{"id":32987,"date":"2019-10-31T21:50:08","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/samye-interesnye-yady\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:50:08","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:08","slug":"samye-interesnye-yady","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady","title":{"rendered":"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/1adc2613ed3713c148a0eeb4c4510cb7.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAhoj, %username%!<\/p>\n<p>Znova ve\u010der, znova nem\u00e1m \u010do robi\u0165, a rozhodol som sa str\u00e1vi\u0165 trochu \u010dasu p\u00edsan\u00edm tretej \u010dasti svojho cyklu o jedoch. D\u00fafam, \u017ee si \u010d\u00edtal <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450294\/\">prv\u00fa<\/a><\/noindex> a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450398\/\">druh\u00fa<\/a><\/noindex> \u010das\u0165 a p\u00e1\u010dila sa ti.<\/p>\n<p>V tretej \u010dasti si trochu odd\u00fdchneme. Nebude sa tu rozpr\u00e1va\u0165 o jedoch, ktor\u00e9 stret\u00e1va\u0161 na ka\u017edom kroku \u2014 sk\u00f4r naopak. Nebude tu \u017eiaden holivar o \u0161kodlivosti alkoholu a nikot\u00ednu.<\/p>\n<p>V tretej \u010dasti zhrniem tie jedy, ktor\u00e9 mi z nejak\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov pri\u0161li zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 (ak sa tak\u00e9 slovo v\u00f4bec d\u00e1 pou\u017ei\u0165 na jedy \u2014 ale, ako som u\u017e povedal, som umelec, vid\u00edm to tak).<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, znova moja smrte\u013en\u00e1 desiatka! Po\u010fme na to.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Desiate miesto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Hom\u00eddiumbromid<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0344809f92010a7ebf7d7c024733ce81.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u013dudstvo v\u017edy bolo zvedav\u00e9. A vo svojej zvedavosti ob\u010das ne\u00famyselne vytv\u00e1ra mon\u0161tr\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Hom\u00eddiumbromid bol vytvoren\u00fd ako interkaluj\u00faca l\u00e1tka pre molekul\u00e1rnu biol\u00f3giu s cie\u013eom identifikova\u0165 a sk\u00fama\u0165 nukleov\u00e9 kyseliny, konkr\u00e9tne pri elektrofor\u00e9ze DNA alebo RNA v agar\u00f3zovom g\u00e9le.<\/p>\n<p>Slovo \u201einterkaluj\u00faci\u201c je tu k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9. Pod\u013ea defin\u00edcie je interkal\u00e1cia reverzibiln\u00fdm zahrnut\u00edm molekuly alebo skupiny medzi in\u00e9 molekuly alebo skupiny. Hom\u00eddiumbromid interaguje s nukleov\u00fdmi kyselinami, za\u010dle\u0148uj\u00fac sa medzi b\u00e1zy.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Komu je to zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 &#8212; vyzer\u00e1 to asi takto<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/b352f666de3f03eb133509a35ab3373e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nV praxi hom\u00eddiumbromid aj v mal\u00fdch d\u00e1vkach inhibuje synt\u00e9zu DNA a RNA a nar\u00fa\u0161a superskr\u00fatenie kruhovej DNA. T\u00e1to l\u00e1tka je takmer najv\u00fdkonej\u0161\u00edm zn\u00e1mych mutag\u00e9nov.<\/p>\n<p>V literat\u00fare nie s\u00fa \u017eiadne inform\u00e1cie o tom, ak\u00e9 mno\u017estvo hom\u00eddiumbromidu by malo by\u0165 prijat\u00e9, aby sa zaru\u010dila smr\u0165. Nie s\u00fa inform\u00e1cie o tom, ako by t\u00e1to smr\u0165 prebiehala. Vedci sa st\u00e1le dohaduj\u00fa, \u010di m\u00e1 t\u00e1to l\u00e1tka karcinog\u00e9nne vlastnosti.<\/p>\n<p>%username%, hom\u00eddiumbromid je skvel\u00fd sp\u00f4sob, ako sa dozvedie\u0165 nie\u010do nov\u00e9 o svojom tele v duchu S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Odv\u00e1\u017e sa!<\/p>\n<h3>Deviate miesto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">NNG<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/51f2314e8f709f7a638330d8e41561e5.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAk \u0165a neuspokojilo desiate miesto \u2014 predstavujeme: N-methyl-N&#8217;-nitro-N-nitrosoguanid\u00edn! Alebo jednoducho a skromne: BFG NNG.<\/p>\n<p>Pam\u00e4t\u00e1\u0161, ako som hovoril o \u201etakmer najv\u00fdkonnej\u0161om mutag\u00e9nu\u201c? Tak\u017ee NNG \u2014 to je najv\u00fdkonnej\u0161\u00ed. Na rozdiel od slab\u00e9ho hom\u00eddiumbromidu, NNG v\u017edy sp\u00f4sobuje viac ako jednu mut\u00e1ciu na bunku. Majstri g\u00e9novej in\u017einierie, ke\u010f vykon\u00e1vali svoje experimenty s Escherichiou coli, pou\u017e\u00edvali pr\u00e1ve NNG.<\/p>\n<p>A mimochodom, NNG je 100% karcinog\u00e9n. V tomto pr\u00edpade sa objavuj\u00fa mnoh\u00e9 n\u00e1dory, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v\u017edy recidivuj\u00face.<\/p>\n<p>Okrem v\u0161etk\u00e9ho, NNG:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nestabiln\u00fd. Samotn\u00e1 t\u00e1to l\u00e1tka je pr\u00e1\u0161ok, ale neust\u00e1le sa rozklad\u00e1 a pri skladovan\u00ed v zatvorenej n\u00e1dobe exploduje. <\/li>\n<li>Intenz\u00edvne reaguje s vodou.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00f4\u017ee explodova\u0165 pri n\u00e1raze.<\/li>\n<li>Citliv\u00fd na teplo, svetlo, vlhkos\u0165 \u2014 exploduje bez varovania.<\/li>\n<li>\u013dahko z\u00e1paln\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li>Neskompatibiln\u00fd s vodn\u00fdmi roztokmi, kyselinami, l\u00fahmi, oxida\u010dn\u00fdmi \u010dinidlami, reduk\u010dn\u00fdmi \u010dinidlami \u2014 \u017eiv\u00e1 reakcia so v\u00fdbuchom.<\/li>\n<li>Alkalick\u00e1 hydrol\u00fdza pri deaktiva\u010dnej reakcii uvo\u013e\u0148uje toxick\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 plyny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nHoci z h\u013eadiska toxicity, NNG je dos\u0165 mil\u00fd: potkany umieraj\u00fa pri d\u00e1vkach okolo 90 mg\/kg. Zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fac z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 vlastnosti NNG, d\u00e1 sa poveda\u0165, \u017ee mali \u0161\u0165astie.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00d4sme miesto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Heptyl<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/597e48bbf67200c50514a28b65517be8.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nOd nepam\u00e4ti sn\u00edval \u010dlovek o lietan\u00ed. V minulom storo\u010d\u00ed sa sen stal skuto\u010dnos\u0165ou v letech do vesm\u00edru. S ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokom \u013eudstvo opatrovalo my\u0161lienky o dobytie Mesiaca, Marsu, let na hviezdy.<\/p>\n<p>Potom preteky ustali. Zmizla konkurencia, nad\u0161enie opadlo, v\u0161etci za\u010dali po\u010d\u00edta\u0165 peniaze a zrazu zistili, \u017ee ove\u013ea zauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie je zar\u00e1ba\u0165 na smartf\u00f3noch a procesoroch ako niekam lieta\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Ale o tom nehovor\u00edm. Heptyl \u2014 alebo neusymetrick\u00fd dimetylhydraz\u00edn (NDMH, 1,1-dimetylhydraz\u00edn) \u2014 je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou vysoko varn\u00e9ho (s teplotou varu nad 0 \u00b0C) raketov\u00e9ho paliva. Ako oxida\u010dn\u00fd \u010dinidlo sa v p\u00e1re s heptylom \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edva tetrasoxid diazotu (AT), \u010dist\u00fd alebo v zmesi s kyselinou dusi\u010dnou, zn\u00e1me s\u00fa pr\u00edpady pou\u017eitia \u010distej kyseliny a kvapaln\u00e9ho kysl\u00edka. Na zlep\u0161enie vlastnost\u00ed heptylu sa pou\u017e\u00edval v zmesi s hydraz\u00ednom, zn\u00e1mej ako aerosol.