{"id":30402,"date":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/flexiremap-protiv-raid\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","slug":"flexiremap-protiv-raid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/flexiremap-protiv-raid","title":{"rendered":"FlexiRemap\u00ae proti RAID","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Algoritmy RAID boli predstaven\u00e9 verejnosti u\u017e v roku 1987. Dnes s\u00fa st\u00e1le najvyh\u013ead\u00e1vanej\u0161ou technol\u00f3giou na ochranu a zr\u00fdchlenie pr\u00edstupu k d\u00e1tam v oblasti ukladania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. No vek IT technol\u00f3gie, ktor\u00e1 prekonala 30 rokov, je sk\u00f4r starobou ne\u017e zrelos\u0165ou. D\u00f4vodom je pokrok, nezadr\u017eate\u013ene prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00faci nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti. V \u010dasoch, ke\u010f prakticky neexistovali in\u00e9 \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 zariadenia ne\u017e HDD, algoritmy RAID umo\u017enili najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie vyu\u017ei\u0165 dostupn\u00e9 \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 zdroje. Av\u0161ak s pr\u00edchodom SSD sa situ\u00e1cia radik\u00e1lne zmenila. Dnes je RAID pri pr\u00e1ci s pevn\u00fdm stavom u\u017e \u201euzdami\u201c na ich v\u00fdkonnosti. Preto na \u00fapln\u00e9 odhalenie potenci\u00e1lu r\u00fdchlostn\u00fdch charakterist\u00edk SSD je nevyhnutn\u00fd \u00faplne in\u00fd pr\u00edstup k pr\u00e1ci s nimi.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae proti RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/1633250deaffc822dbd043caa229ea2b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Okrem zjavn\u00e9ho rozdielu medzi HDD a SSD v princ\u00edpe fungovania maj\u00fa tieto typy nosi\u010dov aj \u010fal\u0161iu d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa vlastnos\u0165: ka\u017ed\u00fd pevn\u00fd disk m\u00f4\u017ee prepisova\u0165 ak\u00e9ko\u013evek d\u00e1ta s granularitou jedn\u00e9ho bloku (\u010do je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti naj\u010dastej\u0161ie 4KB). Pre SSD je v\u0161ak proces prepisovania omnoho zlo\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Zmenen\u00e9 d\u00e1ta sa kop\u00edruj\u00fa na nov\u00e9 miesto. Pri tom je granularita rovnak\u00fd blok, ale zlo\u017een\u00fd z viacer\u00fdch str\u00e1n a m\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 256KB \u2013 4MB. T.j. pri zmene t\u00fdchto 4KB sa mus\u00ed skop\u00edrova\u0165 aj v\u0161etky susedn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, ktor\u00e9 vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa jednotn\u00fd blok.<\/li>\n<li>\u201eStar\u00e9\u201c bloky sa ozna\u010dia ako nepou\u017eit\u00e9, aby sa potom mohli zmaza\u0165 zberate\u013eom \u201eodpadu\u201c (Garbage Collector).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae proti RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/79f6a2a9657171387121b00c956f9034.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Sekven\u010dn\u00e9 zapisovanie\/prepisovanie na SSD<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V pr\u00edpade sekven\u010dn\u00e9ho zapisovania\/prepisovania t\u00e1to vlastnos\u0165 fungovania SSD nehr\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fa rolu z h\u013eadiska jeho v\u00fdkonu, ke\u010f\u017ee bloky s\u00fa umiestnen\u00e9 bl\u00edzko seba a zberate\u013e \u201eodpadu\u201c si vo svojej pr\u00e1ci v pozad\u00ed celkom dobre porad\u00ed. Av\u0161ak v re\u00e1lnom \u017eivote, najm\u00e4 v segmente Enterprise, sa pre SSD naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edva n\u00e1hodn\u00fd pr\u00edstup k d\u00e1tam. A tieto d\u00e1ta s\u00fa zapisovan\u00e9 na n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 miesta na \u00falo\u017eisk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edm viac \u00fadajov sa zapisuje na SSD, t\u00fdm \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie pracuje zbera\u010d \"odpadu\", preto\u017ee sa v\u00fdrazne zvy\u0161uje fragment\u00e1cia. V d\u00f4sledku toho nast\u00e1va moment, ke\u010f proces \u010distenia \u00falo\u017eiska prest\u00e1va by\u0165 \"pozad\u00edm\": v\u00fdkon SSD sa v\u00fdrazne zni\u017euje, preto\u017ee zna\u010dn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 v\u00fdkonu preber\u00e1 Garbage Collector.