{"id":30164,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:57","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/oblaka-i-porohovaya-bochka-open-source\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:57","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:57","slug":"oblaka-i-porohovaya-bochka-open-source","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/oblaka-i-porohovaya-bochka-open-source","title":{"rendered":"Oblaky a prachov\u00e1 n\u00e1doba Open Source","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Oblaky a prachov\u00e1 n\u00e1doba Open Source\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/12afb79f8284de8b538d8a2bc0be918c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<i>\u201eEur\u00f3pa dnes pripom\u00edna prachov\u00fa schr\u00e1nku a l\u00eddri s\u00fa ako \u013eudia faj\u010diaci vo vn\u00fatri. Jedna iskra vyvol\u00e1 v\u00fdbuch, ktor\u00fd z n\u00e1s v\u0161etk\u00fdch urob\u00ed popola. Neviem, kedy sa to stane, ale viem, kde. V\u0161etko zni\u010d\u00ed nejak\u00e1 hl\u00fapos\u0165 na Balk\u00e1ne\u201c \u2014 Otto von Bismarck, 1878<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pred sto rokmi, 11. novembra 1918, bolo podp\u00edsan\u00e9 pr\u00edmerie, ktor\u00e9 ukon\u010dilo Prv\u00fa svetov\u00fa vojnu. Po\u010det straten\u00fdch \u017eivotov v tejto vojne je dnes \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 si predstavi\u0165. Napr\u00edklad v Amerike sa pova\u017euje vietnamsk\u00e1 vojna za vojensk\u00fa katastrofu. Po\u010das dvadsiatich rokov bojov USA pri\u0161li o 58 318 vojakov. Na porovnanie, iba v prvej bitke na Marne v roku 1914 spojenci stratili \u0161tyrikr\u00e1t viac. Za p\u00e4\u0165 dn\u00ed.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nNiekto m\u00f4\u017ee poveda\u0165, \u017ee hr\u00f4zy vojny nebolo mo\u017en\u00e9 predpoveda\u0165. Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee aspo\u0148 niektor\u00e9 z dotknut\u00fdch str\u00e1n mali jasn\u00fa predstavu o n\u00e1sledkoch. Britsk\u00fd minister zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch vec\u00ed Edward Grey po prejave v parlamente na podporu vojny \u00fadajne povedal: \u201eLampy zhas\u00ednaj\u00fa po celej Eur\u00f3pe. Po na\u0161ich \u017eivotoch sa u\u017e nikdy nezap\u00e1lia.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Preto sa v nasleduj\u00facich rokoch historici sna\u017eili odpoveda\u0165 na ot\u00e1zku: ak boli n\u00e1sledky jasn\u00e9, ako to, \u017ee to dovolili <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_Crisis\">j\u00falovej kr\u00edze<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0\u2014 s\u00e9rii prepojen\u00fdch udalost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 viedli k tomu, \u017ee vojna sa stala jedin\u00fdm mo\u017en\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom.<\/p>\n<p>Aj ke\u010f je nesmierne zlo\u017eit\u00fd v detailoch, odpove\u010f je jednoduch\u00e1. Vzh\u013eadom na atmosf\u00e9ru a politick\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary tej doby, nikto z \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov udalost\u00ed nec\u00edtil, \u017ee by mal alternat\u00edvu. Jednou z najdesivej\u0161\u00edch vec\u00ed pri sk\u00faman\u00ed pr\u00ed\u010din vojny je v skuto\u010dnosti to, \u017ee ak sa pozriete na politick\u00e9 reality tej doby, je skuto\u010dne \u013eahk\u00e9 pochopi\u0165 ospravedlnenia \u010dinov ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<p>Nakoniec sa zhodneme, \u017ee vojna bola vlastne nevyhnutn\u00e1. \u013dahkos\u0165 prijatia tejto pravdy je skuto\u010dne znepokojiv\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>\nPred tromi rokmi jeden rizikov\u00fd fond zhroma\u017edil mal\u00fa skupinu z\u00e1stupcov m\u00e9di\u00ed, dod\u00e1vate\u013eov a analytikov, vr\u00e1tane n\u00e1s, aby prediskutoval v\u00fdznam open source v obchodnej \u010dinnosti. Po prezent\u00e1cii vlastn\u00e9ho modelu predstavil partner rizikovej spolo\u010dnosti skupinu ved\u00facich pracovn\u00edkov z partnersk\u00fdch komer\u010dn\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed open source. