{"id":30675,"date":"2019-10-31T21:36:50","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ispolzovanie-teplovyh-potentsialov-dlya-analiza-territorij\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:36:50","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:50","slug":"ispolzovanie-teplovyh-potentsialov-dlya-analiza-territorij","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/ispolzovanie-teplovyh-potentsialov-dlya-analiza-territorij","title":{"rendered":"Vyu\u017eitie tepeln\u00fdch potenci\u00e1lov na anal\u00fdzu \u00fazem\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nPr\u00edklad v\u00fdpo\u010dtu tepeln\u00fdch potenci\u00e1lov pre ulicu v meste Ni\u017enij Novgorod<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00dazemie mesta je zlo\u017eit\u00fd, heterog\u00e9nny syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd sa neust\u00e1le men\u00ed. Popis \u00fazemia a pos\u00fadenie mestsk\u00e9ho prostredia je mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 pomocou priestorov\u00fdch objektov (faktorov). Faktory popisuj\u00face \u00fazemie sa l\u00ed\u0161ia pod\u013ea charakteru vplyvu (pozit\u00edvny, negat\u00edvny) a geometrickej konfigur\u00e1cie (body, l\u00ednie, polyg\u00f3ny). <\/p>\n

\u010casto je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165 stupe\u0148 vplyvu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotliv\u00e9ho objektu na \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja \u00fazemia ako celku alebo na nejak\u00fd jeho konkr\u00e9tny aspekt. Dnes sa probl\u00e9m ur\u010denia a opisu tak\u00fdch pojmov ako \u201ekult\u00fara\u201c, \u201esoci\u00e1lna sf\u00e9ra\u201c, \u201esoci\u00e1lny nap\u00e4tie\u201c, \u201edobr\u00fd \u017eivot\u201c, \u201eekonomick\u00fd rozvoj\u201c, \u201ezdravie obyvate\u013estva\u201c st\u00e1va \u010doraz aktu\u00e1lnej\u0161\u00edm. Nejednozna\u010dnos\u0165 t\u00fdchto pojmov sa zvy\u0161uje, ak ich chceme aplikova\u0165 na r\u00f4zne soci\u00e1lne skupiny, obyvate\u013estvo r\u00f4zneho veku a pohlavia.<\/p>\n

Taktie\u017e je potrebn\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee hranice mesta v modernom pon\u00edman\u00ed s\u00fa dos\u0165 podmiene\u010dn\u00e9. Denne migr\u00e1cia obyvate\u013estva a dopravn\u00e1 dostupnos\u0165 vzdialen\u00fdch oblast\u00ed \u201erozmaz\u00e1vaj\u00fa hranicu\u201c mesta e\u0161te viac. \u0160iroko pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd pojem aglomer\u00e1cie v celku odr\u00e1\u017ea hranice mesta, ale s\u00fa\u010dasne rob\u00ed samotn\u00fd pojem hranice mesta e\u0161te rozmazanej\u0161\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Napriek vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom, anal\u00fdza a hodnotenie \u00fazem\u00ed s\u00fa dnes jedn\u00fdmi z perspekt\u00edvnych a zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch smerov, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa rie\u0161i\u0165 mno\u017estvo aktu\u00e1lnych ot\u00e1zok mestsk\u00e9ho prostredia.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku sa navrhuje met\u00f3da anal\u00fdzy \u00fazemia s vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u201etepeln\u00fdch\u201c modelov. Z\u00e1kladom tejto met\u00f3dy je v\u00fdskum potenci\u00e1lov vytvoren\u00fdch objektmi (faktormi) r\u00f4znej povahy (bodov\u00e9, line\u00e1rne a plo\u0161n\u00e9). Anal\u00fdza \u00fazemia pomocou tejto met\u00f3dy umo\u017e\u0148uje prejs\u0165 od s\u00faboru priestorov\u00fdch \u00fadajov (faktorov), ktor\u00e9 popisuj\u00fa \u00fazemie, k presn\u00e9mu \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9mu (bodov\u00e9mu) hodnoteniu v ka\u017edom bode \u00fazemia. <\/p>\n

