{"id":30258,"date":"2019-10-31T21:34:32","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/netbios-v-rukah-hakera\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:34:32","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:32","slug":"netbios-v-rukah-hakera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/netbios-v-rukah-hakera","title":{"rendered":"NetBIOS v ruk\u00e1ch hackera","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku sa stru\u010dne rozpr\u00e1va o tom, \u010do n\u00e1m m\u00f4\u017ee poveda\u0165 tak\u00e1 na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead be\u017en\u00e1 vec ako NetBIOS<\/i>. Ak\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017ee poskytn\u00fa\u0165 potenci\u00e1lnemu \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi\/pentestera.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Predveden\u00e1 oblas\u0165 aplik\u00e1cie spravodajsk\u00fdch techn\u00edk sa t\u00fdka vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch, teda izolovan\u00fdch a nepr\u00edstupn\u00fdch zvonku siet\u00ed. Tak\u00e9to siete m\u00e1 zvy\u010dajne ka\u017ed\u00e1 aj t\u00e1 najmen\u0161ia spolo\u010dnos\u0165.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1m o sebe NetBIOS<\/i> sa pou\u017e\u00edva najm\u00e4 na z\u00edskanie sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho mena. A to bude sta\u010di\u0165 na minim\u00e1lne 4 veci.<\/p>\n

Objavovanie hostite\u013eov<\/b>
\nV\u010faka tomu, \u017ee NetBIOS m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017ei\u0165 UDP ako transport, jeho r\u00fdchlos\u0165 pr\u00e1ce umo\u017e\u0148uje objavovanie hostite\u013eov v ve\u013emi ve\u013ek\u00fdch sie\u0165ach. Napr\u00edklad n\u00e1stroj nbtscan<\/i>, ktor\u00fd je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou rovnomenn\u00e9ho bal\u00edka, m\u00f4\u017ee za 2 sekundy (m\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 v\u00fdkon siete) rozre\u0161olva\u0165 adresy siete typu 192.168.0.0\/16, zatia\u013e \u010do tradi\u010dn\u00e9 TCP skenovanie zaberie desiatky min\u00fat. T\u00fato vlastnos\u0165 je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017ei\u0165 ako techniku objavovania hostite\u013eov (host sweep) v ve\u013emi ve\u013ek\u00fdch sie\u0165ach, o ktor\u00fdch nie je ni\u010d zn\u00e1me, pred spusten\u00edm nmap. Hoci v\u00fdsledok nezaru\u010duje 100% objavovanie, preto\u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou bud\u00fa reagova\u0165 len Windows hostitelia a nie v\u0161etci, predsa len umo\u017en\u00ed ur\u010di\u0165, v ak\u00fdch pribli\u017en\u00fdch rozsahoch sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa \u017eiv\u00e9 hostistre.<\/p>\n

Identifik\u00e1cia hostite\u013eov<\/b>
\nPou\u017eit\u00edm v\u00fdsledkov z\u00edskania mien z IP adries:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nje mo\u017en\u00e9 vidie\u0165: okrem toho, \u017ee meno odha\u013euje vlastn\u00edka pracovnej stanice (aj ke\u010f sa to, mimochodom, nest\u00e1va v\u017edy), jeden z adresov sa jasne odli\u0161uje od ostatn\u00fdch. M\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165, \u017ee bolo z\u00edskan\u00e9 meno KALI<\/i>. Tak\u00e9to spr\u00e1vanie je zvy\u010dajne charakteristick\u00e9 pre unix<\/i>-implement\u00e1ciu SMB\/NetBIOS<\/i> v r\u00e1mci softv\u00e9rov\u00e9ho bal\u00edka samba<\/i> alebo ve\u013emi star\u00fdch Windows 2000<\/i>.
\nZ\u00edskanie mena KALI<\/i>, zatia\u013e \u010do na in\u00fdch hostite\u013eoch to <unknown<\/i>> sved\u010d\u00ed o pr\u00edtomnosti takzvanej null-session<\/i>. Pri predvolen\u00fdch nastaveniach SMB<\/i>-server na linux<\/i> s\u00fa n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na \u0148u. Null-session<\/i> len umo\u017e\u0148uje \u00faplne anonymne (a my sme nezad\u00e1vali \u017eiadne hesl\u00e1, ako je vidno na sn\u00edmke) z\u00edska\u0165 dos\u0165 ve\u013ea \u010fal\u0161\u00edch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, ako je miestna politika hesiel, zoznam miestnych u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, skup\u00edn a zoznam zdie\u013ean\u00fdch zdrojov (share):<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n\u010casto na linux SMB<\/i>-serveroch existuj\u00fa verejne dostupn\u00e9 zdie\u013eania, nielen na \u010d\u00edtanie, ale aj na z\u00e1pis. Ich existencia nesie r\u00f4zne hrozby, ktor\u00fdch vyu\u017eitie presahuje r\u00e1mec tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n

