v d\u00f4sledku m\u0155tvice alebo po\u010das chirurgick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kroku \u010diasto\u010dne pr\u00edde o mozgov\u00fd sval?<\/p>\n

Takmer ni\u010d z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 pre vedomie! <\/b><\/h4>\n

\nPacienti s tak\u00fdmto po\u0161koden\u00edm sa s\u0165a\u017euj\u00fa na nieko\u013eko probl\u00e9mov, ako je menej plynul\u00e9 hranie na klav\u00edri alebo menej zru\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00edsanie na kl\u00e1vesnici, - ale nikdy na \u00fapln\u00fa stratu nejak\u00e9ho aspektu svojho vedomia. <\/p>\n

Najpodrobnej\u0161ie sk\u00famanie vplyvu po\u0161koden\u00ed mozo\u010dka na kognit\u00edvne funkcie bolo rozsiahlo presk\u00faman\u00e9 v kontexte postm\u0155tvicov\u00e9ho mozo\u010dkov\u00e9ho afekt\u00edvneho syndr\u00f3mu<\/a><\/noindex>. Ale aj v t\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch, okrem koordina\u010dno-priestorov\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov (vy\u0161\u0161ie), boli zisten\u00e9 len nekritick\u00e9 poruchy v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch aspektov riadenia, charakterizovan\u00e9 persever\u00e1ciou<\/a><\/noindex>, rozpt\u00fdlenos\u0165ou a nev\u00fdznamn\u00fdm poklesom schopnosti u\u010denia. <\/i><\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/p>\n

Rozsiahly mozo\u010dkov\u00fd apar\u00e1t nem\u00e1 ni\u010d spolo\u010dn\u00e9 so subjekt\u00edvnymi pre\u017e\u00edvaniami. Pre\u010do? D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa n\u00e1povedu obsahuje jeho neur\u00f3nov\u00e1 sie\u0165 - je v\u00fdnimo\u010dne homog\u00e9nna a paraleln\u00e1.<\/h4>\n

\nMozo\u010dek je prakticky \u00faplne obvod priamych spojen\u00ed: jeden rad neur\u00f3nov \u017eiv\u00ed nasleduj\u00faci, ktor\u00fd naopak ovplyv\u0148uje tret\u00ed. Neexistuj\u00fa tu sp\u00e4tn\u00e9 v\u00e4zby, ktor\u00e9 by prech\u00e1dzali medzi elektrickou aktivitou. Navy\u0161e, mozo\u010dek sa funk\u010dne del\u00ed na stovky, ak nie viac, nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch modulov. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich funguje paralelne, s vy\u010dlenen\u00fdmi a navz\u00e1jom sa neprekryvaj\u00facimi vstupmi a v\u00fdstupmi, ktor\u00e9 ovl\u00e1daj\u00fa pohyby alebo r\u00f4zne motorick\u00e9 alebo kognit\u00edvne syst\u00e9my. Tieto sa navz\u00e1jom takmer nedot\u00fdkaj\u00fa, zatia\u013e \u010do v pr\u00edpade vedomia - to je \u010fal\u0161\u00ed nevyhnutn\u00fd rys.<\/p>\n

D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 lekcia, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017eeme vyvodi\u0165 z anal\u00fdzy miechy a mozo\u010dka, spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee g\u00e9nius vedomia sa nerod\u00ed jednoducho na akomko\u013evek mieste vzru\u0161enia nervov\u00e9ho tkaniva. Je potrebn\u00e9 nie\u010do viac. Tento dodato\u010dn\u00fd faktor sa nach\u00e1dza v \u0161ed\u00fdch tkaniv\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 tvoria presl\u00e1ven\u00fa k\u00f4ru mozgu - jej vonkaj\u0161\u00ed povrch. V\u0161etky dostupn\u00e9 \u00fadaje nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee pri vzniku pocitov sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa neokortik\u00e1lne<\/a><\/noindex> tkaniv\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Oblas\u0165 umiestnenia ohniska vedomia je mo\u017en\u00e9 e\u0161te viac z\u00fa\u017ei\u0165. Predpokladajme, \u017ee pr\u00edkladom s\u00fa experimenty, v ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa prav\u00e9 a \u013eav\u00e9 oko vystaven\u00e9 r\u00f4znym podnetom. Predstavte si, \u017ee fotografia \u201eLady Priory\u201c je vidite\u013en\u00e1 len v\u00e1\u0161mu \u013eav\u00e9mu oku, zatia\u013e \u010do sn\u00edmka \u201eTesly S\u201c je vidite\u013en\u00e1 iba prav\u00e9mu. M\u00f4\u017ee sa zda\u0165, \u017ee uvid\u00edte nejak\u00e9 nov\u00e9 auto z prekr\u00fdvania Lady a Tesly. V skuto\u010dnosti v\u0161ak budete nieko\u013eko sek\u00fand vidie\u0165 Ladu, potom zmizne a objav\u00ed sa Tesla \u2014 a potom znova zmizne a objav\u00ed sa Lada. Dve obr\u00e1zky sa v nekone\u010dnom tanci striedaj\u00fa \u2014 vedci to naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa binokul\u00e1rnym s\u00fa\u0165a\u017en\u00fdm vn\u00edman\u00edm alebo s\u00fa\u0165a\u017eou sietnic. Do mozgu prich\u00e1dza nejednozna\u010dn\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia z vonku a on sa nem\u00f4\u017ee rozhodn\u00fa\u0165: je to Lada alebo Tesla?<\/i><\/p>\n