Analyzovan\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ly v r\u00e1mci \u00fazemn\u00e9ho rozboru maj\u00fa fyzick\u00fa interpret\u00e1ciu \u2013 \u0161\u00edrenie tepla v prostrediach r\u00f4znej dimenzie (2D, 3D). Tento jav m\u00f4\u017eeme predstavi\u0165 vo forme \u201eteplotn\u00fdch\u201c obr\u00e1zkov (\u201eteplotn\u00fdch\u201c m\u00e1p \u00fazemia), ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00fa predstavu o stupni rozvoja \u00fazemia v z\u00e1vislosti od intenzity farby obr\u00e1zka. <\/p>\n

Faktory \u00fazemia<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u00dazemn\u00fd rozbor zah\u0155\u0148a vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie a spracovanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o faktoroch ovplyv\u0148uj\u00facich \u00fazemie a o ich ukazovate\u013eoch. Faktory ovplyvnenia predstavuj\u00fa objekty, ktor\u00e9 p\u00f4sobia na okolit\u00fa \u00fazemie, disponuj\u00face s\u00faborom charakterist\u00edk a priestorov\u00fdmi s\u00faradnicami. Pr\u00edkladmi faktorov ovplyvnenia m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 obchody, priemyseln\u00e9 objekty, cesty, lesy, vodn\u00e9 plochy.<\/p>\n

Ukazovatele ovplyvnenia predstavuj\u00fa objekty, odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00face<\/i> vplyv objektov a taktie\u017e disponuj\u00face s\u00faborom charakterist\u00edk a priestorov\u00fdmi s\u00faradnicami. Pr\u00edklady ukazovate\u013eov ovplyvnenia: bankomaty, reklamn\u00e9 tabule, pam\u00e4tn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

V \u010fal\u0161om texte budeme pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 pojem faktory ovplyvnenia, ktor\u00fd sp\u00e1ja obidva term\u00edny \u2013 faktory a ukazovatele ovplyvnenia.<\/p>\n

Ni\u017e\u0161ie je uveden\u00fd pr\u00edklad priestorov\u00fdch \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 vystupuj\u00fa ako faktory ovplyvnenia.<\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\n
\nJedn\u00fdm z d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch krokov pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed pr\u00e1c na anal\u00fdze \u00fazem\u00ed je f\u00e1za zbierania a spracovania z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti existuje bohat\u00e9 mno\u017estvo inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o faktoroch ovplyvnenia na \u00fazemie v r\u00f4znej miere podrobnosti. <\/p>\n

Inform\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 z\u00edskan\u00e9 z otvoren\u00fdch zdrojov alebo zdrojov s obmedzen\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom. V mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch je otvoren\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed dostato\u010dne ve\u013ea na anal\u00fdzu, hoci obvykle vy\u017eaduj\u00fa dos\u0165 pracn\u00e9 spracovanie.<\/p>\n

Medzi otvoren\u00fdmi zdrojmi je pod\u013ea n\u00e1\u0161ho n\u00e1zoru l\u00eddrom zdroj \u2013 OpenStreetMap (OSM). Inform\u00e1cie z\u00edskavan\u00e9 z tohto zdroja sa aktualizuj\u00fa denne po celom svete.<\/p>\n

Inform\u00e1cie zdroja OpenStreetMap (OSM) s\u00fa prezentovan\u00e9 v nasleduj\u00facich form\u00e1toch:<\/p>\n

\u2014 OSM form\u00e1t. Hlavn\u00fd form\u00e1t s pr\u00edponou \u201e.osm\u201c sa pou\u017e\u00edva na opis grafick\u00fdch obrazov XML \u2013 uzly, cesty, vz\u0165ahy.<\/p>\n

\u2014 \u201ePo\u013esk\u00fd form\u00e1t\u201c. Textov\u00fd form\u00e1t s pr\u00edponou \u201e.mp\u201c sa pou\u017e\u00edva na pr\u00e1cu s grafikou.<\/p>\n

\u2014 PBF form\u00e1t. Form\u00e1t ukladania \u00fadajov s pr\u00edponou \u201e.osm.pbf\u201c.<\/p>\n

