{"id":30649,"date":"2019-10-31T21:36:42","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:36:42","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:42","slug":"bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1loha na pripraven\u00e9: rozb\u00edjame m\u00fdty pri pr\u00edle\u017eitosti sviatku","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Z\u00e1loha
\n
\nZ\u00e1lohovanie nie je m\u00f3dna technol\u00f3gia, o ktorej sa vrav\u00ed z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho rohu. Jednoducho by malo by\u0165 pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 v akejko\u013evek v\u00e1\u017enej spolo\u010dnosti, a to je v\u0161etko. U n\u00e1s v banke z\u00e1lohujeme nieko\u013eko tis\u00edc serverov \u2013 je to zlo\u017eit\u00e1, zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca, o niektor\u00fdch nuans\u00e1ch ktorej, ako aj o typick\u00fdch myln\u00fdch predstav\u00e1ch o z\u00e1lohovan\u00ed by som chcel pr\u00e1ve rozpr\u00e1va\u0165.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nT\u00fdmto t\u00e9mam sa venujem u\u017e takmer 20 rokov, z toho posledn\u00e9 2 roky \u2013 v Promsvyazbanke. Na za\u010diatku som prakticky robil z\u00e1lohovanie ru\u010dne, skriptmi, ktor\u00e9 jednoducho kop\u00edrovali s\u00fabory. Potom sa vo Windows objavili u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje: utilita Robocopy na pr\u00edpravu s\u00faborov a NT Backup na kop\u00edrovanie. A potom pri\u0161iel \u010das \u0161pecializovan\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm Veritas Backup Exec, ktor\u00fd sa teraz vol\u00e1 Symantec Backup Exec. Tak\u017ee so z\u00e1lohami som obozn\u00e1men\u00fd u\u017e dlho.<\/p>\n

Ak to povieme jednoducho, z\u00e1lohovanie \u2013 to je uchovanie k\u00f3pie \u00fadajov (virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch stroj\u016f<\/a>, aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, datab\u00e1z a s\u00faborov) pre pr\u00edpad potreby s ur\u010ditou pravidelnos\u0165ou. Pr\u00edpad potreby sa zvy\u010dajne prejavuje ako hardv\u00e9rov\u00e1 alebo logick\u00e1 porucha a vedie k strate \u00fadajov. \u00dalohou syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1lohovania je zmierni\u0165 straty z d\u00f4vodu straty inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Hardv\u00e9rov\u00e9 poruchy, to je napr\u00edklad zlyhanie servera alebo \u00falo\u017eiska, kde je ulo\u017een\u00e1 datab\u00e1za. Logick\u00e9 \u2013 to je strata alebo zmena \u010dasti \u00fadajov, vr\u00e1tane z d\u00f4vodu \u013eudsk\u00e9ho faktora: omylom vymazan\u00e1 tabu\u013eka, s\u00fabor, spustenie nespr\u00e1vneho skriptu. Existuj\u00fa aj po\u017eiadavky regul\u00e1torov na uchov\u00e1vanie ur\u010dit\u00fdch typov inform\u00e1ci\u00ed po\u010das dlh\u00e9ho obdobia, napr\u00edklad a\u017e nieko\u013eko rokov.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1loha
\n
\nNaj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017eitie z\u00e1loh je obnova ulo\u017een\u00fdch k\u00f3pi\u00ed datab\u00e1z na nasadenie r\u00f4znych testovac\u00edch syst\u00e9mov, klonov pre v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov.<\/p>\n

Okolo z\u00e1lohovania existuje nieko\u013eko typick\u00fdch m\u00fdtov, ktor\u00e9 je u\u017e d\u00e1vno treba vyvr\u00e1ti\u0165. Tu s\u00fa niektor\u00e9 z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch. <\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 1. Z\u00e1lohovanie je u\u017e d\u00e1vno len drobnou funkciou v r\u00e1mci bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch alebo \u00falo\u017en\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov.<\/h3>\n

\nZ\u00e1lohovacie syst\u00e9my na\u010falej ost\u00e1vaj\u00fa samostatnou triedou rie\u0161en\u00ed a s\u00fa ve\u013emi nez\u00e1visl\u00e9. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 \u00faloha im bola priraden\u00e1. V podstate s\u00fa poslednou l\u00edniou obrany, pokia\u013e ide o ochranu d\u00e1t. Tak\u017ee z\u00e1lohovanie funguje svoj\u00edm tempom, pod\u013ea svojho vlastn\u00e9ho harmonogramu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 sa generuje spr\u00e1va o serveroch a existuj\u00fa udalosti, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia ako sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010de pre monitorovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1loha
\n
\nNavy\u0161e, rolov\u00fd pr\u00edstup k syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1lohovania umo\u017e\u0148uje delegova\u0165 \u010das\u0165 pr\u00e1vomoc\u00ed administr\u00e1torom cie\u013eov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, aby spravovali z\u00e1lohy.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 2. Ke\u010f je RAID, z\u00e1lohy u\u017e nie s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9.<\/h3>\n

