{"id":32452,"date":"2019-10-31T21:47:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/budushhee-za-oblakami\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:47:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:09","slug":"budushhee-za-oblakami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/budushhee-za-oblakami","title":{"rendered":"Bud\u00facnos\u0165 je v oblakoch","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

1.1. \u00davod<\/h2>\n

\nKe\u010f hovor\u00edme o rozvoji IT v posledn\u00fdch nieko\u013ek\u00fdch rokoch, nemo\u017eno opomen\u00fa\u0165 podiel cloudov\u00fdch rie\u0161en\u00ed medzi ostatn\u00fdmi. Po\u010fme si objasni\u0165, \u010do vlastne cloudov\u00e9 rie\u0161enia a technol\u00f3gie s\u00fa.
\nCloud computing (alebo cloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby) je \u0161peci\u00e1lny s\u00fabor n\u00e1strojov a met\u00f3d logistiky, ukladania a spracovania d\u00e1t na vzdialen\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch zdrojoch, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa servery, syst\u00e9my pre ukladanie d\u00e1t (SUD) a syst\u00e9my pren\u00e1\u0161ania d\u00e1t (SPD).<\/p>\n

Pri v\u00fdrobe IT produktu, nech u\u017e ide o webov\u00fa str\u00e1nku, internetov\u00fd obchod, vysoko za\u0165a\u017een\u00fd port\u00e1l alebo syst\u00e9m datab\u00e1z, existuje aspo\u0148 dva sp\u00f4soby, ako umiestni\u0165 v\u00e1\u0161 produkt. <\/p>\n

Na \u00fazem\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edka (angl. \u2014 on-premise)<\/b> alebo v cloude (angl. \u2014 cloud)<\/b>. V tomto pr\u00edpade nemo\u017eno presne poveda\u0165, \u010do je finan\u010dne v\u00fdhodnej\u0161ie vo v\u0161eobecnosti. <\/p>\n

Ak pou\u017e\u00edvate server, na ktorom be\u017e\u00ed mal\u00e1 datab\u00e1za, ktor\u00e1 si nevy\u017eaduje zabezpe\u010denie a jednoduch\u00fa webov\u00fa str\u00e1nku bez v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho za\u0165a\u017eenia \u2014 \u00e1no, miestne umiestnenie je va\u0161a vo\u013eba. Ale akon\u00e1hle sa zv\u00fd\u0161ia n\u00e1roky a potreby \u2014 mali by ste zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 presun do cloudu.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1.2. Dnes s\u00fa tu oblaky<\/h2>\n

\nPredt\u00fdm, ne\u017e prediskutujeme, ako presne s\u00fa oblaky poskytovan\u00e9, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pochopi\u0165, \u017ee hist\u00f3ria o obla\u010dnosti sa net\u00fdka len ve\u013ek\u00fdch gigantov IT sf\u00e9ry a ich intern\u00fdch slu\u017eieb; ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 vyu\u017e\u00edvame v\u00fdpo\u010dty v oblakoch. <\/p>\n

Dnes, v roku 2019, je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd by nepou\u017e\u00edval Instagram, e-mail, mapy a dopravn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie vo svojom telef\u00f3ne. A kde sa to v\u0161etko uchov\u00e1va a spracov\u00e1va? Spr\u00e1vne!
\nAj ke\u010f vy, ako IT \u0161pecialista v spolo\u010dnosti s aspo\u0148 malou pobo\u010dkovou sie\u0165ou (pre konkr\u00e9tnos\u0165), integrujete do infra\u0161trukt\u00fary SUD, bez oh\u013eadu na to, ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom spr\u00edstupn\u00edte zdroj, nech u\u017e ide o webov\u00e9 rozhranie, FTP alebo Samba \u2014 pre va\u0161ich pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov bude tento \u00falo\u017eiskov\u00fd priestor cloudom, ktor\u00fd je\u2026 niekde tam. \u010co u\u017e potom hovori\u0165 o t\u00fdch be\u017en\u00fdch veciach, ktor\u00e9 ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 pou\u017e\u00edvame na dosah na\u0161ich prstov nieko\u013eko desiatokkr\u00e1t. <\/p>\n

2.1. Typy nasadenia cloudov\u00fdch zdrojov<\/h2>\n

\nOK, cloud. Ale nie v\u0161etko je tak\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9. Taktie\u017e prich\u00e1dzame do pr\u00e1ce ako predajcovia, IT \u0161pecialisti a mana\u017e\u00e9ri. Ale to je \u0161irok\u00fd pojem, ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 svoje ur\u010denie a ur\u010dit\u00fa klasifik\u00e1ciu. Rovnako je to aj tu. Slu\u017ebu cloudu m\u00f4\u017eeme vo v\u0161eobecnosti rozdeli\u0165 na 4 typy. <\/p>\n