<\/p>\n<p>Toto palivo (a to je skuto\u010dne raketov\u00e9 palivo!) sa pou\u017e\u00edvalo a pou\u017e\u00edva, okrem in\u00e9ho, v sovietskych raket\u00e1ch - nosi\u010doch \u201eProton\u201c, \u201eKosmos\u201c, \u201eCyclone\u201c; americk\u00fdch \u2014 rodiny \u201eTitan\u201c; franc\u00fazskych \u2014 rodiny \u201eAriane\u201c; v motorov\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch pilotovan\u00fdch plavidiel, satelitov, orbit\u00e1lnych a medziplanet\u00e1rnych stan\u00edc.<\/p>\n<p>Heptil je bezbarvn\u00e1 alebo jemne \u017eltkast\u00e1 priezra\u010dn\u00e1 kvapalina s ostr\u00fdm nepr\u00edjemn\u00fdm z\u00e1pachom, charakteristick\u00fdm pre am\u00edny (z\u00e1pach skazenej ryby, podobn\u00fd z\u00e1pachu amoniaku, ve\u013emi pripom\u00ednaj\u00faci z\u00e1pach \u0161proty). Dobre sa mie\u0161a s vodou, etanolom, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou ropn\u00fdch produktov a mnoh\u00fdmi organick\u00fdmi rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adlami. Samovznietenie nast\u00e1va pri kontakte s oxidantmi na b\u00e1ze dusi\u010dnej kyseliny a tetraoxidu diaz\u00f3na, \u010do u\u013eah\u010duje kon\u0161trukciu a zais\u0165uje \u013eahk\u00e9 spustenie a mo\u017enos\u0165 opakovan\u00e9ho zap\u00ednania raketov\u00fdch motorov. Toto je jedna z v\u00fdhod, okrem toho sa prid\u00e1va aj ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 na jednotku hmotnosti palivovej zmesi (prevy\u0161uje p\u00e1r kysl\u00edk + keros\u00edn a p\u00e1r kysl\u00edk + vod\u00edk pod\u013ea hustoty \u2014 1170 kg\/m\u00b3 oproti 1070 kg\/m\u00b3 a 285 kg\/m\u00b3).<\/p>\n<p>Teraz o nepr\u00edjemnom.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Heptil je \u0161tyrikr\u00e1t toxickej\u0161\u00ed ako kyanovod\u00edk. \u00da\u010dinky na \u013eudsk\u00fd organizmus: podr\u00e1\u017edenie slizn\u00edc o\u010d\u00ed, d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest a p\u013e\u00fac, siln\u00e9 vzru\u0161enie centr\u00e1lneho nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, poruchy tr\u00e1viaceho traktu (nevo\u013enos\u0165, vracanie), strata vedomia, smr\u0165.<\/li>\n<li>Teplota vzplanutia je -15 \u00b0C; teplota samovznietenia je 249 \u00b0C; koncentra\u010dn\u00e9 limity pre \u0161\u00edrenie plame\u0148a s\u00fa 2\u201495 % obj. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee heptil sa ve\u013emi \u013eahko zap\u00e1li a ve\u013emi \u013eahko hor\u00ed (kto by o tom pochyboval).<\/li>\n<li>P\u00e1ry heptilu s\u00fa mimoriadne v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9, pri\u010dom zaost\u00e1vaj\u00fa len za parou vod\u00edka a kysl\u00edka.<\/li>\n<li>Mutag\u00e9n. Karcinog\u00e9n. Tak ve\u013emi siln\u00fd, \u017ee sa pou\u017e\u00edva na spo\u013eahliv\u00e9 vyvolanie kolorekt\u00e1lneho karcin\u00f3mu u potkanov v \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch n\u00e1dorov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u010co na to hovor\u00ed\u0161, Elon Musk? Skr\u00e1tka, %username%, nez\u00e1vid\u00edm ti, ak \u017eije\u0161 bl\u00edzko kozmodr\u00f3mu.<\/p>\n<h3>Siedme miesto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Kantarid\u00edn<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/4454a2a9a26a6276a41ddcbcf4ee23ed.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nOkrem toho, \u017ee lieta\u0165, mal \u013eudstvo v\u017edy zauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie z\u00e1le\u017eitosti. Napr\u00edklad, vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch sa mu\u017ei ve\u013emi znepokojovali oh\u013eadom svojich schopnost\u00ed \u2014 a \u00e1no, mysl\u00edm pr\u00e1ve na tie schopnosti!<\/p>\n<p>Teraz sa h\u013eadanie liekov proti ang\u00edne \u0161\u0165astia jedn\u00e9ho mu\u017ea ur\u010dite vyplatilo \u2014 a objavil sa sildenafil \u2014 nu\u017e, alebo v be\u017enej re\u010di Viagra. A predt\u00fdm to bolo ove\u013ea zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie!<\/p>\n<p>Jedn\u00fdm z popul\u00e1rnych variantov bolo bra\u0165 tak\u00fato potvoru:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/a027df8ffc439528e543a7c6d2bdf567.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNie, %username%, to nie jest zielony karaluch, a hiszpa\u0144ska mucha. Historia jej jest do\u015b\u0107 stara i bardzo kolorowa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>W czasach Rzymu Livia, zdradliwa \u017cona Oktawiana Augusta, wsypa\u0142a hiszpank\u0119 do jedzenia z nadziej\u0105, \u017ce zainspiruje go\u015bci Livia do nieprzyzwoito\u015bci, co w przysz\u0142o\u015bci pomo\u017ce jej w szanta\u017cu.<\/li>\n<li>W 1572 roku Ambroise Par\u00e9 napisa\u0142 raport o m\u0119\u017cczy\u017anie cierpi\u0105cym na \"najstraszniejszy satyriasis\" <i>(my nazywamy to teraz innym s\u0142owem, ale google to sam)<\/i> po za\u017cyciu mikstury, kt\u00f3rej sk\u0142adnikami by\u0142y pokrzywa i hiszpa\u0144ska mucha.<\/li>\n<li>W latach 70. XVII wieku wr\u00f3\u017cka i znachorka La Voisen proponowa\u0142a \"eliksir mi\u0142osny\" z hiszpa\u0144skiej muchy, suszonej krwi kreta i nietoperza (fu).<\/li>\n<li>W \"Marsylskim procesie\" markiza de Sade zarzucano mu mi\u0119dzy innymi stosowanie \"hiszpa\u0144skich much\".<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA wszystko przez kantarydyn\u0119, kt\u00f3rej w sekrecie tego karalucha jest a\u017c 5%! Przy okazji, nie tylko: kantarydyna wyst\u0119puje w hemolimfie chrz\u0105szczy-ropuchowatych, stawonog\u00f3w i niekt\u00f3rych chrz\u0105szczy-kwietnic. I tak, w ma\u0142ych dawkach to dok\u0142adnie to, czego potrzebuje starszy kawaler, otoczony m\u0142odymi kurtyzankami!<\/p>\n<p>Problem w tym, \u017ce opr\u00f3cz tego dzia\u0142ania, kantarydyna ma tak\u017ce w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci powoduj\u0105ce zmiany sk\u00f3rne. Ale poniewa\u017c nie by\u0142a wcierana, a spo\u017cywana, to: po dostaniu si\u0119 do przewodu pokarmowego w dawkach rz\u0119du 0,5 mg\/kg zaczyna\u0142a si\u0119 szybko rozwijaj\u0105ca si\u0119 intoksykacja \u2014 b\u00f3le brzucha, wymioty, krew w moczu, ostre zapalenie nerek, rozw\u00f3j niewydolno\u015bci nerek. Dawka przekraczaj\u0105ca 40-80 mg\/kg skutecznie i na zawsze rozwi\u0105zywa\u0142a kwestie kontakt\u00f3w nie tylko z kobietami, ale i w og\u00f3le z \u017cyciem: przy p\u00f3\u017aniejszej sekcji stwierdzano wyra\u017an\u0105 hiperemi\u0119 b\u0142on \u015bluzowych, powstawanie wrzod\u00f3w i ognisk krwawienia, rozproszone ogniska uszkodze\u0144 wykrywano w w\u0105trobie i nerkach.<\/p>\n<p>Czy to ryzyko jest tego warte? Historia m\u00f3wi\u0142a, \u017ce tak.<\/p>\n<p>Dlatego sukces viagry nie powinien nikogo dziwi\u0107.<\/p>\n<h3>Sz\u00f3ste miejsce<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Paraquat<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/1e1285e4586353ea9c1fce79bc3decbf.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKe\u010f u\u017e sa hovor\u00ed o \u013eudstve a \u013eu\u010foch, tak vie\u0161, %username%, ke\u010f som pripravoval zoznam \u010dlenov tohto hitpar\u00e1dy, zo zvl\u00e1\u0161tneho d\u00f4vodu som za\u010dal ch\u00e1pa\u0165 aj riasy, aj huby a cel\u00fa t\u00fa zlomyse\u013en\u00fa a jedovat\u00fa fl\u00f3ru a faunu, ktor\u00e1 n\u00e1s obklopuje. Lebo nena\u0161iel som \u017eiadne zlovestnej\u0161ie a \u2014 \u010do je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9! \u2014 chaoticky jedovat\u00e9 zviera, ako je \u010dlovek. A pr\u00e1ve \u201echaoticky\u201c je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 slovo, preto\u017ee \u010dlovek otravuje aj fl\u00f3ru, aj faunu a seba sam\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>Paraquat \u2014 organick\u00e1 zl\u00fa\u010denina, obchodn\u00fd n\u00e1zov N,N&#8217;-dimetyl-4,4&#8242;-dipirid\u00edlium dichlorid. Vo forme \u0161tvrt\u00e9ho am\u00f3niov\u00e9ho so\u013en\u00e9ho roztoku sa paraquat \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edva ako siln\u00fd herbic\u00edd nespecificick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku. Mimochodom, %username%, m\u00e1\u0161 svoj web? <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.paraquat.com\/\">No a \u010do m\u00e1 paraquat?