NetBIOS<\/i> takisto umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edska\u0165 men\u00e1 v\u0161etk\u00fdch typov, ktor\u00e9 uchov\u00e1va pracovn\u00e1 stanica:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nv tomto pr\u00edpade to umo\u017e\u0148uje zisti\u0165, \u017ee hostite\u013e je aj dom\u00e9nov\u00fdm kontrol\u00e9rom ARRIVA<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Rovnako by sa malo dodato\u010dne vzia\u0165 do \u00favahy, \u017ee NetBIOS<\/i> umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edska\u0165 mac<\/i>-adresu. Na rozdiel od arp-\u017eiadost\u00ed, NetBIOS-\u017eiadosti m\u00f4\u017eu presiahnu\u0165 hranice podsiete. To m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9, ak je napr\u00edklad potrebn\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 v sieti nejak\u00fd notebook alebo \u0161pecifick\u00e9 zariadenie, ak pozn\u00e1te jeho v\u00fdrobcu. Ke\u010f\u017ee prv\u00e9 tri oktety mac<\/i>-adresy identifikuj\u00fa v\u00fdrobcu, m\u00f4\u017eete rozoslan\u00edm tak\u00fdchto NetBIOS<\/i>-\u017eiadost\u00ed do v\u0161etk\u00fdch zn\u00e1mych podsiet\u00ed pok\u00fasi\u0165 sa n\u00e1js\u0165 po\u017eadovan\u00e9 zariadenie (http:\/\/standards-oui.ieee.org\/oui.txt).<\/p>\n

Ur\u010denie pr\u00edslu\u0161nosti k dom\u00e9ne<\/a><\/b>
\n\u010casto pri prechode vn\u00fatorn\u00fdmi firemn\u00fdmi sie\u0165ami je potrebn\u00e9 za\u00fato\u010di\u0165 na pracovn\u00fa stanicu zapojen\u00fa do dom\u00e9ny (napr\u00edklad na zv\u00fd\u0161enie privil\u00e9gi\u00ed na \u00farove\u0148 dom\u00e9nov\u00e9ho administr\u00e1tora) alebo naopak. V tomto pr\u00edpade NetBIOS<\/i> op\u00e4\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nV tomto pr\u00edpade pomocou NetBIOS<\/i> bolo z\u00edskan\u00e9 v\u0161etky men\u00e1 v\u0161etk\u00fdch typov. Okrem mena PC (to, \u010do u\u017e bolo z\u00edskan\u00e9 predt\u00fdm) si m\u00f4\u017eete v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165 aj meno pracovnej skupiny. Predvolene pre windows<\/i> je to zvy\u010dajne nie\u010do ako WORKGROUP<\/i> alebo IVAN-PC<\/i>, ale ak je pracovn\u00e1 stanica v dom\u00e9ne, jej pracovn\u00e1 skupina je v skuto\u010dnosti n\u00e1zvom dom\u00e9ny.
\nTak\u017ee pomocou NetBIOS<\/i> m\u00f4\u017eete zisti\u0165, \u010di je pracovn\u00e1 stanica v dom\u00e9ne a, ak \u00e1no, v akej.
\nAk je potrebn\u00e9 z\u00edska\u0165 zoznam dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch hostite\u013eov v r\u00e1mci podsiete, sta\u010d\u00ed jeden \u0161irokop\u00e1smov\u00fd dopyt s menom po\u017eadovanej dom\u00e9ny:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nv d\u00f4sledku toho odpovedia v\u0161etky hostitelia, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou tejto dom\u00e9ny.<\/p>\n