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae proti RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/3374a6b98f220f7c4e4ff75a04565c26.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Skuto\u010dn\u00e9 umiestnenie \u00fadajov na SSD pri ka\u017edodennom pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Na ilustr\u00e1ciu efektu vplyvu pr\u00e1ce zbera\u010da \"odpadu\" v z\u00e1vislosti od re\u017eimu z\u00e1pisu na \u00falo\u017eisko je mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 najjednoduch\u0161ie testy: sekven\u010dn\u00fd a n\u00e1hodn\u00fd z\u00e1pis blokami 4KB na 100GB \u00falo\u017eisko. (Zdrojem je spolo\u010dnos\u0165 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.micron.com\/~\/media\/documents\/products\/technical-marketing-brief\/brief_ssd_effect_data_placement_writes.pdf\">Micron<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae proti RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/7e3b1f25dd27463d2c7b08ae84ff44b4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>V\u00fdkon pri sekven\u010dnom z\u00e1pise<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae proti RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/9c7d7be5982d6df688cf9481a0e9a826.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>V\u00fdkon pri n\u00e1hodnom z\u00e1pise<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ako je vidie\u0165 z testov, pokles v\u00fdkonu m\u00f4\u017ee dosiahnu\u0165 viac ako dvojn\u00e1sobok. A to je len jedin\u00fd disk. V pr\u00edpade pou\u017eitia SSD v zostave RAID skupiny sa po\u010det oper\u00e1ci\u00ed prepisu v\u00fdrazne zvy\u0161uje v\u010faka pr\u00e1ci s paritou.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vo v\u0161eobecnosti, v\u010faka t\u00fdmto vlastnostiam pr\u00e1ce SSD existuje pre ne tak\u00fd parameter, ako je koeficient z\u00e1pisu (write amplification). Toto je pomer objemu \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 boli zap\u00edsan\u00e9 na \u00falo\u017eisko, k objemu \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 skuto\u010dne odoslal hostite\u013e. A pre najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161\u00ed RAID5 je tento koeficient pribli\u017ene 3,5. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V d\u00f4sledku toho syst\u00e9my s klasick\u00fdm RAID v svojej podstate vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa SSD len pribli\u017ene 10 % z ich skuto\u010dnej r\u00fdchlosti a zle \u0161k\u00e1luj\u00fa v\u00fdkon pri zvy\u0161ovan\u00ed po\u010dtu \u00falo\u017e\u00edsk na viac ako desa\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Taktie\u017e si v\u0161imnite, \u017ee nadbyto\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1pisov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie nielen\u017ee zni\u017euj\u00fa v\u00fdkon SSD, ale aj zmen\u0161uj\u00fa jeho rozhodne nie nekone\u010dn\u00fd zdroj, \u010d\u00edm skracuj\u00fa \u017eivotnos\u0165 \u00falo\u017eiska.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-technology\">Technol\u00f3gia FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex>, ktor\u00e1 je jadrom v\u0161etk\u00fdch produktov AccelStor, bola vyvinut\u00e1 ako alternat\u00edva k klasick\u00fdm algoritmom RAID pri pr\u00e1ci so SSD. Inovat\u00edvnos\u0165 technol\u00f3gie bola ocenen\u00e1 r\u00f4znymi patentmi a oceneniami (vr\u00e1tane Flash Memory Summit 2016) a v\u00fdsledkami nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch testov (napr\u00edklad SPC1).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Podstata <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-advantages\">FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex> spo\u010d\u00edva v transform\u00e1cii v\u0161etk\u00fdch prich\u00e1dzaj\u00facich z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch po\u017eiadaviek, najm\u00e4 typu random, do s\u00faboru blokov, \u010do najviac podobn\u00e9mu re\u017eimu sekven\u010dn\u00e9ho z\u00e1pisu z poh\u013eadu \u00falo\u017eiska. V\u00fdsledkom je, \u017ee z\u00e1pis na SSD sa vykon\u00e1va v maxim\u00e1lne komfortnom re\u017eime pre ne a celkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon prekon\u00e1va ak\u00e9ko\u013evek syst\u00e9my s klasick\u00fdm RAID.