Ako zdroje inform\u00e1ci\u00ed sa tie\u017e m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017ei\u0165:<\/p>\n

\u2014 2GIS<\/b>
\nZdroje obsahuj\u00fa kvalitn\u00e9, mesa\u010dne spracov\u00e1van\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie s vynikaj\u00facim 3\u00farov\u0148ov\u00fdm klasifik\u00e1torom pre podniky a organiz\u00e1cie. <\/p>\n

\u2014 S\u00fabory KML (Keyhole Markup Language)<\/b>
\nS\u00fabory KML (Keyhole Markup Language) s\u00fa form\u00e1t s\u00faborov, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edva na zobrazovanie geografick\u00fdch \u00fadajov v programoch Google Zem, Mapy Google a Mapy Google pre mobiln\u00e9 zariadenia. <\/p>\n

So s\u00fabormi KML m\u00f4\u017eete:
\n \u2014 nastavova\u0165 r\u00f4zne ikony a vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 popisy na ozna\u010denie miest na zemskom povrchu
\n \u2014 vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 r\u00f4zne uhly poh\u013eadu pre vybran\u00e9 objekty zmenou polohy kamery
\n \u2014 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 r\u00f4zne prekryt\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky
\n \u2014 definova\u0165 \u0161t\u00fdly na prisp\u00f4sobenie zobrazenia objektu, aplikova\u0165 HTML k\u00f3d na vytv\u00e1ranie hypertextov\u00fdch odkazov a vlo\u017een\u00fdch obr\u00e1zkov
\n \u2014 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 prie\u010dinky na hierarchick\u00e9 zoskupovanie prvkov
\n \u2014 dynamicky z\u00edskava\u0165 a aktualizova\u0165 s\u00fabory KML z dia\u013ekov\u00fdch alebo lok\u00e1lnych uzlov siete
\n \u2014 prij\u00edma\u0165 \u00fadaje KML v s\u00falade so zmenami v prostriedku trojrozmern\u00e9ho zobrazenia<\/p>\n

\u2014 Feder\u00e1lna slu\u017eba \u0161t\u00e1tnej registr\u00e1cie, katastru a kartografie \u201eRosreestr\u201c<\/b>
\nInform\u00e1cie na port\u00e1li Rosreestra s\u00fa cenn\u00e9 svoj\u00edm obsahom a aktu\u00e1lnos\u0165ou, ale bohu\u017eia\u013e neposkytuj\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 z\u00edskava\u0165 grafiku o objektoch kapit\u00e1lovej v\u00fdstavby a pozemkoch bezplatne. Port\u00e1l Rosreestra tie\u017e obsahuje ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo inform\u00e1ci\u00ed s obmedzen\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom.<\/p>\n

\u2014 \u0160tatistick\u00e9 \u00farady<\/b>
\n\u0160tatistick\u00e9 \u00fadaje s\u00fa legit\u00edmnym zdrojom inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o \u00fazem\u00ed, av\u0161ak k dne\u0161n\u00e9mu d\u0148u s\u00fa \u00fadaje \u0161tatistick\u00fdch \u00faradov dostupn\u00e9 len pre niektor\u00e9 ukazovatele, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou v spr\u00e1vach \u0161tatistick\u00fdch \u00faradov a spr\u00e1vach region\u00e1lnych \u00faradov.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Informa\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my org\u00e1nov moci<\/b>
\nKvalitn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v informa\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch org\u00e1nov moci, av\u0161ak len mal\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 z nich je zverejnen\u00e1 verejne a je pr\u00edstupn\u00e1 na anal\u00fdzu.<\/p>\n

Analyzing territories does not impose any specific information requirements; essentially, one can use anything found, as information from open-source types is generally interchangeable. However, it should be noted that even a single piece of information obtained from OSM is sufficient to conduct an analysis of an unfamiliar area.<\/p>\n

Territory analysis using a 'thermal' model. Physical interpretation of potentials.<\/b><\/h3>\n

As previously mentioned, territory analysis is currently a relevant topic and a powerful tool for justifying investments in the development of infrastructure in various urban environments.<\/p>\n

