{"id":32975,"date":"2019-10-31T21:50:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:50:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:01","slug":"chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly","title":{"rendered":"\u010co je nov\u00e9 v r\u00e1diovom \u00e9teri? Prij\u00edmame a dek\u00f3dujeme najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie sign\u00e1ly","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ahoj Habr.<\/p>\n

Je u\u017e 21. storo\u010die a zdalo by sa, \u017ee \u00fadaje m\u00f4\u017eeme pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 v HD kvalite aj na Mars. Napriek tomu v r\u00e1diovom \u00e9teri st\u00e1le funguje mno\u017estvo zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed a m\u00f4\u017eeme zachyti\u0165 mnoho zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov. <\/p>\n

\"\u010co
\n
\nJe samozrejm\u00e9, \u017ee nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 presk\u00fama\u0165 v\u0161etky z nich, pok\u00fasime sa vybra\u0165 tie najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eeme prij\u00edma\u0165 a dek\u00f3dova\u0165 samostatne pomocou po\u010d\u00edta\u010da. Na prij\u00edmanie sign\u00e1lov vyu\u017eijeme holandsk\u00fd online prij\u00edma\u010d WebSDR<\/a><\/noindex>, dekod\u00e9r MultiPSK a program Virtual Audio Cable.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Na u\u013eah\u010denie presk\u00famania budeme uv\u00e1dza\u0165 sign\u00e1ly pod\u013ea rast\u00facej frekvencie. Vysielacie stanice nebudem posudzova\u0165, to je nudn\u00e9 a oby\u010dajn\u00e9, po\u010d\u00fava\u0165 R\u00e1diu \u010c\u00edny v AM si m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00e1ujemcovia aj sami. Prejdeme k zauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edm sign\u00e1lom.<\/p>\n

Sign\u00e1ly presn\u00e9ho \u010dasu<\/h2>\n

\nNa frekvencii 77,5 kHz (p\u00e1smo dlh\u00fdch v\u013an) sa pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa sign\u00e1ly presn\u00e9ho \u010dasu nemeckej stanice DCF77. O tejto t\u00e9me u\u017e bola samostatn\u00e1 \u010dl\u00e1nok<\/a><\/noindex>, tak\u017ee m\u00f4\u017eeme len stru\u010dne zopakova\u0165, \u017ee ide o jednoduch\u00fd sign\u00e1l s amplit\u00fadovou modul\u00e1ciou \u2014 r\u00f4znymi d\u013a\u017ekami s\u00fa k\u00f3dovan\u00e9 \u201e1\u201c a \u201e0\u201c, v\u00fdsledkom \u010doho je, \u017ee za min\u00fatu je prij\u00edman\u00fd 58-bitov\u00fd k\u00f3d.
\n\"\u010co
\n<\/p>\n

130-140 kHz \u2014 telemetria elektrick\u00fdch siet\u00ed<\/h2>\n

\nNa t\u00fdchto frekvenci\u00e1ch, ak ver\u00edme webovej str\u00e1nke radioscanner<\/a><\/noindex>, sa pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa sign\u00e1ly riadenia elektrick\u00fdch siet\u00ed Nemecka.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nSign\u00e1l je dos\u0165 siln\u00fd a pod\u013ea n\u00e1zorov je prij\u00edman\u00fd aj v Austr\u00e1lii. Dek\u00f3dova\u0165 ho m\u00f4\u017eeme v MultiPSK, ak nastav\u00edme parametre, ako je zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 na sn\u00edmke obrazovky.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nNa v\u00fdstupe dostaneme d\u00e1ta bal\u00edkov, ktor\u00fdch \u0161trukt\u00fara je samozrejme nezn\u00e1ma, t\u00fa\u017eiaci m\u00f4\u017eu experimentova\u0165 a zaobera\u0165 sa anal\u00fdzou vo vo\u013enom \u010dase. Technicky je samostatn\u00fd sign\u00e1l ve\u013emi jednoduch\u00fd, met\u00f3da sa naz\u00fdva FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) a spo\u010d\u00edva vo vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed bitovej postupnosti pomocou zmeny frekvencie prenosu. Ten ist\u00fd sign\u00e1l, vo forme spektra \u2014 bity m\u00f4\u017eeme po\u010d\u00edta\u0165 aj ru\u010dne.
\n\"\u010co
\n<\/p>\n