Ak le\u017e\u00edte vo vn\u00fatri tomografu, ktor\u00fd zaznamen\u00e1va mozgov\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165, vedci zaznamenaj\u00fa aktivitu vo \u0161irokom spektre kortik\u00e1lnych z\u00f3n, ktor\u00e9 sa spolo\u010dne naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa \u201ezadn\u00e1 hor\u00faca z\u00f3na\u201c (posterior hot zone). S\u00fa to pariet\u00e1lne, okcipit\u00e1lne a tempor\u00e1lne oblasti zadnej \u010dasti mozgovej k\u00f4ry a tieto zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161iu \u00falohu pri sledovan\u00ed toho, \u010do vid\u00edme. <\/p>\n

Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee prim\u00e1rna zrakov\u00e1 k\u00f4ra, ktor\u00e1 prij\u00edma a pren\u00e1\u0161a inform\u00e1cie z o\u010d\u00ed, neodr\u00e1\u017ea to, \u010do vid\u00ed \u010dlovek. Podobn\u00e9 rozdelenie pr\u00e1ce sa pozoruje aj v pr\u00edpade sluchu a hmatania: prim\u00e1rna sluchov\u00e1 a prim\u00e1rna somatosenzorick\u00e1 k\u00f4ra neprispievaj\u00fa priamo k obsahu sluchov\u00e9ho a somatosenzorick\u00e9ho pre\u017e\u00edvania. Vedom\u00e9 vn\u00edmanie (vr\u00e1tane obrazov Lady a Tesly) generuje nasleduj\u00face \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1 spracovania \u2014 v zadnej hor\u00facej z\u00f3ne.<\/p>\n

Z toho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee zrakov\u00e9 obrazy, zvuky a in\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00e9 pocity vznikaj\u00fa v r\u00e1mci zadnej k\u00f4ry mozgu. Pod\u013ea toho, \u010do neurobiol\u00f3govia m\u00f4\u017eu pos\u00fadi\u0165, takmer v\u0161etky vedom\u00e9 pre\u017e\u00edvania maj\u00fa svoj p\u00f4vod pr\u00e1ve tam. <\/b><\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00edtadlo vedomia<\/h2>\n

\nPri oper\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, napr\u00edklad, s\u00fa pacienti uveden\u00ed do anest\u00e9zie, aby sa nepohybovali, udr\u017eali stabiln\u00fd krvn\u00fd tlak, nec\u00edtili boles\u0165 a nesk\u00f4r nemali traumatick\u00e9 spomienky. Bohu\u017eia\u013e, to sa nedar\u00ed v\u017edy: ka\u017ed\u00fd rok s\u00fa stovky pacientov pod vplyvom anest\u00e9zie v nejakej forme vedom\u00e9.<\/p>\n

In\u00e1 kateg\u00f3ria pacientov so z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm po\u0161koden\u00edm mozgu v d\u00f4sledku \u00farazu, infekci\u00ed alebo \u0165a\u017ekej otravy m\u00f4\u017ee roky existova\u0165 bez mo\u017enosti hovori\u0165 alebo reagova\u0165 na oslovenia. Dok\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee c\u00edtia \u017eivot, je mimoriadne \u0165a\u017ek\u00e1 \u00faloha.<\/h4>\n