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V\u0161etky SSD v syst\u00e9moch AccelStor s\u00fa rozdelen\u00e9 na dve symetrick\u00e9 skupiny FlexiRemap\u00ae. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 skupiny z\u00e1vis\u00ed od modelu a pohybuje sa medzi 5-11 \u00falo\u017eiskami. Pre odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di poruch\u00e1m sa v r\u00e1mci skupiny pou\u017e\u00edva parita podobn\u00e1 RAID5. Obe skupiny sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa spolo\u010dne, vytv\u00e1raj\u00fac spolo\u010dn\u00fd \u00falo\u017en\u00fd priestor. Preto bude kone\u010dn\u00e1 odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di poruch\u00e1m podobn\u00e1 po\u013ea RAID50, ktor\u00e9 pozost\u00e1va z dvoch skup\u00edn: syst\u00e9m dok\u00e1\u017ee zvl\u00e1dnu\u0165 poruchu a\u017e dvoch SSD, ale nie viac ako jedn\u00e9ho v ka\u017edej skupine FlexiRemap\u00ae.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae proti RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/76adaa3e4a9dbd1394ba18dac79e21e5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V\u0161etky prich\u00e1dzaj\u00face z\u00e1pisov\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky s\u00fa rozdelen\u00e9 na bloky s ve\u013ekos\u0165ou 4KB, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v re\u017eime round robin zapisovan\u00e9 na obe skupiny FlexiRemap\u00ae. Pri tom syst\u00e9m neust\u00e1le sleduje dopyt po zap\u00edsan\u00fdch blokoch, sna\u017eiac sa pri ich zmene zapisova\u0165 podobn\u00e9 bloky \u010do najbli\u017e\u0161ie k sebe. Vznik\u00e1 virtu\u00e1lny ekvivalent tieringu, akoby sme to vyjadrili v term\u00ednoch S\u00daS. V tomto pr\u00edpade sa zna\u010dne u\u013eah\u010duje pr\u00e1ca zberate\u013ea \u201eodpadu\u201c: preto\u017ee nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 bloky bud\u00fa neust\u00e1le bl\u00edzko seba.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Stoj\u00ed za zmienku, \u017ee <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/modeli-vysokoj-dostupnosti-ha\">syst\u00e9my AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> na rozdiel od produktov konkurencie nevyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa funkciu cachovania prich\u00e1dzaj\u00facich po\u017eiadaviek v opera\u010dnej pam\u00e4ti ovl\u00e1da\u010da. V\u0161etky prich\u00e1dzaj\u00face bloky \u00fadajov s\u00fa okam\u017eite zapisovan\u00e9 na SSD. Hostite\u013e dost\u00e1va potvrdenie o \u00faspe\u0161nom z\u00e1pise iba po fyzickom umiestnen\u00ed \u00fadajov na \u00falo\u017eisk\u00e1ch. V RAM s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 iba tabu\u013eky umiestnenia blokov na SSD na ur\u00fdchlenie pr\u00edstupu a ur\u010denie, kam zap\u00edsa\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00ed blok \u00fadajov. Samozrejme, na zabezpe\u010denie spo\u013eahlivosti s\u00fa k\u00f3pie t\u00fdchto tabuliek umiestnen\u00e9 aj na samotn\u00fdch nosi\u010doch. V d\u00f4sledku toho syst\u00e9my AccelStor nepotrebuj\u00fa \u017eiadnu ochranu cache vo forme bat\u00e9rie\/kondenz\u00e1tora (jednoducho je k dispoz\u00edcii mo\u017enos\u0165 pripoji\u0165 UPS \u2013 na \u201ejemn\u00e9\u201c vypnutie v pr\u00edpade probl\u00e9mov s nap\u00e1jan\u00edm).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V\u010faka tomuto pr\u00edstupu k organiz\u00e1cii z\u00e1pisu je \u201eodpadkov\u00fd\u201c zbera\u010d skuto\u010dne schopn\u00fd pracova\u0165 na pozad\u00ed, bez toho, aby v\u00fdrazne ovplyvnil r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u00falo\u017en\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, \u010do v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku umo\u017e\u0148uje v r\u00e1mci syst\u00e9mu recyklova\u0165 a\u017e 90% v\u00fdkonu SSD. Pr\u00e1ve v tom spo\u010d\u00edva vysok\u00e1 v\u00fdkonnos\u0165 IOPS v syst\u00e9moch AccelStor v porovnan\u00ed s All Flash, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa ako z\u00e1klad algoritmy RAID.