The variety of tasks addressed through territory analysis can be grouped into several major categories: <\/p>\n

\u2014 Obtaining the most interpretable and detailed assessment of the territory at each point.
\nBy solving the assigned task, one can obtain a set of scores for each point in the territory, providing insights into the overall level of development of the area, as well as within certain subject areas. Such subject areas could include culture, industry, trade, etc. <\/p>\n

\u2014 Identifying the most advantageous locations for establishing investment objects of a specific type (e.g., banks, specialized shops, shopping and entertainment centers, etc.) within the chosen territory.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Analyzing the most effective use of the territory.
\nThis direction allows for a detailed study of the characteristics of the territory, the market situation prevailing in the area being studied, and the identification of in-demand options. <\/p>\n

\u2014 Determining the contribution of one factor to the value model, exemplified by the emergence of new roads and routes. <\/p>\n

\u2014 Analyzing different aspects of one territory and comparing different territories.<\/p>\n

The originality of the proposed method for territory analysis using the 'thermal' model lies in employing development indicators of the territory\u2014potentials expressed numerically that reflect the degree of influence of an object (influence factor) on the territory.<\/p>\n

Na pochopenie podstaty v\u00fdskumu je potrebn\u00e9 poveda\u0165 nieko\u013eko slov o samotnom tepelnom potenci\u00e1li a poskytn\u00fa\u0165 jeho fyzick\u00fa interpret\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n

V oblasti fyziky existuj\u00fa tak\u00e9 pojmy ako silov\u00e9 pole<\/i> a silov\u00e1 funkcia<\/i>. Silov\u00e9 pole m\u00e1 dimenziu energie, silov\u00e1 funkcia \u2013 dimenziu sily. <\/p>\n

Pre z\u00e1kon univerz\u00e1lnej gravit\u00e1cie je silov\u00e9 pole definovan\u00e9 vzorcom:<\/p>\n

F=k\/r2, kde
\nk \u2013 kon\u0161tanta;
\nr \u2013 vzdialenos\u0165 medzi interactuj\u00facimi objektmi.<\/p>\n

Silov\u00e1 funkcia \u03d5 je definovan\u00e1 v\u00fdrazom: <\/p>\n

d\u03d5=-F*dr, kde
\n\u03d5 \u2014 potenci\u00e1l silov\u00e9ho po\u013ea;
\nd\u03d5, dr \u2013 diferenci\u00e1ly;
\nr \u2014 vzdialenos\u0165 medzi interactuj\u00facimi objektmi,<\/p>\n

preto \u03d5=k\/r. <\/p>\n

Fyzik\u00e1lny v\u00fdznam potenci\u00e1lu silov\u00e9ho po\u013ea \u03d5 je pr\u00e1ca E vykonan\u00e1 silov\u00fdm po\u013eom pri prechode ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u00fasekom. V pr\u00edpade z\u00e1kona univerz\u00e1lnej gravit\u00e1cie je silov\u00e1 funkcia pri zmene vzdialenosti od objektu z r2 na r1 definovan\u00e1 vzorcom<\/p>\n

E=k*(1\/r1-1\/r2), kde
\nE \u2013 pr\u00e1ca vykonan\u00e1 silov\u00fdm po\u013eom pri prechode ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u00fasekom;
\nr1, r2 \u2013 po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e1 a kone\u010dn\u00e1 poz\u00edcia objektu. <\/p>\n

Pre \u00falohu anal\u00fdzy \u00fazemia m\u00f4\u017eeme vplyv objektov (faktorov) na \u00fazemie pova\u017eova\u0165 za silu (silov\u00e1 funkcia<\/i>), zatia\u013e \u010do \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja \u00fazemia predstavuje s\u00fahrnn\u00fd tepeln\u00fd potenci\u00e1l (silov\u00e9 pole<\/i>) zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch objektov (faktorov). V \u00faloh\u00e1ch fyziky je tepeln\u00fd potenci\u00e1l teplotou, a v \u00faloh\u00e1ch anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed pri pou\u017eit\u00ed \"tepeln\u00e9ho\" modelu potenci\u00e1l predstavuje s\u00fahrnn\u00e9 p\u00f4sobenie v\u0161etk\u00fdch faktorov vplyvu na bod \u00fazemia. <\/p>\n