Meteorologick\u00e1 teletajp<\/h2>\n

\nNa spektre vy\u0161\u0161ie, \u00faplne bl\u00edzko, na frekvencii 147 kHz je vidite\u013en\u00fd \u010fal\u0161\u00ed sign\u00e1l. To je (taktie\u017e nemeck\u00e1) stanica DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst), ktor\u00e1 pren\u00e1\u0161a meteorologick\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy pre lode. Okrem tejto frekvencie, sign\u00e1ly s\u00fa pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 aj na 11039 a 14467 kHz. <\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledok dek\u00f3dovania je zn\u00e1zornen\u00fd na sn\u00edmke obrazovky.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nPrinc\u00edp k\u00f3dovania teletajpu je rovnak\u00fd ako FSK, zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je k\u00f3dovanie textu. Je to 5-bitov\u00e9, pomocou k\u00f3du Bodo<\/a><\/noindex>, a m\u00e1 takmer 100-ro\u010dn\u00fa hist\u00f3riu.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nZrejme sa podobn\u00fd k\u00f3d pou\u017e\u00edval aj na perforovan\u00fdch p\u00e1soch, a teletajpy sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa niekde od 60-tych rokov, a ako vidno, funguj\u00fa dodnes. Samozrejme, na skuto\u010dnej lodi sa sign\u00e1l neodde\u013euje pomocou po\u010d\u00edta\u010da \u2014 existuj\u00fa \u0161peci\u00e1lne prij\u00edma\u010de, ktor\u00e9 zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa sign\u00e1l a zobrazuj\u00fa ho na obrazovke.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nVo v\u0161eobecnosti, aj pri existencii satelitnej komunik\u00e1cie a internetu, prenos \u00fadajov tak\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom zost\u00e1va jednoduch\u00fdm, spo\u013eahliv\u00fdm a lacn\u00fdm prostriedkom. Hoci sa samozrejme d\u00e1 predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee raz aj tieto syst\u00e9my zmizn\u00fa v hist\u00f3rii a bud\u00fa nahraden\u00e9 \u00faplne digit\u00e1lnymi slu\u017ebami. Tak\u017ee t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed chc\u00fa prija\u0165 tak\u00fd sign\u00e1l, by nemali pr\u00edli\u0161 dlho \u010daka\u0165. <\/p>\n

Meteorfax<\/h2>\n

\n\u010eal\u0161\u00ed legacy sign\u00e1l s takmer rovnakou dlhou hist\u00f3riou. V tomto sign\u00e1le sa obraz pren\u00e1\u0161a v anal\u00f3govom form\u00e1te<\/i> s r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 120 l\u00edni\u00ed za min\u00fatu (existuj\u00fa aj in\u00e9 hodnoty, napr\u00edklad 60 alebo 240 LPM), pre k\u00f3dovanie jasnosti sa pou\u017e\u00edva frekven\u010dn\u00e1 modul\u00e1cia \u2014 jasnos\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho bodu obrazu je \u00famern\u00e1 zmene frekvencie. Tak\u00e1 jednoduch\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma umo\u017enila pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 obrazy e\u0161te v \u010dasoch, ke\u010f o \"digit\u00e1lnych sign\u00e1loch\" m\u00e1lokto po\u010dul.<\/p>\n

Popul\u00e1rna v eur\u00f3pskej \u010dasti a pohodln\u00e1 na prij\u00edmanie je u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00e1 nemeck\u00e1 stanica DWD (Deutche Wetterdienst), ktor\u00e1 posiela spr\u00e1vy na frekvenci\u00e1ch 3855, 7880 a 13882 kHz. In\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia, ktorej faxy nie s\u00fa \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 na prijatie \u2014 britsk\u00e9 Joint Operational Meteorology and Oceanography Centre, odosielaj\u00fa sign\u00e1ly na frekvenci\u00e1ch 2618, 4610, 6834, 8040, 11086, 12390 a 18261 kHz.<\/p>\n

Na prijatie sign\u00e1lov HF Fax je potrebn\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 re\u017eim prij\u00edma\u010da USB, na dek\u00f3dovanie je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 MultiPSK. V\u00fdsledok prijatia cez websdr prij\u00edma\u010d je zobrazen\u00fd na obr\u00e1zku:
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nTento obr\u00e1zok bol prijat\u00fd priamo po\u010das p\u00edsania textu. Vidno, \u017ee vertik\u00e1lne \u010diary sa posunuli \u2014 protokol je anal\u00f3gov\u00fd a presnos\u0165 synchroniz\u00e1cie je tu kritick\u00e1, aj mal\u00e9 oneskorenia zvuku sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa posun obrazu. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed \"skuto\u010dn\u00e9ho\" prij\u00edma\u010da tak\u00fdto efekt nebude.<\/p>\n

Samozrejme, rovnako ako v pr\u00edpade meteoteletypu, na lodiach nikto dek\u00f3duje faxy pomocou po\u010d\u00edta\u010da \u2014 existuj\u00fa \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 prij\u00edma\u010de (pr\u00edklad obr\u00e1zka na za\u010diatku \u010dl\u00e1nku), ktor\u00e9 robia cel\u00fa pr\u00e1cu automaticky.<\/p>\n