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich podrobne op\u00edsal, ako open source nahradil z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom propriet\u00e1rne alternat\u00edvy.<\/p>\n<p>Samozrejme, s\u00fahlas\u00edme s t\u00fdm, \u017ee prechod v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov na open source na podnikovej \u00farovni men\u00ed charakter dod\u00e1vok. Do ur\u010ditej miery je to z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 my\u0161lienka, ktor\u00fa propagujeme u\u017e mnoho rokov. E\u0161te v roku 2011 sme publikovali \u010dl\u00e1nok <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/redmonk.com\/sogrady\/2011\/12\/16\/end-of-procurement\/\">\u201eZav\u00e1dzanie zospodu: koniec dod\u00e1vok, ak\u00e9 pozn\u00e1me\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>. Ale v navrhovanom modeli bolo zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 nie to, \u010do hovoria o s\u00fa\u010dasnosti, ale sk\u00f4r to, \u010do nem\u00f4\u017ee poveda\u0165 o bud\u00facnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Na podujat\u00ed sa priamo nespom\u00ednali cloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Hovorilo sa o tom, \u017ee investori a komer\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri OSS s\u00fa\u0165a\u017eia s propriat\u00e1rnym softv\u00e9rom. \u017diadna osobitn\u00e1 pozornos\u0165 nebola venovan\u00e1 Amazonu a \u010fal\u0161\u00edm poskytovate\u013eom super \u0161k\u00e1lovan\u00fdch cloudov, dokonca neboli ani menovan\u00ed. Ot\u00e1zku na t\u00fato t\u00e9mu zdvorilo odmietli.<\/p>\n<p>Je to zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, preto\u017ee my v RedMonk sme v tom \u010dase pri hodnoten\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00fdch t\u00edmov open source \u017eiadali, aby odpovedali na jednoduch\u00fa \u0161tandardn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku: \u201eKto je va\u0161\u00edm konkurentom?\u201c Ak menovali propriat\u00e1rnu alternat\u00edvu, znamenalo to, \u017ee spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sa pozer\u00e1 do minulosti. Ak odpove\u010fou bolo cloud, mohol si by\u0165 ist\u00fd, \u017ee startup sa pozer\u00e1 dopredu.<\/p>\n<p>Ako vid\u00edme, toto myslenie sa teraz dostalo na trh. V posledn\u00fdch 12\u221218 mesiacoch v podstate do\u0161lo k revol\u00facii. Ak predt\u00fdm spolo\u010dnosti nepova\u017eovali cloudov\u00fdch poskytovate\u013eov, ako s\u00fa Amazon, Google a Microsoft, za hodn\u00e9 zmienky, teraz ich pova\u017euj\u00fa za smrte\u013en\u00fa hrozbu. Strach pred cloudov\u00fdmi poskytovate\u013emi sa stal tak\u00fd ohromuj\u00faci, \u017ee komer\u010dn\u00ed poskytovatelia open source \u010dasto napriek rad\u00e1m poradcov prij\u00edmaj\u00fa strategick\u00e9 rozhodnutia, ktor\u00e9 naru\u0161uj\u00fa kult\u00farne normy open source, sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa mas\u00edvny a trval\u00fd negat\u00edvny PR a ohrozuj\u00fa vz\u0165ahy s v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rmi, partnermi a klientmi. Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie pristupuj\u00fa k modelom, ktor\u00e9 rozmaz\u00e1vaj\u00fa hranice medzi open source a propriat\u00e1rnym softv\u00e9rom v snahe z\u00edska\u0165 v\u00fdhody oboch svetov, ale v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku je vysok\u00e1 pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee dostan\u00fa nev\u00fdhody oboch.