{"id":32952,"date":"2019-10-31T21:49:55","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:49:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kak-zavisit-perevod-termina-trunk-ot-vendora-kommutatorov\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:49:55","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:49:55","slug":"kak-zavisit-perevod-termina-trunk-ot-vendora-kommutatorov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-zavisit-perevod-termina-trunk-ot-vendora-kommutatorov","title":{"rendered":"Ako z\u00e1vis\u00ed preklad term\u00ednu trunk od dod\u00e1vate\u013ea prep\u00edna\u010dov?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Na t\u00fato chybu (alebo ak chcete, rozpor) som upozornil po\u010das kontroly prekladu prep\u00edna\u010dov NETGEAR. Ide o to, \u017ee pri preklade term\u00ednu \u201ctrunk\u201d<\/strong> je potrebn\u00e9 nevyhnutne zoh\u013eadni\u0165, ak\u00fa interpret\u00e1ciu dod\u00e1vate\u013e dodr\u017eiava \u2014 Cisco<\/strong> alebo HP<\/strong>, preto\u017ee medzi nimi je ve\u013emi odli\u0161n\u00fd technick\u00fd v\u00fdznam.
\nPo\u010fme sa na to pozrie\u0165.<\/p>\n

Presk\u00famame probl\u00e9m na nasleduj\u00facich pr\u00edkladoch:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1. Cisco<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2. HP<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pozorn\u00fd \u010ditate\u013e si v\u0161imne, \u017ee \u201ctrunk\u201d<\/strong> v t\u00fdchto pr\u00edkladoch m\u00e1 r\u00f4zne zmysly.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Budeme \u201ekop\u00fa\u0165\u201c.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Verzia Cisco<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Cisco<\/strong> pod \u201ctrunk<\/strong>\u2019om\u201d rozumie kan\u00e1l typu \u201cbod-bod\u201d<\/em> (komunika\u010dn\u00fd kan\u00e1l, ktor\u00fd priamo sp\u00e1ja dve zariadenia)<\/em>, ktor\u00fd sp\u00e1ja prep\u00edna\u010d a in\u00e9 sie\u0165ov\u00e9 zariadenie, napr\u00edklad \u010fal\u0161\u00ed prep\u00edna\u010d alebo smerova\u010d. Jeho \u00falohou je pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 prev\u00e1dzku viacer\u00fdch VLAN cez jeden kan\u00e1l a poskytova\u0165 im pr\u00edstup do celej siete.<\/em>V hovorovej re\u010di sa naz\u00fdva \u201etrunk\u201c<\/strong>, \u010do m\u00e1 zmysel. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Princ\u00edp fungovania<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Za\u010dnime t\u00fdm, \u010do je VLAN?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

<\/p>\n

VLAN<\/strong> je skratka pre Virtual local area network<\/em> alebo virtu\u00e1lna lok\u00e1lna sie\u0165. Je to technol\u00f3gia, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje rozdeli\u0165 jednu fyzick\u00fa sie\u0165 na nieko\u013eko logick\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 pracuj\u00fa nez\u00e1visle od seba. Napr\u00edklad, na podniku person\u00e1lne oddelenie<\/strong>, \u00fa\u010detn\u00edctvo<\/strong> a IT oddelenie<\/strong>. Maj\u00fa vlastn\u00e9 prep\u00edna\u010de, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa prepojen\u00e9 cez centr\u00e1lny prep\u00edna\u010d do jednej siete, a tieto siete oddelen\u00fdch oddelen\u00ed je potrebn\u00e9 od seba oddeli\u0165. Vtedy prich\u00e1dza na pomoc technol\u00f3gia VLAN. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Takto vyzer\u00e1 sie\u0165 rozdelen\u00e1 na VLAN-y (virtu\u00e1lne siete).<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u010casto na ozna\u010denie VLAN-u pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne farby. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tak porty ozna\u010den\u00e9 zelenou farbou patr\u00ed do jedn\u00e9ho VLAN-u, a porty ozna\u010den\u00e9 \u010dervenou farbou do in\u00e9ho. Potom po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v jednom VLAN-e, m\u00f4\u017eu komunikova\u0165 iba navz\u00e1jom<\/strong>, ale s po\u010d\u00edta\u010dmi, ktor\u00e9 patr\u00ed do in\u00e9ho VLAN-u, nem\u00f4\u017eu. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Zmeny v tabu\u013eke prep\u00ednania vo VLAN<\/strong><\/h4>\n