STANAG 4285<\/h2>\n

\nTeraz zv\u00e1\u017eime modernej\u0161\u00ed \u0161tandard prenosu d\u00e1t na kr\u00e1tkych vln\u00e1ch \u2014 modem Stanag 4285. Tento form\u00e1t bol vyvinut\u00fd pre NATO a existuje v r\u00f4znych variantoch. V jeho z\u00e1klade je f\u00e1zov\u00e1 modul\u00e1cia, parametre sign\u00e1lu sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165, ako je vidie\u0165 v tabu\u013eke, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 od 75 do 2400 bit\/s. To sa m\u00f4\u017ee zda\u0165 m\u00e1lo, ale vzh\u013eadom na prostredie prenosu \u2014 kr\u00e1tke vlny, s ich vynechan\u00edm a ru\u0161en\u00edm, je to celkom dobr\u00fd v\u00fdsledok.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nProgram MultiPSK m\u00f4\u017ee dek\u00f3dova\u0165 STANAG, ale v 95% pr\u00edpadov bude v\u00fdsledkom dek\u00f3dovania len \"odpad\" \u2014 samotn\u00fd form\u00e1t poskytuje len bitov\u00fd protokol dolnej \u00farovne, zatia\u013e \u010do samotn\u00e9 \u00fadaje m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 \u0161ifrovan\u00e9 alebo ma\u0165 nejak\u00fd svoj vlastn\u00fd form\u00e1t. Niektor\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly sa v\u0161ak dek\u00f3dova\u0165 daj\u00fa, napr\u00edklad ni\u017e\u0161ie uveden\u00fd z\u00e1znam na frekvencii 8453 kHz. Dek\u00f3dova\u0165 aspo\u0148 nejak\u00fd sign\u00e1l cez websdr prij\u00edma\u010d sa mi nepodarilo, zjavne online prenos naru\u0161uje \u0161trukt\u00faru \u00fadajov. Z\u00e1ujemcovia si m\u00f4\u017eu stiahnu\u0165 s\u00fabor z re\u00e1lneho prij\u00edma\u010da cez odkaz cloud.mail.ru\/public\/JRZs\/gH581X71s<\/a><\/noindex>. V\u00fdsledky dek\u00f3dovania v MultiPSK s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 na sn\u00edmke obrazovky ni\u017e\u0161ie. Ako je vidie\u0165, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 pre tento z\u00e1znam je 600 bps, zjavne sa pren\u00e1\u0161a textov\u00fd s\u00fabor.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nZauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee ako je vidie\u0165 na panor\u00e1me, tak\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov je vo vzduchu naozaj ve\u013emi ve\u013ea:
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nSamozrejme, nie v\u0161etky z nich m\u00f4\u017eu patr\u00ed pr\u00e1ve STANAG \u2014 na podobn\u00fdch princ\u00edpoch existuj\u00fa aj in\u00e9 protokoly. Ako pr\u00edklad m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 anal\u00fdzu sign\u00e1lu Thales HF Modem<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

Rovnako ako v pr\u00edpade in\u00fdch prezeran\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov, na skuto\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edjem a prenos sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 zariadenia. Napr\u00edklad pre modem zobrazen\u00fd na fotografii NSGDatacom 4539<\/a><\/noindex> je deklarovan\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 od 75 do 9600 bps pri \u0161\u00edrke sign\u00e1lu 3 kHz.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nR\u00fdchlos\u0165 9600 samozrejme nie je ve\u013emi p\u00f4sobiv\u00e1, ale vzh\u013eadom na to, \u017ee sign\u00e1ly sa daj\u00fa pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 aj z d\u017eungle alebo z lode v oce\u00e1ne, pri\u010dom za d\u00e1ta nemus\u00edte plati\u0165 oper\u00e1torovi, nie je to tak\u00e9 zl\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Pozrime sa bli\u017e\u0161ie na panor\u00e1mu vy\u0161\u0161ie. V\u013eavo vid\u00edme... spr\u00e1vne, star\u00fa dobr\u00fa Morzeovu abecedu. Tak prejdime k \u010fal\u0161iemu sign\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Morseova abeceda (CW)<\/h2>\n

\nNa frekvencii 8423 KHz po\u010dujeme pr\u00e1ve to. Umenie sluchov\u00e9ho pr\u00edjmu Morseovej abecedy je teraz takmer stratou, a preto vyu\u017eijeme MultiPSK (aj ke\u010f dek\u00f3duje celkom zle, program CW Skimmer si vedie omnoho lep\u0161ie).
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nAko m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165, pren\u00e1\u0161a sa opakuj\u00faci text DE SVO, ak ver\u00edme webovej str\u00e1nke radioscanner<\/a><\/noindex>, stanica je umiestnen\u00e1 v Gr\u00e9cku. <\/p>\n