\n\"Z\u00e1loha
\n
\nNepochybne, RAID pole a replik\u00e1cia d\u00e1t s\u00fa dobr\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby, ako chr\u00e1ni\u0165 informa\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pred hardv\u00e9rov\u00fdmi poruchami, a ak je k dispoz\u00edcii standby server \u2014 r\u00fdchlo prepn\u00fa\u0165 na\u0148 v pr\u00edpade poruchy hlavn\u00e9ho stroja.<\/p>\n

Z logick\u00fdch ch\u00fdb, ktor\u00e9 urobili pou\u017e\u00edvatelia syst\u00e9mu, redundancia a replik\u00e1cia neochr\u00e1nia. Tu je standby server s odlo\u017een\u00fdm z\u00e1pisom \u2013 \u00e1no, m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165, ak bola chyba zisten\u00e1 predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e sa synchronizovala. A ak bol moment preme\u0161kan\u00fd? Tu m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 iba v\u010das vykonan\u00e1 z\u00e1loha. Ak je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee d\u00e1ta sa zmenili v\u010dera, m\u00f4\u017ee sa syst\u00e9m obnovi\u0165 do stavu predv\u010derom a z\u00edska\u0165 po\u017eadovan\u00e9 d\u00e1ta. Vzh\u013eadom na to, \u017ee logick\u00e9 chyby s\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie, dobr\u00e1 star\u00e1 z\u00e1loha zost\u00e1va osved\u010den\u00fdm a potrebn\u00fdm prostriedkom.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 3. Z\u00e1loha je nie\u010do, \u010do sa rob\u00ed raz za mesiac.<\/h3>\n

\nFrekvencia z\u00e1lohovania je nastavite\u013en\u00fd parameter, ktor\u00fd prim\u00e1rne z\u00e1vis\u00ed od po\u017eiadaviek na syst\u00e9m z\u00e1lohovania. Je celkom mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 d\u00e1ta, ktor\u00e9 sa prakticky nikdy nemenia a nie s\u00fa zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9; ich strata nebude kritick\u00e1 pre spolo\u010dnos\u0165.
\nTie skuto\u010dne m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 z\u00e1lohovan\u00e9 raz za mesiac a aj menej \u010dasto. Ale kritickej\u0161ie d\u00e1ta sa ukladaj\u00fa \u010dastej\u0161ie, v z\u00e1vislosti od ukazovate\u013ea RPO (Objective po\u017eadovanej straty d\u00e1t), ktor\u00fd ur\u010duje akceptovate\u013en\u00fa stratu d\u00e1t. To m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 raz za t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148, raz za de\u0148 alebo dokonca nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t za hodinu. U n\u00e1s s\u00fa to transak\u010dn\u00e9 denn\u00edky z DBMS.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1loha
\n
\nPri zav\u00e1dzan\u00ed syst\u00e9mov do priemyselnej prev\u00e1dzky je nevyhnutn\u00e9 schv\u00e1li\u0165 dokument\u00e1ciu t\u00fdkaj\u00facu sa z\u00e1lohovania, ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148a hlavn\u00e9 aspekty, predpis aktualiz\u00e1cie, postup obnovy syst\u00e9mu, postup uchov\u00e1vania z\u00e1loh a podobne.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 4. Objem z\u00e1loh neust\u00e1le rastie a \u00faplne zap\u013a\u0148a ak\u00fdko\u013evek pridelen\u00fd priestor.<\/h3>\n