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161ou d\u00f4le\u017eitou vlastnos\u0165ou technol\u00f3gie FlexiRemap\u00ae je v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017eenie nadbyto\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed na SSD. Tak pomer z\u00e1pisu (write amplification) pre syst\u00e9my AccelStor je len 1.3, \u010do v preklade na be\u017en\u00fd jazyk znamen\u00e1 pred\u013a\u017eenie \u017eivotnosti \u00falo\u017en\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed viac ako 2.5-kr\u00e1t v porovnan\u00ed s RAID5! <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae proti RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c503ed537aed33aa0e1e98595ed020a2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V\u010faka neust\u00e1lemu kontroly zo strany syst\u00e9mu nad politikou umiestnenia d\u00e1t na SSD, v\u0161etky \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 zariadenia sa opotreb\u00favaj\u00fa rovnomerne. Tento pr\u00edstup umo\u017e\u0148uje predpoveda\u0165 ich \u017eivotnos\u0165 a vopred zasla\u0165 sign\u00e1l spr\u00e1vcovi o vy\u010derpan\u00ed z\u00e1pisov\u00e9ho zdroja.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee SSD sa m\u00f4\u017eu po\u0161kodi\u0165. V takom pr\u00edpade syst\u00e9m okam\u017eite za\u010dne obnovenie na jeden z diskov hot spare. Pri tom skupina FlexiRemap\u00ae, ktor\u00e1 sa nach\u00e1dza v stave degraded, prech\u00e1dza do re\u017eimu \u201eiba na \u010d\u00edtanie\u201c, a v\u0161etky po\u017eiadavky na z\u00e1pis sa smeruj\u00fa na druh\u00fa skupinu. Tak\u00fdto mechanizmus ochrany je navrhnut\u00fd na ur\u00fdchlenie oper\u00e1cie obnovenia a zn\u00ed\u017eenie pravdepodobnosti po\u0161kodenia \u010fal\u0161ieho \u00falo\u017en\u00e9ho zariadenia v r\u00e1mci tej istej skupiny. Ve\u010f nie je tajomstvom, \u017ee po\u010das obnovenia v\u0161etky \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 zariadenia v skupine za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e kv\u00f4li interferenci\u00e1m oper\u00e1ci\u00ed \u010d\u00edtania, z\u00e1pisu a obnovy na hot spare. T\u00fdm sa zvy\u0161uje pravdepodobnos\u0165 zlyhania \u010fal\u0161ieho disku. A \u010d\u00edm viac oper\u00e1ci\u00ed z\u00e1pisu, t\u00fdm dlh\u0161ie bude trva\u0165 obnova. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae proti RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c6389348c25427854ae24a17da9b89a7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Po dokon\u010den\u00ed procesu obnovy a n\u00e1vrate skupiny FlexiRemap\u00ae do norm\u00e1lneho stavu vznikne mal\u00e1 nerovnos\u0165 v z\u00e1pisovom zdroji medzi dvoma skupinami. Preto na vyrovnanie tohto rozdielu bud\u00fa nasleduj\u00face z\u00e1pisov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie \u010dastej\u0161ie smerova\u0165 na obnoven\u00fa skupinu (samozrejme, s tak\u00fdm zoh\u013eadnen\u00edm, aby celkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon syst\u00e9mu neby\u0165 pr\u00edli\u0161 po\u0161koden\u00fd).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 v\u00fdkon syst\u00e9mov All Flash zalo\u017een\u00fdch na algoritmoch RAID nad niektor\u00e9 hodnoty (~280K IOPS@4K n\u00e1hodn\u00fd z\u00e1pis) nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 ani pri pou\u017eit\u00ed zlo\u017eit\u00fdch cachingov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov. Technol\u00f3gia FlexiRemap\u00ae, v\u010faka \u00faplne in\u00e9mu pr\u00edstupu k organiz\u00e1cii \u00falo\u017en\u00e9ho priestoru, nielen\u017ee s \u013eahkos\u0165ou prekon\u00e1va t\u00fato prek\u00e1\u017eku, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 nieko\u013ekon\u00e1sobne predl\u017euje \u017eivotnos\u0165 SSD. Tak\u017ee syst\u00e9my <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\">AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> maj\u00fa v\u00e1\u017ene v\u00fdhody medzi All Flash po\u013eami na mnoh\u00fdch frontoch (IOPS\/$, GB\/$, TCO, ROI), \u010d\u00edm sa st\u00e1vaj\u00fa ide\u00e1lnymi kandid\u00e1tmi na k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 poz\u00edcie v d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov na rie\u0161enie n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch \u00faloh.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/accelstor\/blog\/445336\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u044b RAID \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c 1987 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 IT \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 30-\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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