Objavenie hostite\u013eov s viacer\u00fdmi adresami<\/b>
\nA nakoniec e\u0161te jedna pravdepodobne ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1ma technika, ktor\u00e1 je jednoducho nenahradite\u013en\u00e1 pre n\u00e1jdenie ciest<\/i> do zabezpe\u010den\u00fdch, mo\u017eno aj fyzicky izolovan\u00fdch siet\u00ed. M\u00f4\u017eu to by\u0165 tov\u00e1rensk\u00e9 siete spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, zaplnen\u00e9 kontrol\u00e9rmi. Pr\u00edstup k tejto sieti pre \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka znamen\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 ovplyvni\u0165 technologick\u00fd proces, a pre spolo\u010dnos\u0165 riziko obrovsk\u00fdch str\u00e1t.
\nTak\u017ee podstata spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee i kdy\u017e je s\u00ed\u0165 izolov\u00e1na od podnikov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed administr\u00e1to\u0159i, a\u0165 u\u017e z lenosti nebo z jin\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, r\u00e1di zap\u00ednaj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ovou kartu na sv\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch pro p\u0159\u00edstup do t\u00e9to s\u00edt\u011b. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, v\u0161echno se to d\u011bje obvykle obch\u00e1zen\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00fdch pravidel firewalu podnikov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b. Je to pohodln\u00e9, \u017ee?
\nNicm\u00e9n\u011b pro \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka je zde jeden probl\u00e9m - naj\u00edt toho spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho administr\u00e1tora, kter\u00fd se do zabezpe\u010den\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b zapojil takov\u00fdm nez\u00e1konn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Nav\u00edc, to nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00fd \u00fakol ani pro samotn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed specialisty. V\u011bt\u0161\u00edch podnic\u00edch je to skute\u010dn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fd \u00fakol, jako hledat jehlu v kupce sena.
\nV t\u00e9to situaci by pro \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka byly dv\u011b z\u0159ejm\u00e9 mo\u017enosti:
\n1. pokusit se pou\u017e\u00edt ka\u017ed\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d v podnikov\u00e9 pods\u00edti jako br\u00e1nu do po\u017eadovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b. To by bylo velmi pohodln\u00e9, ale takov\u00e9 se z\u0159\u00eddka vyskytuje, proto\u017ee windows<\/i> na hostitel\u00edch ip forwarding<\/i> je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy vypnut\u00fd. Krom\u011b toho je takov\u00e1 kontrola mo\u017en\u00e1 pouze uvnit\u0159 vlastn\u00ed pods\u00edt\u011b, a vy\u017eaduje od \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka p\u0159esn\u011b v\u011bd\u011bt c\u00edlovou adresu z izolovan\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b.
\n2. pokusit se vzd\u00e1len\u011b p\u0159istupovat na ka\u017ed\u00fd hostitel a prov\u00e9st jednoduch\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkaz ipconfig\/ifconfig<\/i>. A zde to nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00e9. I kdy\u017e se \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi poda\u0159ilo z\u00edskat pr\u00e1va dom\u00e9nov\u00e9ho administr\u00e1tora, firewally a m\u00edstn\u00ed firewall nikdo nezru\u0161il. Tak\u017ee tento \u00fakol nen\u00ed z 100% automatizovateln\u00fd. V d\u016fsledku toho zb\u00fdv\u00e1 \u00fatrpn\u011b se dostat na ka\u017ed\u00fd hostitel, p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat firewally (\u010dasto blokuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b port 445\/tcp), v nad\u011bji, \u017ee nakonec uvid\u00ed vytou\u017een\u00e9 s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ale v\u0161echno je mnohem jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Existuje jeden extr\u00e9mn\u011b jednoduch\u00fd trik, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edskat ze sv\u00e9ho hostitele seznam s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch rozhran\u00ed. P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee m\u00e1me n\u011bjak\u00fd hostitel:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nto je zp\u011btn\u00e9 p\u0159elo\u017een\u00ed ip-adresa \u2192 s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no. Pokud se nyn\u00ed pokus\u00edme prov\u00e9st p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 p\u0159elo\u017een\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no \u2192 ip-adresa:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\npak zjist\u00edme, \u017ee tento hostitel je tak\u00e9 br\u00e1nou (pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b) do n\u011bjak\u00e9 jin\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b. Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byl po\u017eadavek vys\u00edl\u00e1n \u0161iroce. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, usly\u0161\u00ed ho pouze hostitel\u00e9 z pods\u00edt\u011b \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka.
\nAk cie\u013eov\u00fd hostite\u013e le\u017e\u00ed mimo podsiete, je mo\u017en\u00e9 posla\u0165 cielen\u00fd dotaz:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nV tomto pr\u00edpade je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee cie\u013e sa nach\u00e1dza mimo podsiete \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka. Pomocou k\u013e\u00fa\u010da -B bolo ur\u010den\u00e9, \u017ee dotaz by sa mal posla\u0165 na konkr\u00e9tnu adresu, a nie na vysielaciu.
\nTeraz zost\u00e1va r\u00fdchlo zbiera\u0165 inform\u00e1cie z celej zauj\u00edmavej podsiete, a nie len z jednej adresy. Na to m\u00f4\u017eete pou\u017ei\u0165 mal\u00fd python<\/i>-skript:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nA po nieko\u013ek\u00fdch sekund\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nPr\u00e1ve vyhraden\u00fd hostite\u013e, v tomto improvizovanom pr\u00edpade, by sa stal prv\u00fdm cie\u013eom \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka, keby sa sna\u017eil prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do siete 172.16.1\/24.<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nOpakuj\u00face sa men\u00e1 na r\u00f4znych ip nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee hostite\u013e m\u00e1 tie\u017e dve sie\u0165ov\u00e9 karty, ale u\u017e v jednej podsiete. Tu stoj\u00ed za zmienku, \u017ee NetBIOS<\/i> nezverej\u0148uje alias<\/i>-y (ktor\u00e9 sa daj\u00fa \u013eahko vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 cez arp-dotazy ako ip s rovnak\u00fdm mac<\/i>). V tomto pr\u00edpade IP adresy<\/a> maj\u00fa r\u00f4zne mac<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edklad pou\u017eitia tejto techniky \u2014 verejn\u00e9 Wi-Fi. Niekedy sa m\u00f4\u017eete stretn\u00fa\u0165 so situ\u00e1ciou, ke\u010f sa medzi hos\u0165ovsk\u00fdmi zariadeniami pripoj\u00ed k verejnej sieti person\u00e1l pracuj\u00faci v uzavretom firemnom segmente. V tom pr\u00edpade m\u00f4\u017ee \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk pomocou tejto spravodajskej techniky r\u00fdchlo na\u010drtn\u00fa\u0165 cestu do uzavretej siete:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nV tomto pr\u00edpade medzi 65 klientmi verejn\u00e9ho Wi-Fi boli dve pracovn\u00e9 stanice, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa \u010fal\u0161\u00ed rozhranie, pravdepodobne patr\u00edce k firemnej sieti.<\/p>\n