1.Verejn\u00e9 cloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby (public cloud)<\/b> \u2014 je platforma, ktor\u00e1 je verejne pr\u00edstupn\u00e1 pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov bezplatne alebo na z\u00e1klade platen\u00e9ho predplatn\u00e9ho. \u010casto je spravovan\u00e1 konkr\u00e9tnou fyzickou osobou alebo pr\u00e1vnickou osobou. Pr\u00edkladom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 port\u00e1l agreguj\u00faci odborn\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky. <\/p>\n

2. S\u00fakromn\u00e9 cloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby (private cloud)<\/b> \u2014 je \u00fapln\u00fdm opakom bodu 1. Je to platforma uzavret\u00e1 pred verejnos\u0165ou, \u010dasto ur\u010den\u00e1 pre jednu spolo\u010dnos\u0165 (alebo spolo\u010dnos\u0165 a jej partnersk\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie). Pr\u00edstup poskytuje iba syst\u00e9mov\u00fd administr\u00e1tor pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. M\u00f4\u017eu to by\u0165 intern\u00e9 slu\u017eby, ako napr\u00edklad intranet, syst\u00e9m SD (service desk), CRM at\u010f. Vlastn\u00edci cloudu alebo segmentu zvy\u010dajne ve\u013emi d\u00f4kladne pristupuj\u00fa k ot\u00e1zke informa\u010dnej bezpe\u010dnosti a ochrany podnikania, ke\u010f\u017ee v s\u00fakromn\u00fdch cloudov\u00fdch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch sa uchov\u00e1va inform\u00e1cia o predajoch, klientoch, strategick\u00fdch pl\u00e1noch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch. <\/p>\n

3. Spolo\u010dn\u00e9 cloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby \u2014 (community cloud)<\/b> m\u00f4\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee ide o s\u00fakromn\u00e9 cloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby rozdelen\u00e9 medzi nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi firmami, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa podobn\u00e9 \u00falohy alebo z\u00e1ujmy. \u010casto sa vyu\u017e\u00edva, ak je potrebn\u00e9 poskytn\u00fa\u0165 pr\u00e1va na pou\u017e\u00edvanie zdrojov alebo aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed viacer\u00fdm pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom z r\u00f4znych spolo\u010dnost\u00ed. <\/p>\n

4. Hybridn\u00e9 cloudov\u00e9 slu\u017eby \u2014 (hybrid cloud)<\/b> ide o typ infra\u0161trukt\u00fary, ktor\u00e1 kombinuje minim\u00e1lne dva typy nasadenia. Naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edkladom je \u0161k\u00e1lovanie klientsk\u00e9ho d\u00e1tov\u00e9ho centra prostredn\u00edctvom cloudu. Rob\u00ed sa to s cie\u013eom \u0161etrenia n\u00e1kladov, pri nemo\u017enosti migrova\u0165 do cloudu na 100 % alebo z d\u00f4vodov bezpe\u010dnosti a dodr\u017eiavania legislat\u00edvy. <\/p>\n

2.2. Typy slu\u017eieb<\/h2>\n

\nSuper, typy nasadenia s\u00fa tak\u00e9 r\u00f4zne, ale \u010do by ich malo sp\u00e1ja\u0165? \u00c1no, s\u00fa to typy slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa identick\u00e9 pre v\u0161etky typy cloudov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb. Pozrime sa na 3 naj\u010dastej\u0161ie. <\/p>\n

IaaS (infrastructure as a service)<\/b> \u2014 infra\u0161trukt\u00fara ako slu\u017eba. V tomto variante s\u00fa v\u00e1m poskytovan\u00e9 servery vo forme virtu\u00e1lnych strojov (VM), diskov, sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho vybavenia, na ktor\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017eete nasadi\u0165 po\u017eadovan\u00fd opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, prostredie, spusti\u0165 slu\u017eby at\u010f. Napriek tomu, \u017ee sa aktu\u00e1lne v\u00fdrazne rozv\u00edjam v cloude od Yandexu, svoje zozn\u00e1menie som za\u010dal s GCP (Google Cloud Platform), preto uvediem pr\u00edklady na jeho pozad\u00ed, a v\u00f4bec o poskytovate\u013eoch poviem trochu nesk\u00f4r. Tak\u017ee pr\u00edkladom IaaS rie\u0161enia v GCP bude prvok Compute Engine. T.j. ide o jednoduch\u00fa be\u017en\u00fa VM, na ktor\u00fa si sami vyber\u00e1te opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, sami sa zaober\u00e1te nastaven\u00edm softv\u00e9ru a nasaden\u00edm aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed. Pozrime sa na pr\u00edklad. Ste python program\u00e1tor a chcete vytvori\u0165 webov\u00fa str\u00e1nku s backendom v cloude, zva\u017euj\u00fac iba variant IaaS. Potrebujete vzia\u0165 jednu VM, na ktorej bude be\u017ea\u0165 str\u00e1nka, k tomu je potrebn\u00e9 nain\u0161talova\u0165 (v gcp sa vyber\u00e1 v etape vytv\u00e1rania in\u0161tancie) OS, aktualizova\u0165 mana\u017e\u00e9ra bal\u00edkov (pre\u010do nie), nain\u0161talova\u0165 potrebn\u00fa verziu pythonu, nginx at\u010f\u2026 Na troch VM vytvori\u0165 odoln\u00fd klaster DB (tie\u017e ru\u010dne). Zabezpe\u010di\u0165 logovanie at\u010f. Je to lacn\u00e9 a \u010dasovo n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, ale ak chcete maxim\u00e1lnu flexibilitu \u2014 toto je va\u0161a vo\u013eba.<\/p>\n