<\/a><\/noindex>!<\/p>\n<p>Paraquat sa pou\u017e\u00edva na odstr\u00e1nenie \u0161irokolist\u00fdch bur\u00edn a tr\u00e1vy, ale je menej \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd pri boji s hlbokoko\u0159enov\u00fdmi burinami. Tento herbic\u00edd nepo\u0161kodzuje k\u00f4ru stromov, preto sa \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edva na boj s burinami v ovocn\u00fdch sadoch. V \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokoch sa paraquat pou\u017e\u00edval v USA aj na boj proti plant\u00e1\u017eam marihuany a koky v Ju\u017enej Amerike (nejak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom mi pri\u0161la na um hist\u00f3ria o \u201e\u017dltom da\u017edi\u201c a \u201eOran\u017eovom agente\u201c \u2014 pripome\u0148 mi to nesk\u00f4r, ak chce\u0161 po\u010du\u0165 aj t\u00fato hist\u00f3riu). <\/p>\n<p>Paraquat je vysoko toxick\u00fd pre zvierat\u00e1 a \u013eud\u00ed. Smrte\u013en\u00e1 d\u00e1vka m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 asi jedna \u010dajov\u00e1 ly\u017ei\u010dka l\u00e1tky. Pri po\u017eit\u00ed sa paraquat krvou dost\u00e1va do v\u0161etk\u00fdch tkan\u00edv organizmu, pri\u010dom sa selekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie hromad\u00ed v p\u013e\u00facach. To sp\u00f4sobuje opuch a in\u00e9 po\u0161kodenia p\u013e\u00fac, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k fibr\u00f3ze. Okrem p\u013e\u00fac m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 po\u0161koden\u00e9 aj pe\u010de\u0148 a obli\u010dky (zlyhanie obli\u010diek).<\/p>\n<p>V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa paraquat pou\u017e\u00edva ako herbic\u00edd v 120 krajin\u00e1ch (v Rusku sa nepou\u017e\u00edva \u2014 tu ma to dokonca prekvapilo!).<\/p>\n<p>\u010co m\u00e1m poveda\u0165? Pr\u00edjemn\u00fa chu\u0165.<\/p>\n<h3>Piate miesto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Endrin<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/2c5ed0caaf2151799d914079cfbf6a66.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Endrin bol syntetizovan\u00fd v roku 1949 Kurtom Alderom. Komer\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00fdroba endrinu sa za\u010dala v USA v roku 1951, kde sa spolu s aldrinom pou\u017e\u00edval ako pestic\u00edd. Zistilo sa, \u017ee t\u00e1to l\u00e1tka je viac ne\u017e 2-kr\u00e1t \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ia ako aldrin a 10\u201412-kr\u00e1t \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ia ako DDT. Uk\u00e1zal sa ako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd v boji proti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>h\u00fasenicami a vo\u0161kami na tabaku, kukurici, cukrovej repy, cukrovej trstine, bavln\u00edku a in\u00fdch po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych plodin\u00e1ch;<\/li>\n<li>\u010dern\u00fdmi r\u00edbez\u013eami, proti ktor\u00fdm s\u00fa v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 pr\u00edpravky ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9;<\/li>\n<li>mysiami a in\u00fdmi hlodavcami;<\/li>\n<li>\u013eud\u00ed (\u010do???).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00c1no, m\u00f4j drah\u00fd priate\u013e, toxicita aeros\u00f3lu endr\u00ednu pre \u010dloveka je porovnate\u013en\u00e1 s cyanidom. Zasahuje preva\u017ene nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Absorbuje sa cez poko\u017eku. M\u00e1 dlh\u00fd pol\u010das vylu\u010dovania z organizmu. Kr\u00e1sne, \u017ee?<\/p>\n<p>Pri ak\u00fatnom otr\u00e1ven\u00ed endr\u00ednom je charakteristick\u00e9 pohybov\u00e9 vzru\u0161enie, zr\u00fdchlen\u00e9 d\u00fdchanie, trhnutia svalov, \u0161kubanie, tonick\u00e9 k\u0155\u010de. Smr\u0165 nast\u00e1va po nieko\u013ek\u00fdch z\u00e1chvatoch k\u0155\u010dov v d\u00f4sledku paral\u00fdzy d\u00fdchacieho centra. Boli zaznamenan\u00e9 pr\u00edpady ak\u00fatnych otr\u00e1ven\u00ed v d\u00f4sledku konzum\u00e1cie chleba upe\u010den\u00e9ho z kontaminovanej m\u00faky s obsahom endr\u00ednu 150\u20145500 mg\/kg. Prv\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky intoxik\u00e1cie sa zvy\u010dajne objavili po 2\u20143 hodin\u00e1ch (celkov\u00e9 nevo\u013enos\u0165, nevo\u013enos\u0165, zvracanie, slabos\u0165, siln\u00e9 potenie). V \u0165a\u017e\u0161\u00edch pr\u00edpadoch boli zaznamenan\u00e9 k\u0155\u010de, do\u010dasn\u00e1 hluchota, paral\u00fdzy, poruchy koordin\u00e1cie pohybov, parest\u00e9zie. Uzdravenie nastalo r\u00fdchlo, av\u0161ak niekedy sa pozorovala ako n\u00e1sledok otravy kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1 dezorient\u00e1cia, agresivita, poruchy inteligencie. <\/p>\n<p>V roku 1969 (18 rokov nesk\u00f4r!!!) bol endr\u00edn vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00fd zo zoznamu l\u00e1tok na ochranu rastl\u00edn kv\u00f4li jeho sklonu k bioakumul\u00e1cii (mimochodom, hovoril som, \u017ee nie je rozpustn\u00fd vo vode?). Napriek tomu sa tento pestic\u00edd v niektor\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edval a\u017e do za\u010diatku 90. rokov. Na z\u00e1klade rozhodnutia Stockholmskej konvencie zo 23. m\u00e1ja 2001 je na celom svete platn\u00fd z\u00e1kaz v\u00fdroby, predaja a pou\u017eitia endr\u00ednu ako jedn\u00e9ho z mimoriadne toxick\u00fdch a odoln\u00fdch vo\u010di vonkaj\u0161\u00edm vplyvom pestic\u00eddov. <\/p>\n<p>Celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estvo vyroben\u00e9ho endr\u00ednu od roku 1951 je ~5000 ton, z ktor\u00fdch viac ako 2500 ton bolo vyroben\u00fdch v USA. Nikto nevie, \u010do sa s n\u00edm tam teraz deje a \u010di ho niekde potajomky nevyliali \u2014 a to je smutn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0160tvrt\u00e9 miesto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Ricin<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/6037c04cd294f98662de64d7fd9a9afb.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nVie\u0161, \u010do je to makuha, %username%? To je \u2014 zvy\u0161ok slne\u010dnicov\u00fdch semien, ke\u010f sa z nich vyrob\u00ed olej. M\u00f4j dedko nosil domov ve\u013ek\u00e9 disky maku, na ktor\u00e9 potom chytal ryby.<\/p>\n<p>Videli si niekedy ric\u00ednov\u00fd olej, %username%? Nep\u00fdtam sa, \u010di si ho pil, aj ke\u010f medzi in\u00fdm \u2014 je to najlep\u0161ie a najekologickej\u0161ie rie\u0161enie pre niektor\u00e9 jemn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n<p>A videl si ric\u00ednov\u00fa pokosen\u00fa hmotu, %username%? Nie? Verte mi: a neuvid\u00ed\u0161.<\/p>\n<p>Ric\u00ednov\u00fd olej sa vyr\u00e1ba zo semien ric\u00ednovn\u00edka \u2014 v tepl\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch je to kr\u00edk vysok\u00fd a\u017e 10 m, u n\u00e1s kv\u00f4li n\u00edzkemu \u017eivotn\u00e9mu minimumum umieraj\u00faceho podnebia je to jednoro\u010dn\u00e1 rastlina s v\u00fd\u0161kou do 2-5 m.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Takto vyzer\u00e1 t\u00e1to tr\u00e1va<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/c4f6fbaf0b72e16a87b6bf5fefe70e01.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">A tak &#8212; &#8216;ric\u00ednov\u00e9 orechy&#8217;<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0a2c19756cb2b70001ec092f10fdfded.