\nPredstavte si astronauta, ktor\u00fd sa stratil vo vesm\u00edre a po\u010d\u00fava pokusy riadiaceho strediska pristupova\u0165 k nemu. Nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 r\u00e1dio nepren\u00e1\u0161a jeho hlas, tak\u017ee svet ho pova\u017euje za nezvestn\u00e9ho. Takto mo\u017eno op\u00edsa\u0165 bez\u00fate\u0161n\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu pacientov, ktor\u00fdch po\u0161koden\u00fd mozog zbavil kontaktu so svetom - ak\u00fdsi extr\u00e9mny typ osamel\u00e9ho uv\u00e4znenia.<\/i><\/p>\n

Na za\u010diatku 2000-tych rokov J\u00falio Tononi z Wisconsin University v Madison a Marcello Massimini prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t aplikovali met\u00f3du nazvan\u00fa zap and zip<\/a><\/noindex>, aby zistili, \u010di je \u010dlovek pri vedom\u00ed alebo nie.<\/p>\n

Vedci pripevnili na hlavu cievku s dr\u00f4tmi a poslali elektrick\u00fd z\u00e1sah (zap) - siln\u00fd n\u00e1boj magnetickej energie, ktor\u00fd vyvolal kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd elektrick\u00fd pr\u00fad. To vzru\u0161ovalo a potl\u00e1\u010dalo partnersk\u00e9 neur\u00f3ny v s\u00favisiacich oblastiach siete, a vlna rezonovala po mozgov\u00fdch k\u00f4rach, k\u00fdm aktivita neuhasla.<\/p>\n

Sie\u0165 senzorov EEG pripevnen\u00fdch na hlavu zaznamen\u00e1vala elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly. Ako sa sign\u00e1ly postupne \u0161\u00edrili, ich stopy, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00e1 zodpovedala ur\u010ditej oblasti pod povrchom lebky, sa prev\u00e1dzali na film.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1znamy nepreuk\u00e1zali \u017eiaden typick\u00fd algoritmus - ale ani neboli \u00faplne n\u00e1hodn\u00e9. <\/h4>\n

\nZauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm predv\u00eddate\u013enej\u0161ie boli rytmy, ktor\u00e9 sa objavovali a zhas\u00ednali, t\u00fdm vy\u0161\u0161ia bola pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee mozog bol v bezvedom\u00ed. Vedci zmerali t\u00fato hypot\u00e9zu z\u00fa\u017een\u00edm \u00fadajov videa pomocou algoritmu, ktor\u00fd arch\u00edvuje po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 s\u00fabory do form\u00e1tu ZIP. Kompresia poskytla odhad zlo\u017eitosti reakcie mozgu. Dobrovo\u013en\u00edci, ktor\u00ed boli pri vedom\u00ed, preuk\u00e1zali \"index zlo\u017eitosti perturb\u00e1ci\u00ed\" od 0,31 do 0,70, pri\u010dom index klesol pod 0,31, ak boli v stave hlbok\u00e9ho sp\u00e1nku alebo pod anest\u00e9ziou.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sledne t\u00edm otestoval zip and zap na 81 pacientoch, ktor\u00ed boli v minim\u00e1lnom vedom\u00ed alebo v bezvedom\u00ed (v k\u00f3me). V prvej skupine, ktor\u00e1 vykazovala niektor\u00e9 znaky nereflex\u00edvneho spr\u00e1vania, met\u00f3da spr\u00e1vne uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee 36 z 38 je pri vedom\u00ed. Z 43 pacientov v \"zeleninovom\" stave, s ktor\u00fdmi pr\u00edbuzn\u00ed pri l\u00f4\u017eku nikdy nedok\u00e1zali nadviaza\u0165 komunik\u00e1ciu, 34 bolo zaraden\u00fdch medzi bezvedom\u00fdch a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch dev\u00e4\u0165 nie. Ich mozog reagoval podobne ako u t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed boli pri vedom\u00ed, \u010do znamenalo, \u017ee tie\u017e boli pri vedom\u00ed, ale neboli schopn\u00ed komunikova\u0165 s bl\u00edzkymi.<\/p>\n

S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 v\u00fdskumy si klad\u00fa za cie\u013e \u0161tandardizova\u0165 a zdokonali\u0165 metodol\u00f3giu pre neurologick\u00fdch pacientov a taktie\u017e ju roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 na pacientov psychiatrick\u00fdch a pediatrick\u00fdch oddelen\u00ed. Postupom \u010dasu vedci objavia konkr\u00e9tny s\u00fabor nervov\u00fdch mechanizmov, ktor\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa pre\u017e\u00edvanie. <\/h4>\n