Ak sa niekedy medzi sie\u0165ov\u00fdmi segmentmi alebo priamo na pracovn\u00fdch staniciach pozoruje filtr\u00e1cia prev\u00e1dzky na porte 445\/tcp, br\u00e1niaca vzdialen\u00e9mu pr\u00edstupu do syst\u00e9mu (vzdialen\u00e9mu vykon\u00e1vaniu k\u00f3du), tak v tomto pr\u00edpade sa na rozl\u00ed\u0161enie mien pou\u017e\u00edva NetBIOS<\/i> port 137\/udp, ktor\u00e9ho vedom\u00e9 blokovanie je takmer neobvykl\u00e9, preto\u017ee by to v\u00fdrazne zn\u00ed\u017eilo pohodlie pr\u00e1ce v sieti, ako napr\u00edklad by sa mohlo strati\u0165 sie\u0165ov\u00e9 prostredie at\u010f.<\/p>\n

Ako sa hovor\u00ed, enumer\u00e1cia je k\u013e\u00fa\u010d<\/i>
\nExistuje pred t\u00fdm nejak\u00e1 ochrana? Nie je, preto\u017ee to nie je zranite\u013enos\u0165. To je len \u0161tandardn\u00e1 funkcia toho, \u010do je predvolen\u00e9ho u windows<\/i> (v linux<\/i> spr\u00e1vanie sa trochu l\u00ed\u0161i). A ak by ste sa n\u00e1hodne, obch\u00e1dzaj\u00fac pravidl\u00e1 sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho smerovania, pripojili do uzavret\u00e9ho segmentu, \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk v\u00e1s ur\u010dite n\u00e1jde a to ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a NetBIOS. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 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