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, %username%, ric\u00ednov\u00fd kol\u00e1\u010d nikdy neuvid\u00ed\u0161, preto\u017ee to je strategick\u00fd jed a podlieha pr\u00edsnemu sledovaniu a zne\u0161kodneniu. Glykoprote\u00edn ric\u00edn, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza v semen\u00e1ch ric\u00ednovn\u00edka \u2014 je to najsilnej\u0161\u00ed rastlinn\u00fd jed na svete, pokia\u013e neberieme do \u00favahy rastlinn\u00e9 riasy. Ric\u00edn je 6 000-kr\u00e1t jedovatej\u0161\u00ed ako kyanid draseln\u00fd. Mechanizmus toxick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku ric\u00ednu je tie\u017e kr\u00e1sny: inhib\u00edcia synt\u00e9zy bielkov\u00edn riboz\u00f3mami. Teda tie najmen\u0161ie intracelul\u00e1rne veci, ktor\u00e9 v\u0161etko syntetizuj\u00fa a robia bunky u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdmi \u2014 zrazu prestan\u00fa fungova\u0165. V\u0161ade. Tak\u00e1 vn\u00fatrobunkov\u00e1 \u0161trajk.<\/p>\n<p>V skuto\u010dnosti sa \u0161trajk prejavuje takto: nevo\u013enos\u0165, zvracanie, bolesti a p\u00e1lenie v pa\u017eer\u00e1ku a \u017eal\u00fadku, hna\u010dka, boles\u0165 hlavy, ospalos\u0165, an\u00faria, leukocyt\u00f3za, aglutin\u00e1cia \u010derven\u00fdch krviniek (to je, ke\u010f sa zlepuj\u00fa a vypad\u00e1vaj\u00fa zo sedimentu priamo v cievach a srdci) \u2014 a potom kolaps a smr\u0165. Je to jednoduch\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee aj mal\u00e1 d\u00e1vka ric\u00ednu ve\u013ekosti hlavi\u010dky \u0161pendl\u00edka sta\u010d\u00ed na zabitie dospel\u00e9ho \u010dloveka, je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee to zaujalo \u013eud\u00ed a sp\u00f4soby pou\u017eitia ric\u00ednu ako zbrane hromadn\u00e9ho ni\u010denia sa sk\u00famali vojensk\u00fdmi \u00faradmi r\u00f4znych kraj\u00edn od prvej svetovej vojny. Av\u0161ak kv\u00f4li radom nedostatkov sa t\u00e1to l\u00e1tka nikdy nedostala do v\u00fdzbroje.<\/p>\n<p>Napriek tomu r\u00edc\u00edn na\u0161iel uplatnenie u spravodajsk\u00fdch slu\u017eieb. Jedn\u00fdm z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch incidentov s pou\u017eit\u00edm r\u00edc\u00ednu bolo vra\u017edenie bulharsk\u00e9ho disidenta Georgiho Markova, ktor\u00fd bol otr\u00e1ven\u00fd v roku 1978 pomocou injekcie zo \u0161peci\u00e1lne kon\u0161truovan\u00e9ho d\u00e1\u017ednika. Pod\u013ea in\u00fdch \u00fadajov bola vra\u017eedn\u00e1 zbra\u0148 pneumatickou pu\u0161kou, ktor\u00e1 vystrelila mikrokapsulu s r\u00edc\u00ednom skrytou v d\u00e1\u017ednku. D\u00e1vka, ktor\u00fa dostal Markov, nepresiahla 450 mcg (alebo 0,45 miligramu).<\/p>\n<p>Jednoduchos\u0165 z\u00edskania tox\u00ednu ho robila potenci\u00e1lne dostupn\u00fdm pre teroristick\u00e9 skupiny. Tak v roku 2001 tla\u010d informovala o objaven\u00ed pokynov na v\u00fdrobu r\u00edc\u00ednu na zni\u010denom t\u00e1bore \u201eAl-K\u00e1ida\u201c v K\u00e1bule. V roku 2003 bolo ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estvo r\u00edc\u00ednu n\u00e1jden\u00e9 u teroristov v Lond\u00fdne, stopy r\u00edc\u00ednu sa objavili v \u00falo\u017enej bunke na Lyonovej stanici v Par\u00ed\u017ei.<\/p>\n<p>V roku 2013 boli niektor\u00ed jednotlivci zo \u0161t\u00e1tu Mississippi zatknut\u00ed za pokus posla\u0165 prezidentovi USA Barackovi Obamovi a \u010fal\u0161\u00edm vysokopostaven\u00fdm osobnostiam USA listy s r\u00edc\u00ednom. Tak v m\u00e1ji toho ist\u00e9ho roku bol prim\u00e1torovi mesta New York zaslan\u00fd list s hrozbami, ktor\u00fd obsahoval r\u00edc\u00edn, pravdepodobne ako reakciu na \u010dinnos\u0165 verejnej organiz\u00e1cie \u201ePrim\u00e1tori proti neleg\u00e1lnym zbraniam\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1sledne v Texase boli vznesen\u00e9 obvinenia proti here\u010dke Shannon Richardson, podozrivanej z rozosielania listov so smrte\u013en\u00fdm jedom americk\u00fdm politikom. Ne\u010dudovali by ste sa, rusk\u00e1 stopa tu nebola zaznamenan\u00e1, a preto v\u0161etk\u00fdm pri\u0161lo nudn\u00e9 a zabudli na pr\u00edbeh.<\/p>\n<h3>Tretie miesto<\/h3>\n<p>\nKe\u010f u\u017e je re\u010d o tr\u00e1vach, spome\u0148 aj na riasy. A teraz nemysl\u00edm na tie, ktor\u00e9 sa ti prichytia na nohy, ke\u010f pl\u00e1va\u0161 - hoci je to tak odporn\u00e9, \u017ee hor\u0161ie ako ka\u017ed\u00fd jed (pod\u013ea m\u0148a). Nie, hovor\u00edm o takej malej mikroskopickej \u0161pine, o ktorej hovoria: \u201emore zakvitlo!\u201c. T\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 aj svietia v noci, napr\u00edklad takto:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/3e80d0c46704d3a36c09daea19b18262.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDobre-dobre, prizn\u00e1vam - \u017eartoval som, hoci o chv\u00ed\u013eu bude jasn\u00e9, \u017ee \u010derenkov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie nie je o ni\u010d hor\u0161ie.<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Svietia riasy takto<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0f8ddbec542749e0d2f6e5f80b9613fd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nT\u00e1to \u0161pina je mal\u00e1, ale je jej ve\u013ea. Je prakticky najni\u017e\u0161ou v potravinovej sieti vodn\u00e9ho sveta. Kto ju vlastne v\u00f4bec zaznamen\u00e1va?<\/p>\n<p>A zbyto\u010dne.<\/p>\n<p>Osobitn\u00fa pozornos\u0165 si zasl\u00fa\u017eia riasy naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 dinoflagel\u00e1tmi a sinice. A konkr\u00e9tne:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Dinoflagel\u00e1ty Gambierdiscus toxicus<\/li>\n<li>Sinice Gonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.<\/li>\n<li>Dinoflagellates Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nV\u0161etci t\u00edto priatelia produkuj\u00fa cel\u00fa \u0161k\u00e1lu tox\u00ednov, pova\u017eovan\u00fdch za jedny z najjedovatej\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tok na tejto malej plan\u00e9te. T\u00fdch najcivilizovanej\u0161\u00edch v\u00e1m predstav\u00edm a op\u00ed\u0161em.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Maitotox\u00edn<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/87fe35fc7dda11689a1e22c8980b0509.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nProdukuje ob\u010dan \u010d\u00edslo 1 z vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9ho zoznamu. Je najtoxickej\u0161\u00ed z rodiny brevetox\u00ednov: sta\u010d\u00ed pribli\u017ene 0,2 \u03bcg\/kg, aby tvoja rodina ur\u010dite z\u00edskala kompenz\u00e1ciu. Mechanizmus \u00fa\u010dinku je sp\u00f4soben\u00fd modifik\u00e1ciou potenci\u00e1lom z\u00e1visl\u00fdch Ca-kan\u00e1lov, zvy\u0161ovan\u00edm koncentr\u00e1cie Ca2+ v nervov\u00fdch bunk\u00e1ch, spont\u00e1nnym uvo\u013e\u0148ovan\u00edm acetylchol\u00ednu do krvn\u00e9ho obehu a pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00facou postsynaptickou depolariz\u00e1ciou. Skr\u00e1tka - siln\u00e1 a nezvratn\u00e1 paral\u00fdza.<\/p>\n<p>Sama molekula maitotox\u00ednu predstavuje syst\u00e9m z 32 kondenzovan\u00fdch uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch kruhov. Toto je jedna z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch a najzlo\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch neprote\u00ednov\u00fdch molek\u00fal produkovan\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdm organizmom. D\u00fafam, \u017ee \u0165a to ute\u0161\u00ed, ak sa dostane do tvojho tela.<\/p>\n<p>Ach \u00e1no, takmer som zabudol, pikantn\u00fd detail: ako z\u00e1stupca brevetox\u00ednov, maitotox\u00edn predt\u00fdm, ako vyvol\u00e1 slab\u00fa paral\u00fdzu svalov a zastavenie d\u00fdchania, ur\u010dite spust\u00ed u teba slinenie, siln\u00fd n\u00e1dcha a samovo\u013en\u00fa defek\u00e1ciu. Skr\u00e1tka, prija\u0165 smr\u0165 s d\u00f4stojnos\u0165ou sa nepodar\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Saxitox\u00edn<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/29ea15e9465b02d4a52e4bdb884f1aac.