<\/p>\n<p>Kom er\u010dni poskytovatelia open source podnikli tieto kroky s predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facim upozornen\u00edm na rizik\u00e1. To nazna\u010duje ich hodnotenie vlastn\u00fdch perspekt\u00edv vo svete, kde \u010doraz viac dominuje mas\u00edvne cloudov\u00e9 prostredie, ktor\u00e9 roz\u0161iruje rozsah slu\u017eieb. Nezvratne, tak\u00e9 strategick\u00e9 rozhodnutia maj\u00fa v\u00e1\u017ene a nevyhnutn\u00e9 negat\u00edvne d\u00f4sledky, no komer\u010dn\u00ed poskytovatelia open source \u2014 alebo aspo\u0148 ich investori \u2014 pova\u017euj\u00fa absenciu akci\u00ed za e\u0161te de\u0161trukt\u00edvnej\u0161iu mo\u017enos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 sledova\u0165, \u010di sa tak\u00e9to presved\u010denie zachov\u00e1 po ozn\u00e1men\u00ed Amazon Web Services tento t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148. Tu je kr\u00e1tke zhrnutie udalost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 viedli k s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdm situ\u00e1ci\u00e1m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>2010<\/b>: nap\u00edsan\u00e1 Sheemom B\u00e1nonom pred takmer desiatimi rokmi, Elasticsearch je vyh\u013ead\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m s otvoren\u00fdm k\u00f3dom a povoluj\u00facu licenciou. Stal sa nato\u013eko popul\u00e1rnym, \u017ee okolo neho nakoniec vznikla komer\u010dn\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia. Elastic NV \u2014 p\u00f4vodne Elasticsearch BV \u2014 pre\u0161la viacer\u00fdmi kolami financovania v celkovej v\u00fd\u0161ke viac ako sto mili\u00f3nov dol\u00e1rov, v okt\u00f3bri minul\u00e9ho roka usporiadala IPO a v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je ocenen\u00e1 tesne pod 6 miliardami dol\u00e1rov.<\/li>\n<li><b>2015<\/b>: p\u00e4\u0165 rokov po zalo\u017een\u00ed projektu \u2014 predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee na z\u00e1klade po\u017eiadaviek z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov \u2014 Amazon spustil cloudov\u00fa slu\u017ebu s n\u00e1zvom Amazon Elasticsearch Service na z\u00e1klade tejto povoluj\u00facej licencie. Priamo konkurovala komer\u010dn\u00fdm ponuk\u00e1m Elastic NV, \u010di u\u017e lok\u00e1lnym alebo cloudov\u00fdm.<\/li>\n<li><b>2018<\/b>: \u010diasto\u010dne kv\u00f4li konkurencii s t\u00fdmto a in\u00fdmi cloudmi, Elastic NV za\u010dala rozmaz\u00e1va\u0165 hranice medzi svojou ponukou open source a propriet\u00e1rnymi licen\u010dn\u00fdmi dodatkami k nej, najm\u00e4 x-pack. Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee Elastic ne\u0161la cestou niektor\u00fdch kolegov, ale sna\u017eila sa probl\u00e9m vyrie\u0161i\u0165 pomocou hybridn\u00fdch licenci\u00ed, pri\u010dom za\u010dala mie\u0161a\u0165 otvoren\u00fd a propriet\u00e1rny zdrojov\u00fd k\u00f3d v jednom repozit\u00e1ri a predvolen\u00e9 zostavenia zah\u0155\u0148ali tento nevo\u013en\u00fd softv\u00e9r.<\/li>\n<li><b>2019<\/b>: Tento t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 Amazon podnikol nieko\u013eko odvetn\u00fdch krokov. Po prv\u00e9, s podporou spolo\u010dnost\u00ed Expedia a Netflix predstavil to, \u010do pova\u017euje za \u201edistrib\u00faciu\u201c Elasticsearch. Predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee bude vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch oh\u013eadoch fungova\u0165 ako fork. Po druh\u00e9, projekt zah\u0155\u0148a open source doplnky, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa podobn\u00e9 funkcie, za ktor\u00e9 Elastic NV \u00fa\u010dtuje poplatky, bez toho, aby ich spr\u00edstupnili verejnosti. Po tretie, podobne ako v pr\u00edpade p\u00f4vodnej slu\u017eby AWS zalo\u017eenej na Elasticsearch, spolo\u010dnos\u0165 pou\u017eila pre projekt n\u00e1zov Elasticsearch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nKe\u010f\u017ee predch\u00e1dzaj\u00face rozpory prer\u00e1stli do otvoren\u00e9ho konfliktu, objavuje sa ve\u013ea ot\u00e1zok. Ako k tomu do\u0161lo? Bolo to naozaj nevyhnutn\u00e9? A zjavn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: kto je za to zodpovedn\u00fd?