\n\"Na
\n
\nV podstate potrebujeme presved\u010div\u00fa vedeck\u00fa te\u00f3riu vedomia, ktor\u00e1 odpovie na ot\u00e1zku, za ak\u00fdch podmienok dan\u00fd fyzick\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u2014 nech u\u017e je to zlo\u017eit\u00fd neur\u00f3nov\u00fd re\u0165azec alebo krem\u00edkov\u00e9 tranzistory \u2014 pre\u017e\u00edva pocity. A pre\u010do sa kvalita pre\u017eitkov l\u00ed\u0161i? Pre\u010do \u010dist\u00e1 modr\u00e1 obloha sa c\u00edti inak ako zaskakuj\u00faca zle naladen\u00e1 husle? Maj\u00fa tieto rozdiely v pocitoch nejak\u00fa ur\u010den\u00fa funkciu? Ak \u00e1no, ak\u00fa? Te\u00f3ria umo\u017en\u00ed predpoveda\u0165, ak\u00e9 syst\u00e9my bud\u00fa schopn\u00e9 nie\u010do c\u00edti\u0165. V nepr\u00edtomnosti te\u00f3rie s testovate\u013en\u00fdmi predpove\u010fami ak\u00e9ko\u013evek \u00favahy o vedom\u00ed strojov s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdlu\u010dne na na\u0161ej intu\u00edcii, na ktor\u00fa, ako uk\u00e1zala hist\u00f3ria vedy, by sme sa mali spolieha\u0165 opatrne.<\/p>\n

Jedna z hlavn\u00fdch teorii vedomia je te\u00f3ria glob\u00e1lneho neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho pracovn\u00e9ho priestoru<\/a><\/noindex> (GWT), ktor\u00fa predlo\u017eil psychol\u00f3g Bernard Baars a neurobiol\u00f3govia Stanislas Dehaene a Jean-Pierre Changeux. <\/h4>\n

\nNa za\u010diatku tvrdia, \u017ee ke\u010f si \u010dlovek nie\u010do uvedomuje, pr\u00edstup k t\u00fdmto inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m dost\u00e1va mno\u017estvo r\u00f4znych oblast\u00ed mozgu. Naopak, ak \u010dlovek kon\u00e1 nevedome, inform\u00e1cie sa lokalizuj\u00fa v konkr\u00e9tnom senzoricko-motorickom syst\u00e9me. Napr\u00edklad, ke\u010f r\u00fdchlo p\u00ed\u0161ete, rob\u00edte to automaticky. Ak sa v\u00e1s op\u00fdtaj\u00fa, ako to rob\u00edte, nebudete schopn\u00ed odpoveda\u0165, preto\u017ee m\u00e1te obmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup k t\u00fdmto inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa lokalizovan\u00e9 v nervov\u00fdch re\u0165azcoch sp\u00e1jaj\u00facich o\u010di s r\u00fdchlymi pohybmi prstov. <\/p>\n

Glob\u00e1lna dostupnos\u0165 vytv\u00e1ra iba jeden tok vedomia, preto\u017ee ak\u00fdko\u013evek proces je dostupn\u00fd v\u0161etk\u00fdm ostatn\u00fdm procesom, potom je dostupn\u00fd v\u0161etk\u00fdm \u2013 v\u0161etko je prepojen\u00e9 so v\u0161etk\u00fdm. Takto funguje mechanizmus potl\u00e1\u010dania alternat\u00edvnych obrazov.<\/b>
\nTak\u00e1to te\u00f3ria dobre vysvet\u013euje r\u00f4zne psychick\u00e9 poruchy, kde poruchy jednotliv\u00fdch funk\u010dn\u00fdch centier, spojen\u00e9 s neur\u00f3nov\u00fdmi aktivitami (alebo cel\u00fdmi oblas\u0165ami mozgu), sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa skreslenia v celkovom toku \"pracovn\u00e9ho priestoru\", \u010d\u00edm skres\u013euj\u00fa obraz v porovnan\u00ed s \"norm\u00e1lnym\" stavom (zdrav\u00e9ho \u010dloveka).<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Na
\n<\/p>\n