Priestorov\u00e9 d\u00e1ta predstavuj\u00fa body, l\u00ednie, polyg\u00f3ny. Na v\u00fdpo\u010det potenci\u00e1lov s\u00fa roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 priestorov\u00e9 d\u00e1ta rozdelen\u00e9 na mal\u00e9 fragmenty. Pre ka\u017ed\u00fd fragment sa vypo\u010d\u00edta potenci\u00e1l od bodu so zoh\u013eadnen\u00edm ve\u013ekosti fragmentu objektu (faktora). <\/p>\n

D\u00e1ta s\u00fa rozdelen\u00e9 do v\u00fdznamov\u00fdch skup\u00edn na z\u00e1klade bl\u00edzkej podobnosti. Napr\u00edklad objekty obchodu s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 pod\u013ea tovarov. Existuj\u00fa skupiny lesn\u00fdch objektov, vodn\u00fdch objektov, os\u00eddlen\u00fdch miest, zast\u00e1vok dopravy at\u010f. Skupiny zmyselne zjednoten\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa faktor. Prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fac v\u0161etk\u00fdmi objektmi (faktormi) z\u00edskavame s\u00fabor tepeln\u00fdch potenci\u00e1lov vhodn\u00fdch na \u010fal\u0161ie spracovanie. <\/p>\n