<\/p>\n<p>Na aspo\u0148 jednu z t\u00fdchto ot\u00e1zok sa d\u00e1 \u013eahko odpoveda\u0165. Tento krok sa o\u010dak\u00e1val u\u017e nejak\u00fd \u010das. Aspo\u0148 od septembra, ke\u010f sa objavila licencia <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/redmonk.com\/sogrady\/2018\/09\/10\/tragedy-of-the-commons-clause\/\">Commons Clause<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Samozrejme, zd\u00e1 sa neuverite\u013en\u00e9, \u017ee cloudov\u00ed poskytovatelia za\u010dn\u00fa hromadne nasadzova\u0165 a licencova\u0165 softv\u00e9r s otvoren\u00fdm zdrojov\u00fdm k\u00f3dom od komer\u010dn\u00fdch dod\u00e1vate\u013eov pod licenciou Commons Clause. V skuto\u010dnosti m\u00f4\u017ee Commons Clause vies\u0165 k opa\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom. Zvy\u0161uje pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee cloudov\u00ed poskytovatelia sa pok\u00fasia pril\u00e1ka\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov a vytvori\u0165 verejn\u00fd alebo s\u00fakromn\u00fd fork projektu. To je lacnej\u0161ia mo\u017enos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 navy\u0161e zabezpe\u010duje potrebn\u00fa kontrolu nad softv\u00e9rov\u00fdmi akt\u00edvami.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nRozpor medzi Amazonom a Elastic je v\u00fdsledkom stretu modelov. Ku cti B\u00e4nona a Elasticu, softv\u00e9r Elasticsearch sa uk\u00e1zal by\u0165 mimoriadne popul\u00e1rny, vr\u00e1tane v\u010faka povolenej licencii.<\/p>\n<p>Povolen\u00e9 licencie umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 syst\u00e9m aj cloudov\u00fdm poskytovate\u013eom, ako je Amazon. Aby neprich\u00e1dzali o zisky a uspokojili dopyt svojich z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov, cloudov\u00ed poskytovatelia ur\u010dite pon\u00faknu nat\u00edvne slu\u017eby pre Elasticsearch a podobn\u00e9 projekty, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa popul\u00e1rne a dobre zn\u00e1me.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Licencovanie je nerealistick\u00e9. Napriek n\u00e1zorom niektor\u00fdch investorov, pridanie komer\u010dn\u00fdch podmienok k predt\u00fdm vo\u013en\u00e9mu softv\u00e9ru nikdy nepovedie na to, aby sa podpisovali najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed poskytovatelia cloudov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb. \u017diadna spolo\u010dnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4sob\u00ed v takom meradle, sa nebude chcie\u0165 vzda\u0165 ve\u013ekej slu\u017eby \u2014 nech ide o v\u00fdvoj produktu alebo cenotvorbu \u2014 tretej strane, ktor\u00fa nem\u00f4\u017ee kontrolova\u0165.\n<\/li>\n<li>Z\u00edskanie je \u010fal\u0161ou mo\u017enos\u0165ou uspokojenia dopytu, ale je zle \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013en\u00e9. Aj bohat\u00ed poskytovatelia cloudu nechc\u00fa plati\u0165 zbyto\u010dne ve\u013ea za n\u00e1kup ka\u017ed\u00e9ho nov\u00e9ho slu\u017eby vo svojom portf\u00f3liu, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 ke\u010f existuje lacnej\u0161ia a jednoduch\u0161ia alternat\u00edva \u2014 a t\u00e1 tu je.\n<\/li>\n<li>V komunit\u00e1ch open source bol fork historicky pova\u017eovan\u00fd za toxick\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165, ale z poh\u013eadu PR sa st\u00e1va akceptovate\u013enej\u0161\u00edm, ak komer\u010dn\u00fd dod\u00e1vate\u013e open source ohrozuje svoj vlastn\u00fd status prijat\u00edm taktiky a met\u00f3d, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v rozpore s normami komunity open source. V takom pr\u00edpade sa aj ve\u013ek\u00e9 tretie strany m\u00f4\u017eu sna\u017ei\u0165 zauja\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie mor\u00e1lne postavenie, zatia\u013e \u010do sl\u00fa\u017eia vlastn\u00fdm z\u00e1ujmom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nStretn\u00fac sa s