Samozrejme, tak\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly s\u00fa u\u017e zriedkav\u00e9, ale st\u00e1le existuj\u00fa. Ako pr\u00edklad m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 dlhodobo funguj\u00facu stanicu na 4331 KHz, ktor\u00e1 pren\u00e1\u0161a opakuj\u00face sa sign\u00e1ly \"VVV DE E4X4XZ\". Ako nazna\u010duje Google, stanica patr\u00ed izraelsk\u00e9mu n\u00e1morn\u00edctvu. Pren\u00e1\u0161a sa na tejto frekvencii nie\u010do in\u00e9? Odpove\u010f nie je zn\u00e1ma, z\u00e1ujemcovia si m\u00f4\u017eu naladi\u0165 a skontrolova\u0165 sami. <\/p>\n

The Buzzer (\u0423\u0412\u0411-76)<\/h2>\n

\nNa\u0161e hitpar\u00e1dov\u00e9 zakon\u010duje asi najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00ed sign\u00e1l - zn\u00e1my ako v Rusku, tak aj mimo jej hran\u00edc, sign\u00e1l na frekvencii 4625 KHz.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nSign\u00e1l sa pou\u017e\u00edva na varovanie vojsk a predstavuje opakuj\u00face sa zvuky, medzi ktor\u00fdmi sa niekedy pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa k\u00f3dov\u00e9 fr\u00e1zy z \u0161ifrovacieho bloku (abstraktn\u00e9 slov\u00e1 ako \u201eKROLIST\u201c alebo \u201eBRAMIRKA\u201c). Niektor\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161u, \u017ee videli tak\u00e9 prij\u00edma\u010de vo vojensk\u00fdch \u00faradoch, in\u00ed tvrdia, \u017ee je to s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 syst\u00e9mu \u201em\u0155tva ruka\u201c, celkovo je sign\u00e1l mekka pre nad\u0161encov Stalkera, te\u00f3ri\u00ed sprisahania, \u201estudenej vojny\u201c a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch t\u00e9m. Z\u00e1ujemcovia m\u00f4\u017eu zada\u0165 do vyh\u013ead\u00e1va\u010da \u201e\u0423\u0412\u0411-76\u201c a som si ist\u00fd, zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 \u010d\u00edtanie na ve\u010der je zaru\u010den\u00e9 (aj ke\u010f na v\u0161etko nap\u00edsan\u00e9 sa netreba bra\u0165 pr\u00edli\u0161 v\u00e1\u017ene). Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je syst\u00e9m dos\u0165 zauj\u00edmav\u00fd, aspo\u0148 t\u00fdm, \u017ee funguje dodnes od \u010dias \u201estuden\u00e9 vojny\u201c, aj ke\u010f je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 poveda\u0165, \u010di je to teraz potrebn\u00e9. <\/p>\n

Dokon\u010denie<\/h2>\n

\nTento zoznam rozhodne nie je vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00faci. S pomocou r\u00e1di prij\u00edma\u010da m\u00f4\u017eeme po\u010du\u0165 (alebo sk\u00f4r vidie\u0165) sign\u00e1ly spojenia s ponorkami, aj horizon\u00e1lne radary, a r\u00fdchlo sa meniacie frequency hopping sign\u00e1ly a mnoho \u010fal\u0161ieho. <\/p>\n

Tu je pr\u00edklad obr\u00e1zku, ktor\u00fd bol pr\u00e1ve teraz zachyten\u00fd na frekvencii 8 MHz, na \u0148om mo\u017eno napo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 minim\u00e1lne 5 sign\u00e1lov r\u00f4znych typov.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\n\u010co predstavuj\u00fa - \u010dasto nie je zn\u00e1me, aspo\u0148 v otvoren\u00fdch zdrojoch je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 v\u0161etko (aj ke\u010f existuj\u00fa str\u00e1nky ako www.sigidwiki.com\/wiki\/Signal_Identification_Guide<\/a><\/noindex> a www.radioscanner.ru\/base<\/a><\/noindex>). Sk\u00famanie tak\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 ako z poh\u013eadu matematiky, programovania a COS, tak aj len ako sp\u00f4sob, ako sa dozvedie\u0165 nie\u010do nov\u00e9 o okolitom svete.<\/p>\n

Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee napriek rozvoju internetu a komunik\u00e1cie r\u00e1dio nielen\u017ee nestr\u00e1ca svoju poz\u00edciu, ale naopak \u2014 mo\u017enos\u0165 prenosu d\u00e1t priamo od odosielate\u013ea k prij\u00edmate\u013eovi, bez cenz\u00fary, kontroly prev\u00e1dzky a sledovania paketov, sa m\u00f4\u017ee op\u00e4\u0165 sta\u0165 aktu\u00e1lnou (aj ke\u010f d\u00fafajme, \u017ee sa to predsa len nestane)\u2026
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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