Na ceste k fundament\u00e1lnej te\u00f3rii<\/h2>\n

\nTe\u00f3ria \"GWT\" tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee vedomie vypl\u00fdva z osobitn\u00e9ho typu spracovania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed: pozn\u00e1me ju u\u017e od \u010dias vzniku AI, ke\u010f mali \u0161peci\u00e1lne programy pr\u00edstup k mal\u00e9mu verejne dostupn\u00e9mu \u00falo\u017eisku \u00fadajov. Ak\u00e9ko\u013evek inform\u00e1cie zap\u00edsan\u00e9 na \"n\u00e1stennej tabuli\" sa st\u00e1vali dostupn\u00fdmi pre mno\u017estvo pomocn\u00fdch procesov \u2013 opera\u010dn\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165, jazyk, pl\u00e1novac\u00ed modul, rozpozn\u00e1vanie tv\u00e1r\u00ed, objektov at\u010f. Pod\u013ea tejto te\u00f3rie vedomie vznik\u00e1, ke\u010f sa zap\u00edsan\u00e1 na tabuli prich\u00e1dzaj\u00faca senzorick\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia pren\u00e1\u0161a do mno\u017estva kognit\u00edvnych syst\u00e9mov \u2013 a tie spracov\u00e1vaj\u00fa d\u00e1ta na verb\u00e1lne reprodukovanie, ukladanie do pam\u00e4ti alebo vykon\u00e1vanie akci\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Preto\u017ee miesto na takejto n\u00e1stennej tabuli je obmedzen\u00e9, v ka\u017edom konkr\u00e9tnom momente m\u00f4\u017eeme ma\u0165 len mal\u00fd objem inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Sie\u0165 neur\u00f3nov, ktor\u00e1 pren\u00e1\u0161a tieto spr\u00e1vy, sa predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee sa nach\u00e1dza v prefront\u00e1lnych a temenn\u00fdch lalokoch.<\/b><\/p>\n

Ke\u010f s\u00fa tieto skromn\u00e9 (rozdelen\u00e9) \u00fadaje prenesen\u00e9 na sie\u0165 a stan\u00fa sa verejn\u00fdmi, inform\u00e1cia sa st\u00e1va vedomou. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee subjekt si jej je vedom\u00fd. Modern\u00e9 stroje zatia\u013e nedosiahli tak\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 kognit\u00edvnej zlo\u017eitosti, ale je to len ot\u00e1zka \u010dasu. <\/p>\n

Te\u00f3ria \u201eGWT\u201c tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010de bud\u00facnosti bud\u00fa vedom\u00e9.<\/h4>\n

\nCeloobecn\u00e1 informa\u010dn\u00e1 te\u00f3ria vedomia (IIT), vyvinut\u00e1 Tononim a jeho spolupracovn\u00edkmi, vych\u00e1dza z \u00faplne in\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodiska \u2014 zo samotn\u00fdch pre\u017eitkov. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 pre\u017eitie m\u00e1 svoje jedine\u010dn\u00e9 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 charakteristiky. Je imanen\u010dn\u00e9, existuje len pre subjekt ako \u201emajite\u013ea\u201c; je \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e9 (\u017elt\u00e9 taxi spoma\u013euje, k\u00fdm hned\u00fd pes prebieha ulicou); a je konkr\u00e9tne \u2014 l\u00ed\u0161i sa od ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek in\u00e9ho vedom\u00e9ho pre\u017eitku, ako samostatn\u00fd z\u00e1ber vo filme. Okrem toho je celistv\u00e9 a definit\u00edvne. Ke\u010f v tepl\u00fd jasn\u00fd de\u0148 sed\u00edte v parku na lavi\u010dke a pozorujete hru det\u00ed, r\u00f4zne prvky sk\u00fasenosti \u2014 vietor rozf\u00fakaj\u00faci vlasy, pocit radosti zo smiechu mal\u00fdch det\u00ed \u2014 nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 oddeli\u0165 jedno od druh\u00e9ho bez toho, aby pre\u017eitie prestalo by\u0165 t\u00fdm, \u010d\u00edm je.<\/p>\n

Tononi postuloval, \u017ee tak\u00e9to vlastnosti \u2014 teda ur\u010dit\u00fd \u00farove\u0148 vedomosti \u2014 m\u00e1 ktor\u00fdko\u013evek zlo\u017eit\u00fd a prepojen\u00fd mechanizmus, v ktor\u00e9ho \u0161trukt\u00fare je zak\u00f3dovan\u00fd s\u00fabor pr\u00ed\u010dinno-n\u00e1sledkov\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov. To sa bude poci\u0165ova\u0165 ako nie\u010do, \u010do vych\u00e1dza zvn\u00fatra.<\/p>\n

Ak mu, podobne ako mozo\u010dek, ch\u00fdba zlo\u017eitos\u0165 a prepojenos\u0165, nebude vedie\u0165 ni\u010d. Ako hovor\u00ed t\u00e1to te\u00f3ria, <\/p>\n

vedomie je neoddelite\u013en\u00e1 n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 spojen\u00e1 s tak\u00fdmito zlo\u017eit\u00fdmi mechanizmami, ako je \u013eudsk\u00fd mozog.<\/h4>\n