t\u00fdmito mo\u017enos\u0165ami, fork vyzer\u00e1 ako logick\u00e1 odpove\u010f cloudovej slu\u017eby na vznik nepriazniv\u00fdch podmienok licencovania. Preto bolo rozhodnutie Amazonu o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e9 a nevyhnutn\u00e9. A preto je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165 vinn\u00edka situ\u00e1cie. V podstate obe strany konali logicky \u2014 tak, ako sa dalo o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, vzh\u013eadom na ich perspekt\u00edvy, mo\u017enosti a z\u00e1konn\u00e9 pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n<p>Je pravdepodobn\u00e9, \u017ee Amazon bude prv\u00fdm, ale nie posledn\u00fdm poskytovate\u013eom cloudu, ktor\u00fd sa takto zachov\u00e1. In\u00ed sa tie\u017e pok\u00fasia zladi\u0165 spotrebite\u013esk\u00fd dopyt s absenciou pr\u00e1vnych obmedzen\u00ed na vytv\u00e1ranie svojich projektov, ako je \u201eotvoren\u00fd distribu\u010dn\u00fd bal\u00edk pre Elasticsearch\u201c. Pravdepodobne dospej\u00fa k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee to je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9. Zjavne aj zo strany komer\u010dn\u00fdch poskytovate\u013eov open source sa nevyhnutne dospeje k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee cloud predstavuje tak ve\u013ek\u00e9 nebezpe\u010denstvo, \u017ee je potrebn\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 hranice open source.<\/p>\n<p>Skuto\u010dne jedinou re\u00e1lnou ot\u00e1zkou je, \u010di v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri open source dok\u00e1\u017eu vyrie\u0161i\u0165 aktu\u00e1lnu situ\u00e1ciu s Elastic, ktor\u00e1 teraz s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e\u00ed s Amazonom nielen v produktoch, ale aj v open source. Uvedomia si, \u017ee pr\u00ednosy niektor\u00fdch sporn\u00fdch pr\u00edstupov k licenci\u00e1m jednoducho neospravedl\u0148uj\u00fa n\u00e1klady.<\/p>\n<p>Av\u0161ak, pravdepodobnej\u0161ie je zachovanie status quo. Podnety a motiv\u00e1cie oboch str\u00e1n s\u00fa jasn\u00e9, zrozumite\u013en\u00e9 a logick\u00e9 v kontexte ich pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch modelov. Modelov, ktor\u00e9 si bud\u00fa navz\u00e1jom v\u017edy odporova\u0165, aj ke\u010f s\u00fa neoddelite\u013ene prepojen\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Pred sto rokmi sa l\u00eddri desiatok kraj\u00edn rozhodli vies\u0165 konflikt. Vedeli, \u017ee konflikt ich bude st\u00e1\u0165 ve\u013ea, bude hrozne de\u0161trukt\u00edvny a z ktor\u00e9ho sotva niekto vyjde ako v\u00ed\u0165az. Urobili to, preto\u017ee nevideli in\u00e9 v\u00fdchodisko.<\/p>\n<p>Technologick\u00fd priemysel, zd\u00e1 sa, tie\u017e nevid\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Pozn\u00e1mka:<\/b> Amazon a Elastic s\u00fa z\u00e1kazn\u00edkmi RedMonk, rovnako ako Google a Microsoft. Expedia a Netflix nie s\u00fa z\u00e1kazn\u00edkmi RedMonk.<\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/444962\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00ab\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431, \u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u2014 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0451\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445. \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0451\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u0433\u0434\u0435. \u0412\u0441\u0451 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445\u00bb\u00a0\u2014 \u041e\u0442\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d \u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a, 1878 \u0421\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 11 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00ab\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431, \u0430.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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