<\/p>\n

Pri vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed VLAN-ov sa do tabu\u013eky prep\u00ednania prep\u00edna\u010dov prid\u00e1va \u010fal\u0161ie pole, v ktorom sa uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa identifik\u00e1tory VLAN. Zjednodu\u0161ene to vyzer\u00e1 takto: <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tu vid\u00edme, \u017ee porty 1 a 2 patria VLAN-u 2, a porty 3 a 4 \u2013 VLAN-u 10.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ideme \u010falej. Na linkovej \u00farovni s\u00fa d\u00e1ta pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 vo forme r\u00e1mcov (fremov<\/em>). Pri prenose r\u00e1mcov z jedn\u00e9ho prep\u00edna\u010da na druh\u00fd je potrebn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o tom, k ktor\u00e9mu VLANu patr\u00ed dan\u00fd r\u00e1mec. Tieto inform\u00e1cie sa prid\u00e1vaj\u00fa do pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9ho r\u00e1mca. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa na tento \u00fa\u010del pou\u017e\u00edva otvoren\u00fd \u0161tandard IEEE 802.1Q<\/strong>. Krokov\u00e1 evol\u00facia r\u00e1mca vo VLANe<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d generuje a odosiela be\u017en\u00fd r\u00e1mec (frame, tie\u017e pak\u00e9t na \u00farovni kan\u00e1la, t.j. \u00farove\u0148 prep\u00edna\u010dov)<\/em>, ni\u010d neprid\u00e1vaj\u00fac. Tento r\u00e1mec vyzer\u00e1 takto:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Ako<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Prep\u00edna\u010d prij\u00edma r\u00e1mec. V s\u00falade s tabu\u013ekou prep\u00ednania rozumie, z ktor\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da r\u00e1mec pri\u0161iel a ku ktor\u00e9mu VLANu patr\u00ed tento po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. Potom prep\u00edna\u010d s\u00e1m prid\u00e1va do r\u00e1mca riadiace inform\u00e1cie, takzvan\u00fd tag.<\/em> Tag je pole za MAC adresou odosielate\u013ea, v ktorom sa nach\u00e1dza, zjednodu\u0161ene povedan\u00e9, \u010d\u00edslo VLANu. Takto vyzer\u00e1 r\u00e1mec s tagom:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \"Ako<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

      Potom prep\u00edna\u010d odosiela tento r\u00e1mec na in\u00fd prep\u00edna\u010d. <\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n

        Prep\u00edna\u010d, ktor\u00fd prij\u00edma r\u00e1mec, extrahuje z neho inform\u00e1cie o VLAN, teda ch\u00e1pe, na ktor\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d je potrebn\u00e9 tento r\u00e1mec prenies\u0165, odstra\u0148uje v\u0161etky riadiace inform\u00e1cie z r\u00e1mca a odosiela ho na po\u010d\u00edta\u010d prij\u00edmate\u013ea.<\/p>\n

        \n<\/li>\n

      2. \n

        Na po\u010d\u00edta\u010d prij\u00edmate\u013ea prich\u00e1dza r\u00e1mec u\u017e bez riadiacich inform\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\n