Vyu\u017eitie potenci\u00e1lov (\"teplotn\u00fdch m\u00e1p\") umo\u017e\u0148uje prechod od priestorov\u00fdch d\u00e1t k \"teplotn\u00fdm\" zobrazeniam faktorov vpl\u00fdvaj\u00facich na \u00fazemie (vizualiz\u00e1cia potenci\u00e1lov). Tak\u00fdto prechod umo\u017e\u0148uje ur\u010di\u0165 mieru pr\u00edtomnosti faktora v ka\u017edom bode \u00fazemia a vykona\u0165 \u010fal\u0161iu anal\u00fdzu, t.j. zobrazi\u0165 r\u00f4zne smerovania rozvoja mesta farbou. Takto z\u00edskame \u017eiarenie r\u00f4znej intenzity pre ka\u017ed\u00fd bod \u00fazemia.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edklady \"teplotn\u00fdch\" zobrazen\u00ed \u00fazemia mesta Ni\u017en\u00fd Novgorod z poh\u013eadu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch faktorov s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\n\"Teplotn\u00e1\" mapa mesta N. Novgorod, odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00faca faktor \"Lek\u00e1rensk\u00e1 sie\u0165\"<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\n\"Teplotn\u00e1\" mapa mesta N. Novgorod, odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00faca faktor \"Polikliniky pre dospel\u00fdch\"<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\n\"Teplotn\u00e1\" mapa mesta N. Novgorod, odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00faca faktor \"Deti polikliniky\"<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\n\"Teplotn\u00e1\" mapa mesta N. Novgorod, odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00faca faktor \"Priemyseln\u00e9 z\u00f3ny\"<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Teplotn\u00e9\" zobrazenia \u00fazemia umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa ur\u010di\u0165 koncentr\u00e1ciu potenci\u00e1lov od r\u00f4znych vplyvn\u00fdch objektov. N\u00e1sledne je potrebn\u00e9 skombinova\u0165 z\u00edskan\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ly do integra\u010dnej charakteristiky, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017en\u00ed hodnotenie \u00fazemia na z\u00e1klade mno\u017estva faktorov. Na to je potrebn\u00fd met\u00f3da, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje analyzova\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, rozpozna\u0165 objekty a tie\u017e zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 dimenziu d\u00e1t, pri\u010dom strat\u00edme \u010do najmenej inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Jednou z tak\u00fdchto met\u00f3d je met\u00f3da hlavn\u00fdch komponentov (Princip\u00e1lna komponentn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza, PCA). Viac o tejto met\u00f3de sa m\u00f4\u017eete do\u010d\u00edta\u0165 v Wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Podstatou met\u00f3dy je n\u00e1js\u0165 line\u00e1rnu kombin\u00e1ciu p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch parametrov, ktor\u00e1 sa najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie men\u00ed v oblasti anal\u00fdzy. Pre priestorov\u00e9 d\u00e1ta \u2013 najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie men\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Met\u00f3da hlavn\u00fdch komponentov vy\u010dle\u0148uje objekty (faktory), ktor\u00e9 sa najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie menia na \u00fazem\u00ed. V d\u00f4sledku pr\u00e1ce met\u00f3dy vznikaj\u00fa nov\u00e9 premenn\u00e9 \u2013 hlavn\u00e9 komponenty, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa informat\u00edvnej\u0161ie v porovnan\u00ed s p\u00f4vodn\u00fdmi d\u00e1tami, pomocou ktor\u00fdch je jednoduch\u0161ie analyzova\u0165, opisova\u0165 a vizualizova\u0165 \u00fazemie, po ktor\u00fdch je jednoduch\u0161ie stava\u0165 modely. <\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00e9 komponenty predstavuj\u00fa analytick\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy \u2014 s\u00fa\u010det potenci\u00e1lov vstupn\u00fdch faktorov s niektor\u00fdmi koeficientmi. Ak v\u0161ak ktor\u00fdko\u013evek faktor v\u00fdznamne ovplyv\u0148uje \u00fazemie, ale nemen\u00ed sa na analyzovanom \u00fazem\u00ed, met\u00f3da hlavn\u00fdch komponentov tento faktor nezahrnie do s\u00fa\u010dtu hlavn\u00fdch komponentov.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00e9 komponenty s\u00fa usporiadan\u00e9 pod\u013ea klesaj\u00facej informa\u010dnej hodnoty \u2013 t.j. pod\u013ea roz\u0161\u00edrenia na \u00fazem\u00ed. Prv\u00e9 hlavn\u00e9 komponenty nes\u00fa v sebe z\u00e1sadne v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu inform\u00e1ciu ne\u017e jednotliv\u00e9 faktory a dobre popisuj\u00fa \u00fazemie. Zvy\u010dajne, pri pou\u017eit\u00ed pribli\u017ene sto faktorov, prv\u00e1 hlavn\u00e1 komponenta nesie okolo 50 % v\u0161etk\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed (rozptylu) na \u00fazem\u00ed. Hlavn\u00e9 komponenty nie s\u00fa vz\u00e1jomne korelovan\u00e9 a m\u00f4\u017eu sa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 pre modely ako charakteristiky \u00fazemia v ka\u017edom bode.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00e1 komponenta, ako ur\u010dit\u00fd abstraktne vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd ukazovate\u013e \u00fazemia, nem\u00e1 presn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy a klasifik\u00e1ciu. Av\u0161ak s\u00fabor faktorov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa silne korelovan\u00e9 s hlavnou komponentou, umo\u017e\u0148uje interpretova\u0165 hlavn\u00e9 komponenty. Zvy\u010dajne sa s hlavn\u00fdmi komponentami koreluj\u00fa nasleduj\u00face faktory: <\/p>\n

\u2014 \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja infra\u0161trukt\u00fary;
\n \u2014 dopravn\u00e1 s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 \u00fazemia;
\n \u2014 klimatick\u00e9 z\u00f3ny;
\n \u2014 \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva;
\n \u2014 ekonomick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l \u00fazemia.<\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161ia anal\u00fdza, vr\u00e1tane klastrov\u00fdch anal\u00fdz, prebieha s nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi prv\u00fdmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi hlavn\u00fdmi komponentami.<\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zkoch je mo\u017en\u00e9 vidie\u0165 grafick\u00e9 zobrazenie prv\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch komponent na \u00fazem\u00ed viacer\u00fdch miest Ruskej feder\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nPrv\u00e1 hlavn\u00e1 komponenta, charakterizuj\u00faca \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja mestskej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary mesta N. Novgorod.<\/i> <\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nPrv\u00e1 hlavn\u00e1 komponenta, charakterizuj\u00faca \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja mestskej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary mesta Jekaterinburg.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nPrv\u00e1 hlavn\u00e1 komponenta, charakterizuj\u00faca \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja mestskej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary mesta Kaza\u0148.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nPrv\u00e1 hlavn\u00e1 komponenta, charakterizuj\u00faca \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja mestskej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary mesta Perm.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nPrv\u00e1 hlavn\u00e1 komponenta, charakterizuj\u00faca \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja mestskej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary mesta Samara.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nPrv\u00e1 hlavn\u00e1 komponenta, charakterizuj\u00faca \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja mestskej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary mesta Chabarovsk.<\/i><\/p>\n