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nProdukuje skupina ob\u010danov \u010d\u00edslo 2 a 3 z vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9ho zoznamu. Nie je tak \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd a kr\u00e1sny ako maitotox\u00edn, ale nie je menej mizantropn\u00fd: zjedanie 2 \u00b5g\/kg sp\u00f4sob\u00ed, \u017ee cel\u00e9 \u013eudstvo po tebe zaprsk\u00e1. Mechanizmus \u00fa\u010dinku saxitox\u00ednu spo\u010d\u00edva v blok\u00e1de potenci\u00e1lom z\u00e1visl\u00fdch sod\u00edkov\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov nervov\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien. To blokuje vedenie nervov\u00fdch impulzov a sp\u00f4sobuje paral\u00fdzu svalov.<\/p>\n<p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00fd saxitox\u00edn m\u00e1 n\u00e1zov spojen\u00fd s ve\u013emi jedl\u00fdmi m\u00e4kk\u00fd\u0161mi rodu Saxidomus, ktor\u00e9 sa tie\u017e naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa \"Washingtonsk\u00e9 mu\u0161le\" a \"maslov\u00e9 mu\u0161le\". No, pod\u013ea n\u00e1zvu je jasn\u00e9, kde ich radi konzumuj\u00fa. Tieto mil\u00e9 tvory sa \u017eiv\u00ed riasami, a ke\u010f s\u00fa ich ve\u013ea v obdobiach b\u00farlivej reprodukcie (\"\u010derven\u00e9 pr\u00edlivy\") \u2013 hromadia v\u0161etky tox\u00edny vo svojich tel\u00e1ch. Neviem, pre\u010do: m\u00f4\u017eeme rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 o evol\u00facii, o zvy\u0161ovan\u00ed odolnosti \u2013 no jed rias ve\u013emi dobre p\u00f4sob\u00ed na teplokrvn\u00e9 \u2013 a nie ve\u013emi na studenokrvn\u00e9. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 na m\u00e4kk\u00fd\u0161e.<\/p>\n<p>Jednoducho povedan\u00e9: ak si v obdob\u00ed \u010derven\u00fdch pr\u00edlivov doprajete morsk\u00e9 dary \u2013 m\u00f4\u017eete za\u017ei\u0165 posledn\u00fa ve\u010deru. <\/p>\n<p>Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee tak\u00fato n\u00e1jden\u00fa vec si nemohla necha\u0165 ujs\u0165 Najdemokratickej\u0161ia krajina na svete, a preto sa saxitox\u00edn pova\u017euje za objekt s cie\u013eom vyu\u017ei\u0165 ho ako chemick\u00e9 zbrane a v ozbrojen\u00fdch sil\u00e1ch USA je ozna\u010dovan\u00fd ako TZ.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Mikrocyst\u00edn-LR<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/153df39e1e40781088766fa56f0f129f.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCh\u00e9mia, mikrocyst\u00edn-LR je cyklick\u00fd heptapeptid. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ide o sedem aminokysel\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 sa chytili za ruky a vytvorili tak\u00fdto mil\u00fd kruh. Mimochodom, jedna z nich je jedine\u010dn\u00e1 \u03b2-aminokyselina, zatia\u013e \u010do vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine peptidov s\u00fa v\u0161etky aminokyseliny \u03b1. Alebo to nie je roztomil\u00e9? Nie? No a \u010do!<\/p>\n<p>Mikrocyst\u00edn-LR je v skuto\u010dnosti najzlovestnej\u0161\u00ed zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch mikrocyst\u00ednov, ktor\u00e9 produkuj\u00fa sinice. A t\u00fdch maj\u00fa dos\u0165, verte mi! Mikrocyst\u00edn inhibuje aktivitu prote\u00edn-fosfat\u00e1zy typu 1 a typu 2A (PP1 a PP2A) v cytoplazme pe\u010de\u0148ov\u00fdch buniek. To vedie k zv\u00fd\u0161eniu fosforil\u00e1cie prote\u00ednov v pe\u010de\u0148ov\u00fdch bunk\u00e1ch, \u010do spo\u013eahlivo ovplyv\u0148uje tento tak \u017eivotne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd org\u00e1n. Ale \u2013 \u010do je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9! \u2013 ovplyv\u0148uje ho do bud\u00facna.<\/p>\n<p>Nikto a nikdy nezaznamenal kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fa toxicitu mikrocyst\u00ednov. Predpoklad\u00e1 sa v\u0161ak, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina probl\u00e9mov s pe\u010de\u0148ou \u2013 vr\u00e1tane rakoviny pe\u010dene \u2013 je viac \u010di menej spojen\u00e1 s chronickou otravou sinicami. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/diseases\/cyanobacteria\/ru\/\">WHO, konkr\u00e9tne, je ve\u013emi znepokojen\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1ve z tohto d\u00f4vodu trojicu v\u00ed\u0165azov v na\u0161om rebr\u00ed\u010dku otvorili tox\u00edny mal\u00fdch \u2013 ale ve\u013emi hrd\u00fdch rias, ktor\u00fdm u\u017e d\u00e1vno pri\u0161lo v\u0161etko toto \u013eudstvo krkom.<\/p>\n<h3>Druh\u00e9 miesto<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">VX<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f5aa2a215332e5010f3523fd13fdb1a7.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRazm\u00fd\u0161\u013ealo si \u013eudstvo niekde na lavi\u010dke: okolo je to\u013eko r\u00f4zneho a zauj\u00edmav\u00e9ho, \u010do n\u00e1s m\u00f4\u017ee otr\u00e1vi\u0165 mnoh\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi. A \u010d\u00edm sme hor\u0161\u00ed?<\/p>\n<p>A vymyslelo to.<\/p>\n<p>Od za\u010diatku 50. rokov 20. storo\u010dia sa vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii sk\u00famalo nieko\u013eko O,S-\u00e9terov fosfornanej kyseliny, ktor\u00e9 obsahovali dialkylaminometylthiolov\u00fa skupinu. Cie\u013e bol ve\u013emi mil\u00fd: vyv\u00edjali sa nov\u00e9 insektic\u00eddy. No n\u00e1hle sa uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee z\u00edskan\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny, nazvan\u00e9 fosforil\u00e9thiochol\u00edny, s\u00fa mimoriadne toxick\u00e9 pre teplokrvn\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy. Jasn\u00e9 je, \u017ee t\u00e9ma insektic\u00eddov sa okam\u017eite stala ka\u017ed\u00e9mu nezauj\u00edmav\u00e1 \u2014 a do pr\u00e1ce sa pustili skuto\u010dn\u00ed odborn\u00edci.<\/p>\n<p>Odborn\u00edci si trocha precvi\u010dili na ma\u010dk\u00e1ch a objavili, \u017ee nie fosfornankysl\u00e9, ale alkylfosf\u00f3nov\u00e9 anal\u00f3gy fosforthiochol\u00ednov vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa omnoho v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed chaos. USA, Ve\u013ek\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nia, Holandsko a Kanada sa popon\u00e1h\u013eali a vyvinuli nov\u00fa triedu zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn, nazvan\u00fa V-plyny. VX je najtoxickej\u0161\u00ed z nich.<\/p>\n<p>VX je najtoxickej\u0161ie zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch umelo z\u00edskan\u00fdch l\u00e1tok ur\u010den\u00fdch na pou\u017eitie v chemickom zbrani. Rovnako ako v\u0161etky podobn\u00e9 fosfororganick\u00e9 jedy, VX je inhib\u00edtorom acetylchol\u00ednester\u00e1zy: selekt\u00edvne inhibuje tento enz\u00fdm, ktor\u00fd katalyzuje hydrolyzovanie acetylchol\u00ednu \u2014 medi\u00e1tora nervov\u00e9ho vzru\u0161enia. Hydrolyzovanie acetylchol\u00ednu v zdravom organizme prebieha neust\u00e1le a je potrebn\u00e9 na ukon\u010denie pren\u00e1\u0161ania nervov\u00e9ho impulzu, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje svalu vr\u00e1ti\u0165 sa do pokoja. Fosforilovan\u00e1 cholinester\u00e1za, ktor\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 pri otrave VX, je na rozdiel od acetylovanej stabiln\u00fdm spojen\u00edm a nepodlieha samo\u010dinn\u00e9mu hydrolyzovaniu. T\u00fdmto sa spoma\u013euje rozklad molek\u00fal acetylchol\u00ednu a ten na\u010falej nepretr\u017eite p\u00f4sob\u00ed na cholinoreceptory. To vedie k generalizovan\u00e9mu pre\u0165a\u017eeniu cholinoreceptorov, najprv sp\u00f4sobuj\u00facim siln\u00e9 vzru\u0161enie a potom paral\u00fdzu funkcie org\u00e1nov a tkan\u00edv. V tejto s\u00favislosti m\u00f4\u017eeme hlavn\u00e9 sympt\u00f3my otravy VX ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ako prejav nadmern\u00e9ho, pre organizmus nevhodn\u00e9ho p\u00f4sobenia nieko\u013ek\u00fdch \u0161trukt\u00far a org\u00e1nov, ktor\u00e9 je zais\u0165ovan\u00e9 acetylchol\u00ednovou medi\u00e1ciou. Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm ide o nervov\u00e9 bunky, prie\u010dne pruhovan\u00e9 a hladk\u00e9 svaly, ako aj r\u00f4zne \u017e\u013eazy.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00edznaky postihnutia: 1\u20142 min\u00faty \u2014 z\u00fa\u017eenie zreni\u010diek; 2\u20144 min\u00faty \u2014 potenie, slinenie; 5\u201410 min\u00fat \u2014 k\u0155\u010de, ochrnutia, spazmy; 10\u201415 min\u00fat \u2014 smr\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Pre \u010dloveka je LD50 na poko\u017eku = 100 \u00b5g\/kg, peror\u00e1lne = 70 \u00b5g\/kg. LCt100 = 0,01 mg\u00b7min.\/l, pri\u010dom inkuba\u010dn\u00e1 doba je 5\u201410 min\u00fat. Mi\u00f3za nast\u00e1va pri koncentr\u00e1cii 0,0001 mg\/l po 1 min\u00fate.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1no, v\u0161etko je spr\u00e1vne \u2014 pozorn\u00fd \u010ditate\u013e si spr\u00e1vne v\u0161imol slovo \u201ena poko\u017eku\u201c: VX m\u00e1 ve\u013emi vysok\u00fa ko\u017en\u00fa absorp\u010dn\u00fa toxicitu v porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi fosfor obsahuj\u00facimi jedmi. Najcitlivej\u0161ie na \u00fa\u010dinky VX s\u00fa poko\u017eka tv\u00e1re a krku. Pr\u00edznaky pri prenikan\u00ed cez poko\u017eku sa vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa do 1\u201424 hod\u00edn, av\u0161ak ak VX zasiahne pery alebo po\u0161koden\u00fa poko\u017eku, \u00fa\u010dinky sa prejavuj\u00fa ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo. Prv\u00fd pr\u00edznak pri absorpcii cez poko\u017eku m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nie mi\u00f3za, ale jemn\u00e9 trhnutie svalov v mieste kontaktu s VX, n\u00e1sledne k\u0155\u010de, svalov\u00e1 slabos\u0165 a ochrnutie.<\/p>\n<p>Toxick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky VX cez poko\u017eku m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 l\u00e1tkami, ktor\u00e9 samy o sebe nie s\u00fa toxick\u00e9, ale dok\u00e1\u017eu transportova\u0165 jed do organizmu. Medzi nimi s\u00fa naj\u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ie dimetylsulfoxid a N,N-dimetylamid kyseliny palmitinovej. \u010co si o tom mysl\u00ed\u0161, %username%, \u010di sa neuskuto\u010dnili \u017eiadne pr\u00e1ce a \u010di neexistuj\u00fa zmesi, ktor\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa t\u00fato vynikaj\u00facu vlastnos\u0165? Pravda!<\/p>\n<p>VX zne\u010dis\u0165uje otvoren\u00e9 vodn\u00e9 plochy na ve\u013emi dlh\u00fa dobu \u2014 a\u017e 6 mesiacov. A budovy a v\u00f4bec v\u0161etko okolo, zne\u010disten\u00e9 kvapkami VX, predstavuj\u00fa nebezpe\u010denstvo v lete po\u010das 1\u20143 dn\u00ed, v zime \u2014 30\u201460 dn\u00ed. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti, stabilita VX na ter\u00e9ne (ko\u017en\u00e1 absorpcia): v lete \u2014 od 7 do 15 dn\u00ed, v zime \u2014 po cel\u00fd \u010das do pr\u00edchodu tepla.<\/p>\n<p>A ty hovor\u00ed\u0161 o jadrovej zime\u2026 <\/p>\n<p>Svet pozn\u00e1 nieko\u013eko pr\u00edpadov pou\u017eitia VX.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V decembri 1994 a janu\u00e1ri 1995 Masami Tsut\u00eda, \u010dlen japonskej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej sekty \u201eAum \u0160inrikj\u00f3\u201c, na pr\u00edkaz l\u00eddra sekty \u0160\u00f3ka Asahary syntetizoval od 100 do 200 gramov VX, ktor\u00fd bol pou\u017eit\u00fd na atent\u00e1t na troch \u013eud\u00ed. Dvaja boli otr\u00e1ven\u00ed, ale zomreli. Jeden z otr\u00e1ven\u00fdch, 28-ro\u010dn\u00fd mu\u017e, zomrel a stal sa prvou obetou VX, ktor\u00e1 bola kedyko\u013evek zaznamenan\u00e1 vo svete. Mu\u017e, ktor\u00e9ho Asahara podozrieval z zrady, bol napadnut\u00fd o 7:00 12. decembra 1994 na ulici v Osake. \u00dato\u010dn\u00edci postriekali jeho krk tekut\u00fdm VX. Otr\u00e1ven\u00fd ich prenasledoval asi 100 metrov, k\u00fdm padol; zomrel po 10 d\u0148och, nevyjden\u00fd z hlbok\u00e9ho k\u00f3my. Lek\u00e1ri najprv podozrievali, \u017ee bol otr\u00e1ven\u00fd nejak\u00fdm fosforoorganick\u00fdm pestic\u00eddov\u00fdm, ale skuto\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u00ed\u010dina smrti bola zisten\u00e1 a\u017e potom, \u010do boli \u010dlenovia kultu zatknut\u00ed za teroristick\u00fd \u00fatok v tokijskej metru a priznali sa k vra\u017ede. O sedem mesiacov po vra\u017ede sa v vzork\u00e1ch krvi obete na\u0161li metabolity VX, ako etylmetylfosfon\u00e1t, metylfosf\u00f3nov\u00e1 kyselina a diizopropyl-2-(metylthiol)etylam\u00edn. Na rozdiel od sar\u00ednu, VX nebol sektou pou\u017eit\u00fd na masov\u00e9 zab\u00edjanie (ako incident v Matsumote a teroristick\u00fd \u00fatok v tokijskej metru).<\/li>\n<li>13. febru\u00e1ra 2017 bol Kim \u010cong-nam \u2013 polovi\u010dn\u00fd brat Kim \u010cong-una, vl\u00e1dcu K\u013dDR \u2013 zabit\u00fd pomocou VX. K vra\u017ede do\u0161lo v z\u00f3ne odletu medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho letiska v Kuala Lumpure (Malajzia). Na vra\u017ede sa z\u00fa\u010dastnili dve \u017eeny. Jedna odvr\u00e1tila pozornos\u0165 Kim \u010cong-nama, zatia\u013e \u010do druh\u00e1 mu zozadu hodila na tv\u00e1r \u0161atku nas\u00e1van\u00fa jedovatou l\u00e1tkou. Kim \u010cong-nam sa c\u00edtil zle, previezli ho do nemocnice, ale cestou zomrel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA ako zvy\u010dajne, ke\u010f sa \u013eudstvo trochu zotavilo a uvedomilo si, \u010do vytvorilo \u2013 nastala sp\u00e4tn\u00e1 reakcia. Konvenciou o chemick\u00fdch zbraniach z roku 1993 s\u00fa V-g\u00e9ny zak\u00e1zan\u00e9, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa nem\u00f4\u017eu vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 a existuj\u00face z\u00e1soby musia by\u0165 zni\u010den\u00e9. Ale existuj\u00fa nuansy.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Iba Rusko a Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty uzn\u00e1vaj\u00fa, \u017ee maj\u00fa alebo mali z\u00e1soby V-g\u00e9nov, av\u0161ak predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee aj in\u00e9 krajiny maj\u00fa nejak\u00e9 mno\u017estvo tohto jedu.<\/li>\n<li>27. septembra 2017 rusk\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1 informovali o \u00faplnom zni\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1sob chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed v Rusku, vr\u00e1tane VX. Nikto tomu neveril.<\/li>\n<li>Cindy Westergaard, expert on chemical weapons and senior researcher at the Stimson Center, states that Iraq \"definitely produced VX\" in the 1980s, but there is no evidence of its use. Everyone believed it. By the way, VX is still in the arsenals of the USA (military marking \u2014 three green rings with the inscription VX-GAS). But no one cares.<\/li>\n<li>North Korea, along with Egypt and South Sudan, has never signed or ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAnd now \u2014 a few words about \"Novichok.\"<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Skupina zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn &#8216;Novi\u010dok&#8217;<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9952f7d4a73da2d1e9125024b17705d4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNovichok is associated with:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A-230: N-(methylfluorofosfoni\u010dn\u00fd)-N&#8217;,N&#8217;-diethyl-acetamid\u00edn (na obr\u00e1zku v\u013eavo), zam\u0155za v chladnom po\u010das\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>A-232: N-(O-methylfluorofosfoni\u010dn\u00fd)-N&#8217;,N&#8217;-diethyl-acetamid\u00edn (na obr\u00e1zku vpravo), bol vyvinut\u00fd a testovan\u00fd na pou\u017eitie ako bojov\u00fd otr\u00e1vaj\u00faci prostriedok;<\/li>\n<li>A-234: N-(O-ethylfluorofosfoni\u010dn\u00fd)-N&#8217;,N&#8217;-diethyl-acetamid\u00edn, pripom\u00edna lepkav\u00fa mas\u0165 a ne\u0161\u00edri sa vzduchom, po\u0161kodzuje organizmus pri kontakte s poko\u017ekou, je stabiln\u00fd a odoln\u00fd vo\u010di poveternostn\u00fdm podmienkam.