\nZ\u00e1lohy maj\u00fa obmedzen\u00fa dobu uchov\u00e1vania. Nem\u00e1 zmysel napr\u00edklad skladova\u0165 v\u0161etky 365 denn\u00fdch z\u00e1loh po\u010das cel\u00e9ho roka. Spravidla je povolen\u00e9 uchov\u00e1va\u0165 denn\u00e9 z\u00e1lohy 2 t\u00fd\u017edne, po ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa nahraden\u00e9 \u010derstv\u00fdmi, a na dlhodob\u00e9 uchov\u00e1vanie zost\u00e1va verzia, ktor\u00e1 bola vytvoren\u00e1 prv\u00e1 v mesiaci. T\u00e1, na druhej strane, sa tie\u017e uchov\u00e1va ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00e1 z\u00e1loha m\u00e1 svoju dobu \u017eivotnosti.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1loha
\n
\nExistuje ochrana proti strate d\u00e1t. Plat\u00ed pravidlo: sk\u00f4r ne\u017e bude z\u00e1loha odstr\u00e1nen\u00e1, mus\u00ed by\u0165 vytvoren\u00e1 \u010fal\u0161ia. Preto sa d\u00e1ta neodstr\u00e1nia, ak z\u00e1loha neprebehla, napr\u00edklad kv\u00f4li nedostupnosti servera. Dodr\u017eiavaj\u00fa sa nielen \u010dasov\u00e9 r\u00e1mce, ale kontroluje sa aj po\u010det z\u00e1loh v s\u00fabore. Ak je v syst\u00e9me nastaven\u00e9, \u017ee mus\u00ed by\u0165 dve \u00fapln\u00e9 z\u00e1lohy, v\u017edy ich bude dve, a star\u00e1 sa odstr\u00e1ni len vtedy, ke\u010f sa \u00faspe\u0161ne zap\u00ed\u0161e nov\u00e1 tretia. Tak\u017ee rast objemu, ktor\u00fd zaberaj\u00fa arch\u00edvy z\u00e1loh, je spojen\u00fd len s rastom mno\u017estva chr\u00e1nen\u00fdch d\u00e1t a nez\u00e1vis\u00ed od \u010dasu.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 5. Za\u010dal sa backup \u2013 v\u0161etko sa zaseklo.<\/h3>\n

\nLep\u0161ie poveda\u0165 takto: ak sa v\u0161etko zaseklo, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee ruky administr\u00e1tora s\u00fa na nespr\u00e1vnom mieste. V skuto\u010dnosti z\u00e1vis\u00ed r\u00fdchlos\u0165 z\u00e1lohy od mnoh\u00fdch faktorov. Napr\u00edklad, od r\u00fdchlosti samotn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1lohovania: ak\u00e9 r\u00fdchle s\u00fa tam diskov\u00e9 \u00falo\u017eisk\u00e1, p\u00e1skov\u00e9 kni\u017enice. serverov<\/a> Od r\u00fdchlosti syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1lohovania: st\u00edhaj\u00fa spracov\u00e1va\u0165 d\u00e1ta, vykon\u00e1va\u0165 kompresiu a deduplik\u00e1ciu. A tie\u017e od r\u00fdchlosti spojovac\u00edch liniek medzi klientom a serverom. <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1loha m\u00f4\u017ee prebieha\u0165 v jednom alebo viacer\u00fdch pr\u00fadoch, v z\u00e1vislosti od toho, \u010di rezervovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m podporuje multithreading. Napr\u00edklad, datab\u00e1zov\u00fd syst\u00e9m Oracle umo\u017e\u0148uje poskytova\u0165 viacero pr\u00fadov, na po\u010det dostupn\u00fdch procesorov, pokia\u013e r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prenosu nenaraz\u00ed na limit \u0161\u00edrky p\u00e1sma siete.<\/p>\n

Ak sa pok\u00fasite z\u00e1lohova\u0165 s ve\u013ek\u00fdm po\u010dtom pr\u00fadov, existuje riziko pre\u0165a\u017eenia akt\u00edvneho syst\u00e9mu, ktor\u00fd za\u010dne spoma\u013eova\u0165. Preto sa vyber\u00e1 optim\u00e1lny po\u010det pr\u00fadov, aby sa zabezpe\u010dila dostato\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00fdkonnos\u0165. Ak je aj mal\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017eenie v\u00fdkonnosti kritick\u00e9, existuje skvel\u00e1 alternat\u00edva, kedy sa z\u00e1loha vykon\u00e1va nie z prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9ho servera, ale z jeho klonu \u2013 standby v terminol\u00f3gii datab\u00e1z. Tento proces neza\u0165a\u017euje hlavn\u00fa pracovn\u00fa s\u00fastavu. D\u00e1ta je mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskava\u0165 cez v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed po\u010det pr\u00fadov, ke\u010f\u017ee server nie je vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd na obsluhu.<\/p>\n

Vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00e1ch sa pre z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m vytv\u00e1ra samostatn\u00e1 sie\u0165, aby z\u00e1loha nep\u00f4sobila na produkciu. Navy\u0161e, prenos d\u00e1t m\u00f4\u017ee prebieha\u0165 nielen cez sie\u0165, ale aj cez SAN.
\n\"Z\u00e1loha
\nSna\u017e\u00edme sa rozlo\u017ei\u0165 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e aj v \u010dase. Z\u00e1lohy prebiehaj\u00fa preva\u017ene mimo pracovn\u00e9ho \u010dasu: v noci, cez v\u00edkendy. Okrem toho sa nesp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa v\u0161etky naraz. Z\u00e1lohy virtu\u00e1lnych strojov s\u00fa \u0161peci\u00e1lnym pr\u00edpadom. Proces prakticky nem\u00e1 vplyv na v\u00fdkon samotn\u00e9ho stroja, tak\u017ee z\u00e1lohu m\u00f4\u017eeme rozlo\u017ei\u0165 po\u010das denn\u00e9ho \u010dasu, a nie v\u0161etko odlo\u017ei\u0165 na noc. Je tu ve\u013ea detailov, pri\u010dom ak v\u0161etko zoh\u013eadn\u00edme, z\u00e1lohovanie sa neprejav\u00ed na v\u00fdkonnosti syst\u00e9mov.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 6. Spustil som z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u2013 a tu je tvoja odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di v\u00fdpadkom<\/h3>\n

\nNikdy nezab\u00fadajte, \u017ee z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m je posledn\u00e1 l\u00ednia obrany, a preto mus\u00ed pred n\u00edm existova\u0165 e\u0161te nieko\u013eko syst\u00e9mov, ktor\u00e9 zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa kontinuitu, vysok\u00fa dostupnos\u0165 a odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di katastrof\u00e1m IT infra\u0161trukt\u00fary a informa\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov podniku.<\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1 sa o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, \u017ee z\u00e1loha obnov\u00ed v\u0161etky d\u00e1ta a r\u00fdchlo obnov\u00ed p\u00e1dov\u00fd servis. Strata d\u00e1t od poslednej z\u00e1lohy a\u017e do okamihu poruchy je zaru\u010den\u00e1, a d\u00e1ta na nov\u00fd server m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 nahr\u00e1van\u00e9 nieko\u013eko hod\u00edn (alebo dn\u00ed, ako to vyjde). Preto m\u00e1 zmysel vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 kompletn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my odoln\u00e9 vo\u010di v\u00fdpadkom, a nespolieha\u0165 sa len na z\u00e1lohy.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdtus 7. Raz nastaven\u00e1 z\u00e1loha, skontroloval som, \u017ee funguje. Zost\u00e1va len sledova\u0165 logy<\/h3>\n

\nToto je jeden z naj\u0161kodlivej\u0161\u00edch m\u00fdtov, ktor\u00e9ho falo\u0161nos\u0165 si uvedom\u00edte a\u017e pri incidente. Z\u00e1znamy o \u00faspe\u0161nom vykonan\u00ed z\u00e1lohy nie s\u00fa z\u00e1rukou, \u017ee v\u0161etko prebehlo spr\u00e1vne. Ulo\u017een\u00fa k\u00f3piu je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 vopred skontrolova\u0165 na obnovite\u013enos\u0165. T\u00fdm mysl\u00edme spusti\u0165 proces obnovenia v testovacom prostred\u00ed a pozrie\u0165 sa na v\u00fdsledok. <\/p>\n

A trochu o pr\u00e1ci syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho administr\u00e1tora<\/h3>\n

\nV manu\u00e1lnom re\u017eime u\u017e nikto \u00fadaje d\u00e1vno nekop\u00edruje. Modern\u00e9 z\u00e1lohovacie rie\u0161enia dok\u00e1\u017eu z\u00e1lohova\u0165 takmer v\u0161etko, sta\u010d\u00ed ich poriadne nastavi\u0165. Ak sa prid\u00e1 nov\u00fd server \u2013 je potrebn\u00e9 nastavi\u0165 politiky: vybra\u0165 obsah, ktor\u00fd bude z\u00e1lohovan\u00fd, uvies\u0165 parametre uchov\u00e1vania a aplikova\u0165 rozvrh.<\/p>\n

\"Z\u00e1loha
\n
\nPr\u00e1ce je v\u0161ak st\u00e1le dos\u0165 kv\u00f4li rozsiahlemu parku serverov, medzi ktor\u00fdmi sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa datab\u00e1zy, po\u0161tov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, klastre virtu\u00e1lnych strojov a s\u00faborov\u00e9 zdroje ako na Windows, tak na Linux\/Unix. Zamestnanci, ktor\u00ed udr\u017eiavaj\u00fa funk\u010dnos\u0165 syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1lohovania, sa rozhodne nenudia.<\/p>\n

Pri pr\u00edle\u017eitosti sviatku prajem v\u0161etk\u00fdm administr\u00e1torom pevn\u00e9 nervy, presnos\u0165 pohybov a nekone\u010dn\u00fd priestor na uchov\u00e1vanie z\u00e1loh!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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