Integrovan\u00e9 charakteristiky: klasteriz\u00e1cia<\/b><\/h3>\n

Nasleduj\u00faca f\u00e1za pr\u00e1c na anal\u00fdze \u00fazem\u00ed predstavuje h\u013eadanie oblast\u00ed mestsk\u00e9ho prostredia, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa homog\u00e9nne z h\u013eadiska kvality. Toto h\u013eadanie je zalo\u017een\u00e9 na anal\u00fdze hodn\u00f4t hlavn\u00fdch komponentov na ka\u017edom bode \u00fazemia. \u00daloha h\u013eadania t\u00fdchto homog\u00e9nnych z\u00f3n m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 rie\u0161en\u00e1 pomocou klasteriz\u00e1cie \u2013 procesu skupinovania \u00fazem\u00ed na z\u00e1klade bl\u00edzkosti s\u00fahrnu charakterist\u00edk. <\/p>\n

Klasteriz\u00e1cia \u00fazemia sleduje dva ciele:<\/p>\n

\u2014 vytvorenie lep\u0161ie vn\u00edmate\u013enej vizualiz\u00e1cie \u00fazemia;
\n \u2014 vy\u010dlenenie oblast\u00ed pre zostavenie samostatn\u00fdch modelov.<\/p>\n

\u00dazemia sa klasterizuj\u00fa v s\u00falade s vybran\u00fdmi faktormi na anal\u00fdzu. Tieto faktory m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 faktormi ovplyv\u0148uj\u00facimi cenotvorbu alebo faktormi, ktor\u00e9 opisuj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00fd aspekt rozvoja \u00fazemia, napr\u00edklad soci\u00e1lnu sf\u00e9ru. <\/p>\n

Existuj\u00fa dva be\u017en\u00e9 klasick\u00e9 met\u00f3dy klasteriz\u00e1cie: met\u00f3da K-means a met\u00f3da dendrogramov. Pri pr\u00e1ci s \u00fazemiami sa osved\u010dila met\u00f3da K-means, ktorej \u0161pecifikom je \u201evytv\u00e1ranie\u201c klastera pripojen\u00edm nov\u00fdch objektov k rastov\u00fdm bodom. V\u00fdhody met\u00f3dy K-means spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00fa v podobnosti jej fungovania s prirodzen\u00fdm procesom formovania \u00fazem\u00ed: integr\u00e1cia podobn\u00fdch, nie rozdelenie odli\u0161n\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Met\u00f3dou K-means bol vykonan\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010det pre Ni\u017enij Novgorod (obr\u00e1zok ni\u017e\u0161ie).<\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nZhodnotenie klastrov \u00farovne rozvoja \u00fazemia na pr\u00edklade mesta N. Novgorod<\/i><\/p>\n

Pri navrhnutom pr\u00edstupe je mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edska\u0165 predstavu o \u00fazem\u00ed z r\u00f4znych t\u00e9m. Zauj\u00edmav\u00fdmi t\u00e9mami m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 napr\u00edklad \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja mestsk\u00fdch infra\u0161trukt\u00far, \u00farove\u0148 \u201eelitnosti\u201c \u00fazemia, \u00farove\u0148 rozvoja kult\u00fary, soci\u00e1lna zlo\u017eka rozvoja \u00fazemia. Tieto t\u00e9my s\u00fa zle definovan\u00e9 integrovan\u00e9 pojmy a pozost\u00e1vaj\u00fa z mno\u017estva vz\u00e1jomne prepojen\u00fdch faktorov.<\/p>\n