        \n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        <\/p>\n

        Teraz sa vraciame k na\u0161emu \u201ctrunk<\/strong>\u2019u\u201d. Porty prep\u00edna\u010da podporuj\u00face VLAN m\u00f4\u017eeme rozdeli\u0165 do dvoch skup\u00edn:<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Ozna\u010den\u00e9 porty (\u010di trunk porty<\/em> u Cisco<\/strong>)<\/li>\n
        2. ) Neozna\u010den\u00e9 porty (\u010di access porty<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Zauj\u00edmaj\u00fa n\u00e1s ozna\u010den\u00e9 porty alebo trunk porty. Tie sl\u00fa\u017eia na to, aby cez jedin\u00fd port<\/strong> bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 d\u00e1ta patriace k roznym VLANom<\/strong> a prij\u00edma\u0165 d\u00e1ta z nieko\u013ek\u00fdch VLAN na jeden port (pam\u00e4t\u00e1me si, \u017ee zvy\u010dajne si porty z r\u00f4znych VLAN navz\u00e1jom nevn\u00edmaj\u00fa)<\/em>. <\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          \"Ako<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Na tomto obr\u00e1zku s\u00fa ozna\u010den\u00e9 porty \u010d\u00edslo 21<\/strong> a 22<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 prep\u00e1jaj\u00fa dva prep\u00edna\u010de. Cez ne bud\u00fa prech\u00e1dza\u0165 r\u00e1mce, napr\u00edklad od po\u010d\u00edta\u010da E<\/strong> k po\u010d\u00edta\u010du A<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v jednom VLANe, pod\u013ea sch\u00e9my, ktor\u00e1 je pop\u00edsan\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161ie. <\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Tak\u017ee kan\u00e1l medzi t\u00fdmito portami sa naz\u00fdva \u201c Cisco<\/strong> \u2019om\u201d.trunk<\/strong>Verzia <\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Ako v spolo\u010dnosti interpretuj\u00fa tento pojem? HP<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Tu sa vlastne nezmie\u0148ujeme o VLANe. V pr\u00edpade<\/strong> <\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          \"Ako<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          hovor\u00edme o technol\u00f3gii agreg\u00e1cie kan\u00e1lov. U nich HP<\/strong> \u2013 ide o \u201ctrunk\u201d<\/strong> logick\u00fd kan\u00e1l , ktor\u00fd sp\u00e1ja<\/em>nieko\u013eko fyzick\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov. nieko\u013eko fyzick\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov<\/em>. Tak\u00e9to spojenie umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 priepustnos\u0165 a spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 kan\u00e1la. Pozrime sa na pr\u00edklad. Predpokladajme, \u017ee m\u00e1me dva prep\u00edna\u010de, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 \u0161tyri porty a tieto porty s\u00fa medzi sebou prepojen\u00e9 \u0161tyrmi k\u00e1blami. <\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          \"Ako<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Ak by sme v\u0161etko nechali tak, ako je \u2014 jednoducho prepojenia medzi prep\u00edna\u010dmi \u2014 tieto prepojenia by si navz\u00e1jom posielali r\u00e1mce dookola, t.j. vytvorili by smy\u010dky<\/em> (pri\u010dom vysielacie r\u00e1mce sa bud\u00fa opakovane duplikova\u0165, \u010do povedie k vysielaciemu stavu b\u00farlivej situ\u00e1cie pre prep\u00edna\u010de)<\/em>. <\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Tak\u00e9to duplicitn\u00e9 prepojenia sa pova\u017euj\u00fa za nadbyto\u010dn\u00e9<\/em>, a je potrebn\u00e9 ich eliminova\u0165, na tento \u00fa\u010del je tu protokol STP (Spanning Tree Protocol). Potom z na\u0161ich \u0161tyroch prepojen\u00ed STP odpoj\u00ed tri, preto\u017ee ich pova\u017euje za nadbyto\u010dn\u00e9, a zostane iba jedno prepojenie. <\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Tak\u017ee, ak spoj\u00edme tieto \u0161tyri fyzick\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly, medzi prep\u00edna\u010dmi bude jeden logick\u00fd kan\u00e1l s vy\u0161\u0161ou priepustnos\u0165ou (maxim\u00e1lnou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou prenosu inform\u00e1ci\u00ed po komunika\u010dnom kan\u00e1li za jednotku \u010dasu<\/em>). T.j. zapoj\u00edme \u0161tyri kan\u00e1ly naraz a probl\u00e9m s nadbyto\u010dn\u00fdmi prepojeniami je vyrie\u0161en\u00fd. Pr\u00e1ve tento logick\u00fd (agregovan\u00fd) kan\u00e1l sa naz\u00fdva HP<\/strong> \u201ctrunk<\/strong>Verzia <\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          \"Ako<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Agreg\u00e1ciu kan\u00e1lov je mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavi\u0165 medzi dvoma prep\u00edna\u010dmi, prep\u00edna\u010dom a smerova\u010dom. Do jedn\u00e9ho logick\u00e9ho kan\u00e1la je mo\u017en\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010di\u0165 a\u017e osem fyzick\u00fdch. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, aby v\u0161etky porty, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zl\u00fa\u010den\u00e9 do agregovan\u00e9ho kan\u00e1la, mali rovnak\u00e9 parametre:<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n