\nTe\u00f3ria tie\u017e vyvodzuje zo zlo\u017eitosti, ktor\u00e1 le\u017e\u00ed v z\u00e1kladoch prepojenej \u0161trukt\u00fary, jedno nez\u00e1porn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo \u03a6 (vyslovuje sa \u201efy\u201c), ktor\u00e9 kvantitat\u00edvne vyjadruje toto povedomie. Ak je \u03a6 nula, syst\u00e9m si v\u00f4bec neuvedomuje seba sam\u00e9ho. Naopak, \u010d\u00edm je \u010d\u00edslo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou neoddelite\u013enou n\u00e1hodnou silou syst\u00e9m disponuje a t\u00fdm viac si je vedom\u00fd. Mozog, ktor\u00e9mu je vlastn\u00e1 obrovsk\u00e1 a vysoko \u0161pecifick\u00e1 prepojenos\u0165, m\u00e1 ve\u013emi vysok\u00e9 \u03a6, \u010do nazna\u010duje vysok\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 uvedomenia. Te\u00f3ria vysvet\u013euje r\u00f4zne fakty: napr\u00edklad, pre\u010do mozgov\u00fd kme\u0148 nie je zapojen\u00fd do vedomia alebo pre\u010do zip a zap po\u010d\u00edtadlo naozaj funguje (\u010d\u00edsla vyprodukovan\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtadlom s\u00fa \u03a6 v hrubej aproxim\u00e1cii).<\/p>\n

Te\u00f3ria \u201eIIT\u201c predpoved\u00e1, \u017ee pokro\u010dil\u00e1 simul\u00e1cia \u013eudsk\u00e9ho mozgu na b\u00e1ze digit\u00e1lneho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da nem\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vedom\u00e1 \u2014 aj ke\u010f sa jej re\u010d ned\u00e1 od \u013eudskej odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Rovnako ako simul\u00e1cia rozsiahlej gravita\u010dnej pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017elivosti \u010diernej diery nepreh\u00fdba priestorovo-\u010dasov\u00fdm kontinuom okolo po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, ktor\u00fd k\u00f3d aplikuje, naprogramovan\u00e9<\/b> vedomie nikdy nevytvor\u00ed vedom\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. Giulio Tononi a Marcello Massimini, \u010dasopis \u201eNature\u201c 557, S8-S12 (2018)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Pod\u013ea IIT \u2014 vedomie nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 a vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165: mus\u00ed by\u0165 integrovan\u00e9 do \u0161trukt\u00fary syst\u00e9mu.<\/h3>\n

\nHlavnou \u00falohou s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch neurobiol\u00f3gov je vyu\u017ei\u0165 st\u00e1le dokonalej\u0161ie n\u00e1stroje na sk\u00famanie nekone\u010dn\u00fdch spojen\u00ed r\u00f4znych neur\u00f3nov, ktor\u00e9 tvoria mozog, na \u010fal\u0161ie na\u010drtnutie neur\u00f3nov\u00fdch st\u00f4p vedomia. S oh\u013eadom na zlo\u017eit\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru CNS to potrv\u00e1 desa\u0165ro\u010dia. A nakoniec formulova\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00fa te\u00f3riu na b\u00e1ze existuj\u00facich fragmentov. Te\u00f3riu, ktor\u00e1 rozl\u00faskne hlavn\u00fa h\u00e1danku na\u0161ej existencie: ako organ, ktor\u00fd v\u00e1\u017ei 1,36 kg a svojou skladbou pripom\u00edna s\u00f3jov\u00fd tvaroh, steles\u0148uje pocit \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

Jedna z najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed tejto novej te\u00f3rie, pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru, je mo\u017enos\u0165 vytvori\u0165 AI so vedom\u00edm a, \u010do je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie, so zmyslov\u00fdmi vnemi. Navy\u0161e, fundament\u00e1lna te\u00f3ria vedomia umo\u017en\u00ed vyvin\u00fa\u0165 met\u00f3dy a cesty na realiz\u00e1ciu r\u00fdchlej\u0161ej evol\u00facie kognit\u00edvnych schopnost\u00ed \u010dloveka. \u010cloveka \u2014 bud\u00facnosti. <\/p>\n

\"Na
\n
\nHlavn\u00fd zdroj<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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