Pri niektorom algoritme v\u00fdberu parametrov na anal\u00fdzu (vr\u00e1tane zapojenia expertov) z\u00edskame tematick\u00e9 mapy, ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00fa predstavu o jednom aspekte rozvoja \u00fazemia. <\/p>\n

Pod integrovan\u00fdmi charakteristikami rozumieme prv\u00e9 hlavn\u00e9 komponenty, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm najinformat\u00edvnej\u0161iu prv\u00fa hlavn\u00fa komponentu, a klasteriz\u00e1ciu \u00fazemia pod\u013ea vybran\u00fdch parametrov. <\/p>\n

Tematick\u00e9 mapy prv\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch komponentov pod\u013ea r\u00f4znych aspektov rozvoja s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 na obr\u00e1zkoch ni\u017e\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nTematick\u00e1 mapa \u201eObjekty kult\u00fary\u201c na pr\u00edklade mesta N. Novgorod<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Vyu\u017eitie
\nTematick\u00e1 mapa \u201eSoci\u00e1lna sf\u00e9ra\u201c na pr\u00edklade mesta N. Novgorod<\/i><\/p>\n

Integrovan\u00e9 charakteristiky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa pochopi\u0165 \u0161pecifik\u00e1 \u00fazemia, operuj\u00fac s mno\u017estvom faktorov s minim\u00e1lnymi stratami inform\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1ver treba e\u0161te raz zd\u00f4razni\u0165, \u017ee dnes je anal\u00fdza \u00fazem\u00ed mimoriadne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm krokom pri rie\u0161en\u00ed \u00faloh rozvoja mestsk\u00e9ho prostredia, v\u00fdberu miest pre invest\u00edcie do v\u00fdstavby, h\u013eadania najv\u00fdhodnej\u0161ej polohy nov\u00fdch objektov a in\u00fdch \u00faloh. <\/p>\n

Navrhnut\u00e1 met\u00f3da anal\u00fdzy \u00fazemia pomocou \u201eteplotn\u00e9ho\u201c modelu z faktorov r\u00f4znej povahy nie je kritick\u00e1 na sadu faktorov, t. j. neuklad\u00e1 obmedzenia a po\u017eiadavky na zdrojov\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n

Rozmanitos\u0165 a nadbytok zdrojov\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, ako aj mo\u017enos\u0165 vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 otvoren\u00e9 \u00fadaje poskytuj\u00fa neobmedzen\u00e9 perspekt\u00edvy pre anal\u00fdzu ak\u00fdchko\u013evek \u00fazem\u00ed<\/i> sveta.<\/p>\n

V nasleduj\u00facich publik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 sa zaoberaj\u00fa \u00falohami anal\u00fdzy \u00fazem\u00ed, pl\u00e1nujeme odkry\u0165 \u0161pecifik\u00e1 zostavovania modelov pomocou hlavn\u00fdch komponentov a met\u00f3dy ich realiz\u00e1cie pre tak\u00e9 \u00falohy ako: <\/p>\n

\u2014 v\u00fdber najlep\u0161ieho miesta pri umiestnen\u00ed nov\u00e9ho objektu;
\n \u2014 vytvorenie cenovej plochy pre ur\u010dit\u00fa kateg\u00f3riu objektov s vyu\u017eit\u00edm trhovej hodnoty;
\n \u2014 hodnotenie v\u00fdnosnosti ur\u010dit\u00e9ho typu \u010dinnosti v z\u00e1vislosti od umiestnenia objektov.<\/p>\n

Takisto v pl\u00e1ne je predstavi\u0165 met\u00f3dy sp\u00e4tn\u00e9ho prechodu od hlavn\u00fdch komponentov k faktorom, \u010do zase umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edska\u0165 model faktorov pre toto \u00fazemie.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30675","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Vyu\u017eitie tepeln\u00fdch potenci\u00e1lov na anal\u00fdzu \u00fazem\u00ed | ProHoster","description":"Pr\u00edklad v\u00fdpo\u010dtu 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