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nThese compounds were presented by Viktor Holstov \u2014 a member of the Russian delegation at the 57th and 59th Sessions of the Executive Council of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons; however, the family itself consists of more than sixty similar compounds.<\/p>\n<p>There is an opinion that \u2018Novichok\u2019 is more toxic than VX, but no figures on toxic doses are provided. In words, \u2018Novichok\u2019 is said to be 5-10 times more toxic.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, there is so much murkiness in this story that it deserves a separate article. Write to me about this in the comments, %username%.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime...<\/p>\n<h3>We have a winner! First place<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe inquisitive mind of rational humanity could not calm down after the discovery of VX. After all, a substance was found that could potentially contaminate everything around it worse than a nuclear explosion \u2014 what if everything were combined together?<\/p>\n<p>Well then, a few words about radiation.<\/p>\n<p>Humanity knows several types of radiation. Speaking simply and accessibly, it can be:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Radiation caused by photons \u2014 UV, X-ray, gamma<\/li>\n<li>Radiation caused by electrons \u2014 beta<\/li>\n<li>Radiation caused by elementary particles \u2014 neutrons, protons<\/li>\n<li>Radiation caused by larger particles \u2014 alpha<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nAk ti, drah\u00fd %username%, napadne spusti\u0165 hrachom, tenisovou loptou, basketbalovou loptou a p\u00fadovou \u010dinkou \u2014 \u010do \u0165a viac sklam\u00e1? Tak to je aj s radi\u00e1ciou \u2014 \u010d\u00edm \u0165a\u017e\u0161ia, t\u00fdm bolestivej\u0161ia. A samozrejme, v\u0161etko z\u00e1vis\u00ed od r\u00fdchlosti.<\/p>\n<p>V skuto\u010dnosti je \u0161koda sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 alfa-\u010dasticami maxim\u00e1lna \u2014 a preto je koeficient kvality pre alfa-\u010dastice 20, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pri rovnakom mno\u017estve energie \u017eiarenia absorbovanej v jednotkovej hmotnosti org\u00e1nu alebo tkaniva bude biologick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinok alfa-\u010dast\u00edc dvadsa\u0165kr\u00e1t silnej\u0161\u00ed ako \u00fa\u010dinok gama-\u017eiarenia.<\/p>\n<p>Na\u0161\u0165astie s\u00fa alfa \u010dastice tak \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 a tak silno sa s \u010d\u00edmko\u013evek zr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa a interaguj\u00fa, \u017ee takmer neprenikaj\u00fa cez zrohovaten\u00e9 \u010dastice ko\u017ee. Ale\u2026<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Pol\u00f3nium-210<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/005ea30ac35acc5ff02e2e11637727fd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Na svete neexistuje \u010dist\u00e9 pol\u00f3nium-210, hoci sa nach\u00e1dza v stopov\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch ur\u00e1nov\u00fdch a tor\u00edov\u00fdch rud\u00e1ch. V \u010distej forme sa z\u00edska umelo. Presnej\u0161ie \u2014 z\u00edskavalo. Ako uk\u00e1zal pokus, vlastnosti pol\u00f3nia-210 s\u00fa pre \u013eudstvo prakticky nezauj\u00edmav\u00e9, a\u017e na jedno:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pol\u00f3nium-210 v zliatin\u00e1ch s ber\u00fdliom a b\u00f3rom sa pou\u017e\u00edvalo na v\u00fdrobu kompaktn\u00fdch a ve\u013emi v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch neutronov\u00fdch zdrojov, ktor\u00e9 takmer nevytv\u00e1raj\u00fa \u03b3-\u017eiareniu. Av\u0161ak t\u00fato oblas\u0165 v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti obsadil kalifornium.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f4le\u017eitou oblas\u0165ou vyu\u017eitia pol\u00f3nia-210 je jeho pou\u017eitie v zliatin\u00e1ch so olovom, yttriom alebo samostatne na v\u00fdrobu siln\u00fdch a ve\u013emi kompaktn\u00fdch zdrojov tepla pre samostatn\u00e9 zariadenia, napr\u00edklad kozmick\u00e9. Jeden kubick\u00fd centimeter pol\u00f3nia-210 uvo\u013e\u0148uje pribli\u017ene 1320 W tepla. Tento v\u00fdkon je ve\u013emi ve\u013ek\u00fd, \u013eahko priv\u00e1dza pol\u00f3nium do roztaven\u00e9ho stavu, preto sa zliatiny vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa napr\u00edklad s olovom. Hoci tieto zliatiny maj\u00fa zna\u010dne ni\u017e\u0161iu energetick\u00fa hustotu (150 W\/cm\u00b3), s\u00fa v\u0161ak pri pou\u017eit\u00ed pohodlnej\u0161ie a bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie, preto\u017ee pol\u00f3nium-210 vy\u017earuje takmer v\u00fdhradne alfa-\u010dastice, a ich prenikanie a dr\u00e1ha v hust\u00fdch l\u00e1tkach je minim\u00e1lna. Napr\u00edklad pri sovietskych samohybne sa pohybuj\u00facich zariadeniach vesm\u00edrneho programu \u201eLunochod\u201c sa pou\u017e\u00edvali pol\u00f3niov\u00e9 ohrieva\u010de na ohrev pr\u00edstrojov\u00e9ho oddelenia. Ale ZSSR u\u017e neexistuje, lun\u00e1rny program tie\u017e, a vykurovanie domu je o nie\u010do lacnej\u0161ie ako pol\u00f3niov\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Polonium-210 sa \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edval na ioniz\u00e1ciu plynov (najm\u00e4 vzduchu). Napr\u00edklad, prid\u00e1val sa do elektrody zliatin automobilov\u00fdch zapa\u013eovac\u00edch svie\u010dok, aby sa zn\u00ed\u017eilo nap\u00e4tie na vznik iskry. Dnes sa to u\u017e nerob\u00ed, aj ke\u010f napr\u00edklad pre presn\u00fa optiku sa vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 \u010disti\u010dky, do ktor\u00fdch sa prid\u00e1va nepatrn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo pol\u00f3nia. Av\u0161ak nie v Rusku \u2014 tu je pol\u00f3nium \u00faplne zak\u00e1zan\u00e9, zatia\u013e \u010do v USA si tak\u00e9to \u010disti\u010dky m\u00f4\u017eete zak\u00fapi\u0165 a potom ich dokonca vyhodi\u0165 na spolo\u010dn\u00fa skl\u00e1dku.<\/li>\n<li>Polonium-210 m\u00f4\u017ee sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 v zliatine s \u013eahk\u00fdm izotopom l\u00edtia (6Li) ako l\u00e1tka, ktor\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00fdrazne zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 kritick\u00fa hmotnos\u0165 jadrov\u00e9ho n\u00e1boja a fungova\u0165 ako ak\u00fdsi jadrov\u00fd deton\u00e1tor. Okrem toho je pol\u00f3nium vhodn\u00e9 na v\u00fdrobu kompaktn\u00fdch \"ne\u010dist\u00fdch bomb\" a je pohodln\u00e9 na utajen\u00e9 pren\u00e1\u0161anie, preto\u017ee prakticky nevyd\u00e1va gama \u017eiarenie. Izotop vy\u017earuje gama kvant\u00e1 s energiou 803 keV s v\u00fd\u0165a\u017ekom iba 0,001 % na prepad \u2014 pod\u013ea dozimetra je izotop prakticky bezpe\u010dn\u00fd. A na meranie alfa-radia\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia je potrebn\u00fd v\u00e1\u017enej\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edstroj. <b>BINGO!