Nasleduj\u00face, bli\u017e\u0161ie k jednoduchosti a drahosti, je PaaS (platforma ako slu\u017eba)<\/b>. Tu tie\u017e z\u00edskavate samozrejme VM, ale bez mo\u017enosti tak flexibilne meni\u0165 konfigur\u00e1ciu, nevyber\u00e1te OS, sadu softv\u00e9ru at\u010f., z\u00edskavate hotov\u00e9 prostredie pre v\u00e1\u0161 produkt. Vr\u00e1\u0165me sa k tomu ist\u00e9mu pr\u00edkladu. K\u00fapite dva in\u0161tancie App Engine v GCP, jedna z nich bude v \u00falohe DB, druh\u00e1 v \u00falohe webov\u00e9ho servera<\/a>. Nemus\u00edte nastavi\u0165 podporn\u00e9 programy, m\u00f4\u017eete priamo z krabice spusti\u0165 produk\u010dn\u00e9 prostredie. Stoj\u00ed to viac, s\u00fahlas\u00edte, pr\u00e1ca mus\u00ed by\u0165 zaplaten\u00e1, a pre v\u00e1s pracoval cel\u00fd Skript. Ale z\u00edskavate hotov\u00fa platformu na pr\u00e1cu. <\/p>\n

Tretia z hlavn\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed, stojaca nad ostatn\u00fdmi \u2014 SaaS (software ako slu\u017eba).<\/b> Nerob\u00edte prec\u00edzne nastavenia VM, v\u00f4bec ich nenastavujete. Nie je potrebn\u00e9 by\u0165 IT \u0161pecialistom, nie je potrebn\u00e9 p\u00edsa\u0165 k\u00f3d, nie je potrebn\u00e9 robi\u0165 backend. V\u0161etko je u\u017e pripraven\u00e9. U\u017e ide o hotov\u00e9, nasaden\u00e9 rie\u0161enia, ako GSuite (b\u00fdval\u00fd Google Apps), DropBox, Office 365. <\/p>\n

3.1. \u010co je pod kapotou?<\/h2>\n

\nUlo\u017eili ste si to v hlave? Dobre, pokra\u010dujme \u010falej. K\u00fapili sme VM, pracovali s \u0148ou, zni\u010dili ju a k\u00fapili \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 10. Nekupujeme hardv\u00e9r, ale vieme, \u017ee niekde mus\u00ed by\u0165. Ke\u010f ste implementovali \u00falo\u017eisko d\u00e1t do infra\u0161trukt\u00fary v\u00e1\u0161ho podniku, pravdepodobne ste ho umiestnili do stojana v serverovni. A presne takto poskytovatelia cloudov\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed prenaj\u00edmaj\u00fa \u010das\u0165 svojho servera, len\u017ee v obrovsk\u00fdch rozmeroch. Takzvan\u00e9 DCM (centra spracovania d\u00e1t). S\u00fa to ve\u013ek\u00e9 komplexn\u00e9 budovy, umiestnen\u00e9 takmer po celej plan\u00e9te. Spravidla sa stavaj\u00fa v bl\u00edzkosti miest, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 aspo\u0148 \u010das\u0165 roka zdrojom prirodzen\u00e9ho chladenia, ale niektor\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu postavi\u0165 aj v nevadsk\u00fdch p\u00fa\u0161\u0165ach. Okrem toho, \u017ee do obrovsk\u00fdch hang\u00e1rov poskytovatelia umiest\u0148uj\u00fa nieko\u013eko stoviek stojanov, tie\u017e dbaj\u00fa na tepeln\u00e9 v\u00fdmeny (predsa len ka\u017ed\u00fd vie, \u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010de sa nem\u00f4\u017eu rozmrazova\u0165 ani prehrieva\u0165?), na bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 va\u0161ich d\u00e1t predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na fyzickej \u00farovni, tak\u017ee je nepravdepodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by ste sa do DCM dostali neleg\u00e1lne. Met\u00f3dy ukladania d\u00e1t v DCM sa l\u00ed\u0161ia u r\u00f4znych poskytovate\u013eov, niektor\u00ed robia distribuovan\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy medzi r\u00f4znymi d\u00e1tov\u00fdmi centrami, in\u00ed ich bezpe\u010dne uchov\u00e1vaj\u00fa na jednom mieste. <\/p>\n

3.2. Cloudy teraz a v retrospekt\u00edve. Poskytovatelia<\/h2>\n

\nAk sa pozrieme do hist\u00f3rie, prv\u00e9 predpoklady pre vytvorenie dne\u0161n\u00fdch cloud platforiem sa objavili u\u017e v polovici 70. rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia, po\u010das v\u00fdvoja a implement\u00e1cie prototypu internetovej siete ARPANET. V tom \u010dase sa hovorilo o tom, \u017ee raz bud\u00fa m\u00f4c\u0165 \u013eudia z\u00edska\u0165 v\u0161etky mo\u017en\u00e9 slu\u017eby prostredn\u00edctvom siete. \u010cas plynul, kan\u00e1ly sa st\u00e1vali stabilnej\u0161\u00edmi a viac-menej \u0161irok\u00fdmi a v roku 1999 sa objavila prv\u00e1 komer\u010dn\u00e1 CRM syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd bol poskytovan\u00fd v\u00fdlu\u010dne na z\u00e1klade predplatn\u00e9ho a stal sa prv\u00fdm SaaS, ktor\u00e9ho k\u00f3pie s\u00fa uchov\u00e1van\u00e9 v jedinom d\u00e1tovom centre. Nesk\u00f4r spolo\u010dnos\u0165 vytvorila nieko\u013eko oddelen\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 na z\u00e1klade predplatn\u00e9ho poskytovali PaaS vr\u00e1tane \u0161pecifick\u00e9ho pr\u00edpadu BDaaS (data base as a service). V roku 2002, Amazon uviedol na trh slu\u017ebu, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje uklada\u0165 a spracov\u00e1va\u0165 inform\u00e1cie, a v roku 2008 predstavil slu\u017ebu, v ktorej si pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e m\u00f4\u017ee vytvori\u0165 vlastn\u00e9 virtu\u00e1lne stroje, tak sa za\u010d\u00edna \u00e9ra ve\u013ek\u00fdch cloudov\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Dnes je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 hovo\u0159it o velk\u00e9 trojce (i kdy\u017e za p\u016fl roku vid\u00edm velkou \u010dty\u0159ku): Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform\u2026 Yandex Cloud. Z posledn\u00edch jmenovan\u00fdch m\u00e1m zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed radost, proto\u017ee kdy\u017e se na\u0161i krajani rychle prosazuj\u00ed na sv\u011btov\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u011b, p\u0159eb\u00edh\u00e1 po z\u00e1dech zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed hrdost. <\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 je zde mnoho firem, nap\u0159\u00edklad Oracle nebo Alibaba, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed sv\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed cloudov\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, ale kv\u016fli ur\u010dit\u00fdm okolnostem nejsou mezi u\u017eivateli tak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b se zde objevuj\u00ed i kluci-hostitel\u00e9<\/a>, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou tak\u00e9 poskytovateli a nab\u00edzej\u00ed PaaS nebo SaaS \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. <\/p>\n

3.3. Cenotvorba a granty<\/h2>\n

\nNebudu se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zab\u00fdvat cenovou politikou poskytovatel\u016f, proto\u017ee by to ve skute\u010dnosti byla otev\u0159en\u00e1 reklama. Chci zm\u00ednit fakt, \u017ee v\u0161echny velk\u00e9 firmy nab\u00edzej\u00ed granty od 200 do 700 $ na rok nebo krat\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, aby si u\u017eivatel\u00e9 mohli vyzkou\u0161et s\u00edlu jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a pochopit, co vlastn\u011b pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 v\u0161echny firmy z velk\u00e9 trojky\u2026 nebo \u010dty\u0159ky, kterou u\u017e brzy o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me\u2026 nab\u00edzej\u00ed mo\u017enost st\u00e1t se partnery, po\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed semin\u00e1\u0159e a \u0161kolen\u00ed, poskytuj\u00ed certifikace a v\u00fdhody na sv\u00e9 produkty.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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