<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPolonium-210 je mimoriadne toxick\u00e9, radiotoxick\u00e9 a karcinog\u00e9nne, m\u00e1 pol\u010das rozpadu 138 dn\u00ed a 9 hod\u00edn. Po\u010das v\u0161etk\u00fdch t\u00fdchto dn\u00ed a hod\u00edn z neho vyletuj\u00fa s\u00favisl\u00e9 alfa-\u010dastice: jeho \u0161pecifick\u00e1 aktivita (166 TBq\/g) je tak\u00e1 vysok\u00e1, \u017ee ho nemo\u017eno bra\u0165 do r\u00fak, preto\u017ee v\u00fdsledkom bude \u017eiaren\u00edm po\u0161kodenie poko\u017eky a mo\u017eno aj cel\u00e9ho organizmu: pol\u00f3nium sa pomerne \u013eahko dost\u00e1va dovn\u00fatra cez ko\u017eu. Zvy\u010dajne alfa-\u010dastice s takou energiou preletuj\u00fa vo vzduchu maxim\u00e1lne 1 cm, av\u0161ak to nie je mo\u017enos\u0165 pre striktne pol\u00f3nium: jeho zl\u00fa\u010deniny sa samovo\u013ene ohrievaj\u00fa a prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa do aeros\u00f3lov\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n<p>A \u010do sa deje s tvoj\u00edm telom, ke\u010f do\u0148 prenik\u00e1 \u017eivotodarn\u00e9 polonium-210 \u2014 stoj\u00ed to za rozpr\u00e1vanie? V podstate ka\u017ed\u00fd at\u00f3m, ke\u010f sa dostane na tvoju vn\u00fatorn\u00fa jemne ru\u017eov\u00fa tkaninu, sa del\u00ed a bombarduje v\u0161etko najbli\u017e\u0161ie alfa-\u010dasticami. Bunky. Vodu. Molekuly DNA a RNA. V\u0161etko sa to rozpad\u00e1 na nespoznanie \u2014 a ty chyt\u00ed\u0161 v\u0161etky prerody radia\u010dnej choroby v jej najhor\u0161om ch\u00e1pan\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pol\u00f3nium-210 je 4 bili\u00f3ny kr\u00e1t toxickej\u0161ie ako kyani\u010dn\u00e1 kyselina. Pod\u013ea odhadov odborn\u00edkov sa smrte\u013en\u00e1 d\u00e1vka pol\u00f3nia-210 pre dospel\u00e9ho \u010dloveka odhaduje na 0,6 a\u017e 2 mcg pri vstupe izotopu do organizmu cez p\u013e\u00faca, a na 6 a\u017e 18 mcg pri vstupe do organizmu tr\u00e1viacim traktom.<\/p>\n<p>Hist\u00f3ria pozn\u00e1 dva pr\u00edpady otravy pol\u00f3niom-210. Obe s\u00fa dos\u0165 presved\u010div\u00e9.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Smr\u0165 Alexandra Litvinenka v roku 2006, ktor\u00fd zomrel n\u00e1sledkom otravy pol\u00f3niom-210. Mimochodom, p\u00f4vodne sa predpokladalo, \u017ee ho otr\u00e1vili thalliom. 24. novembra vedci z Britskej agent\u00fary pre zdravie (BAZ) ozn\u00e1mili, \u017ee Litvinenko zomrel na r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvne zne\u010distenie. Pod\u013ea vyhl\u00e1senia ved\u00faceho centra BAZ pre r\u00e1diov\u00e9, chemick\u00e9 a vonkaj\u0161ie rizik\u00e1 Rogera Coxa boli v anal\u00fdzach mo\u010du n\u00e1jden\u00e9 stopy r\u00e1dioaktivity sp\u00f4sobenej, <i>ako sa predpoklad\u00e1<\/i>, pol\u00f3niom-210. Taktie\u017e uviedol, \u017ee v mal\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch Po-210 zvy\u0161uje riziko vzniku zhubn\u00fdch n\u00e1dorov, a vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch nar\u00fa\u0161a \u010dinnos\u0165 kostnej drene, tr\u00e1viaceho syst\u00e9mu a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch \u017eivotne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch org\u00e1nov.<\/li>\n<li>Pol\u00f3nium bolo objaven\u00e9 v osobn\u00fdch veciach Jasira Arafata, ktor\u00fd zomrel v roku 2004. Bola vykonan\u00e1 exhum\u00e1cia tela. <i>P\u00f4vodne \u0161vaj\u010diarska strana medzin\u00e1rodnej komisie potvrdila fakt otravy pol\u00f3niom. N\u00e1sledne v\u0161ak prist\u00fapila k z\u00e1verom ruskej a franc\u00fazskej strany o absencii d\u00f4kazov o otrave.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMimochodom, existuje lite-verzia pol\u00f3nia-210 \u2013 je to protaktinium-231. Pri tom istom mechanizme (alfa-rozpad), pol\u010das rozpadu protaktinia je a\u017e 32480 rokov, a preto nie je tak hroziv\u00e9: nezohrieva sa, nie je tak r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvne, a tak je iba 250 mili\u00f3nov kr\u00e1t toxickej\u0161ie ako kyani\u010dn\u00e1 kyselina. Nie je prchav\u00e9, cez ko\u017eu sa neabsorbuje \u2014 v porovnan\u00ed s pol\u00f3niom vyzer\u00e1 celkom biedne, a preto maxim\u00e1lne bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 (tu sa ve\u013emi zlos\u0165ou usmievam) mno\u017estvo protaktinia pri vstupe do organizmu \u010dloveka je 0,5 mcg. Av\u0161ak, v tele \u010dloveka protaktinium-231 m\u00e1 tendenciu akumulova\u0165 sa v obli\u010dk\u00e1ch a kostiach \u2014 a tam dlho zost\u00e1va, ozaruj\u00fac organizmus zvn\u00fatra. Tak\u017ee smr\u0165 je aj tak nevyhnutn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><b>V\u0160ETKO!<\/b><\/p>\n<p>A tak sme dokon\u010dili tretiu \u010das\u0165 n\u00e1\u0161ho zozn\u00e1menia, %username%.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fafam, \u017ee si to pre\u010d\u00edtal cel\u00e9 a m\u00e1\u0161 e\u0161te silu stla\u010di\u0165 tla\u010didlo v hlasovan\u00ed, aby sme ur\u010dili, \u010di na\u0161e poznanie bude pokra\u010dova\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>A ja u\u017e m\u00e1m takmer \u0161es\u0165 r\u00e1no, je \u010das \u00eds\u0165 spa\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Na\u010falej prajem ve\u013ea zdravia a \u010do najmenej jedov v \u017eivote!<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Ja \u2014 Smr\u0165, ve\u013ek\u00fd ni\u010dite\u013e svetov.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<i> \u2014 Riadky z Bh\u00e1gavadg\u00edty, ktor\u00e9 predniesol Robert Oppenheimer po\u010das prv\u00e9ho umel\u00e9ho jadrov\u00e9ho v\u00fdbuchu pri Alamogorde 16. j\u00fala 1945.<\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Len registrovan\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvatelia sa m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00fa\u010dastni\u0165 prieskumu. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">Prihl\u00e1ste sa<\/a><\/noindex>, pros\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">M\u00e1 to zmysel pokra\u010dova\u0165?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    U\u017e prestante tr\u00fdzni\u0165 m\u00f4j mozog!<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Kto vlastne \u010d\u00edta t\u00fato hl\u00fapos\u0165 na str\u00e1nkach IT odborn\u00edkov?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Nap\u00ed\u0161 o jedu!<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Nap\u00ed\u0161 o \u201e\u017dltom da\u017edi\u201c a \u201eOran\u017eovom agente\u201c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Nap\u00ed\u0161 o \u201eNovi\u010dku\u201c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Hlasovalo 6 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. Zdr\u017eali sa 3 pou\u017e\u00edvatelia.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450542\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u043e \u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0441\u044c, \u0442\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0412 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u0451\u043c. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0443 \u2014 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24746,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:50:08+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:50:08+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie jedy | ProHoster","description":"Ahoj, %username%! Op\u00e4\u0165 ve\u010der, op\u00e4\u0165 nem\u00e1m \u010do robi\u0165, a.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sk_SK","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b | ProHoster","og:description":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T18:50:08+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T18:50:08+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"32987","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-21 13:31:19","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 02:49:36","updated":"2026-01-21 13:31:19","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32987","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32987"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32987\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24746"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32987"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32987"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32987"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}