{"id":33422,"date":"2019-10-31T21:52:29","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-radiolyubiteli-ham-radio\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:52:29","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:29","slug":"chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-radiolyubiteli-ham-radio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-radiolyubiteli-ham-radio","title":{"rendered":"\u010co po\u010du\u0165 v r\u00e1diovom \u00e9teri? R\u00e1diov\u00ed amat\u00e9ri \/ Ham r\u00e1dio","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ahoj Habr.<\/p>\n

V prvej \u010dasti \u010dl\u00e1nku o tom \u010do sa po\u010duje v \u00e9teri<\/a><\/noindex> bolo rozpr\u00e1van\u00e9 o slu\u017eobn\u00fdch staniciach na dlh\u00fdch a kr\u00e1tkych vln\u00e1ch. Samostatne stoj\u00ed za to hovori\u0165 o amat\u00e9rskych staniciach. Po prv\u00e9, je to tie\u017e zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, a po druh\u00e9, ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto chce, sa m\u00f4\u017ee pripoji\u0165 k tomuto procesu, ako na prij\u00edmanie, tak aj na vysielanie.<\/p>\n

\"\u010co
\n
\nAko aj v prv\u00fdch \u010dastiach, d\u00f4raz bude kladen\u00fd na digit\u00e1lne vysielanie a na to, ako je spracovanie sign\u00e1lov usporiadan\u00e9. Na prij\u00edmanie a dek\u00f3dovanie sign\u00e1lov budeme tie\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 holandsk\u00fd online prij\u00edma\u010d websdr<\/a><\/noindex> a program MultiPSK.<\/p>\n

Pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00fdch zauj\u00edma, ako to funguje, pokra\u010dovanie pod \u010diarou.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Potom, \u010do pred viac ako 100 rokmi sa uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee na kr\u00e1tkych vln\u00e1ch je mo\u017en\u00e9 spoji\u0165 sa so svetom, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fac vysiela\u010d prakticky zo dvoch lampy, zaujali sa o tento proces nielen korpor\u00e1cie, ale aj nad\u0161enci. V t\u00fdch rokoch to vyzeralo pribli\u017ene takto<\/a><\/noindex>, a dokonca aj dnes zost\u00e1va amat\u00e9rske r\u00e1dio celkom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdm technick\u00fdm kon\u00ed\u010dkom. Ak\u00e9 druhy spojen\u00ed s\u00fa dne\u0161n\u00fdm amat\u00e9rskym r\u00e1diom dostupn\u00e9, pok\u00fasime sa zisti\u0165.<\/p>\n

Frekven\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00e1sma<\/h2>\n

\nR\u00e1diov\u00fd \u00e9ter sa ve\u013emi akt\u00edvne vyu\u017e\u00edva slu\u017eobn\u00fdmi a vysielac\u00edmi stanicami, a preto s\u00fa amat\u00e9rskym r\u00e1diom pridelen\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00e9 frekven\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00e1sma, aby nezasahovali do ostatn\u00fdch. T\u00fdchto p\u00e1siem je celkom dos\u0165, od extr\u00e9mne dlh\u00fdch v\u013an na 137 kHz a\u017e po microvlny na 1,3, 2,4, 5,6 alebo 10 GHz (podrobnej\u0161ie si m\u00f4\u017eete pozrie\u0165 tu<\/a><\/noindex>). Celkovo si ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee vybra\u0165 v z\u00e1vislosti od z\u00e1ujmov a technick\u00e9ho vybavenia.<\/p>\n

Z poh\u013eadu jednoduchosti prij\u00edmania s\u00fa najdostupnej\u0161ie frekvencie s d\u013a\u017ekami v\u013an 80-20 m:
\n \u2014 P\u00e1smo 3,5 MHz (80 m): 3500-3800 kHz.
\n \u2014 P\u00e1smo 7 MHz (40 m): 7000-7200 kHz.
\n \u2014 P\u00e1smo 10 MHz (30 m): 10100-10140 kHz.
\n \u2014 P\u00e1smo 14 MHz (20 m): 14000-14350 kHz.
\nNa nich sa daj\u00fa naladi\u0165 ako s pomocou vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9ho online prij\u00edma\u010da<\/a><\/noindex>, tak aj so svojho osobn\u00e9ho, ak je schopn\u00fd prij\u00edma\u0165 v re\u017eime bo\u010dnej p\u00e1sma (LSB, USB, SSB).
\nTeraz, ke\u010f je v\u0161etko pripraven\u00e9, pozrime sa, \u010do tam m\u00f4\u017eeme prija\u0165.<\/p>\n

Hlasov\u00e1 komunik\u00e1cia a Morseova abeceda<\/h2>\n

\nAk sa pozrieme cez websdr na cel\u00fd amat\u00e9rsky r\u00e1diov\u00fd p\u00e1s, \u013eahko uvid\u00edme sign\u00e1ly Morseovej abecedy. V slu\u017eobnej r\u00e1diokomunik\u00e1cii sa u\u017e prakticky nepou\u017e\u00edva, ale niektor\u00ed amat\u00e9rski nad\u0161enci ju e\u0161te vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nKedysi na z\u00edskanie volacieho znamena bolo potrebn\u00e9 zlo\u017ei\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161ku z pr\u00edjmu Morseovej abecedy, teraz to zrejme zostalo iba pre prv\u00fa, najvy\u0161\u0161iu kateg\u00f3riu (na ktor\u00e9 sa l\u00ed\u0161ia hlavne maxim\u00e1lnou povolenou v\u00fdkonom). My budeme dek\u00f3dova\u0165 sign\u00e1ly CW pomocou CW Skimmer a Virtual Audio Card.<\/p>\n

\"\u010co
\n
\nR\u00e1diob\u00e1\u010dikovia pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa skr\u00e1ten\u00fd k\u00f3d (Q-k\u00f3d<\/a><\/noindex>), konkr\u00e9tne fr\u00e1za CQ DE DF7FF znamen\u00e1 v\u0161eobecn\u00fd v\u00fdzvu v\u0161etk\u00fdm stanic\u00e1m od r\u00e1diob\u00e1\u010dika DF7FF. Ka\u017ed\u00fd r\u00e1diob\u00e1\u010dik m\u00e1 svoje volacie znameno, ktor\u00e9ho prefix je vytvoren\u00fd od k\u00f3du krajiny<\/a><\/noindex>, \u010do je dos\u0165 pohodln\u00e9, preto\u017ee okam\u017eite pochop\u00edme, odkia\u013e stanica vysiela. V na\u0161om pr\u00edpade volacie znameno DF7FF patr\u00ed r\u00e1diob\u00e1\u010dikovi z Nemecka.<\/p>\n

\u010co sa t\u00fdka hlasovej komunik\u00e1cie, s \u0148ou nie s\u00fa \u017eiadne zlo\u017eitosti, z\u00e1ujemcovia si m\u00f4\u017eu vypo\u010du\u0165 sami na websdr. Kedysi v \u010dasoch ZSSR nie v\u0161etci r\u00e1diob\u00e1\u010dikovia mali pr\u00e1vo robi\u0165 r\u00e1diokomunik\u00e1cie s cudzincami, teraz tak\u00e9to obmedzenia nie s\u00fa, a vzdialenos\u0165 a kvalita spojenia z\u00e1vis\u00ed iba od kvality ant\u00e9n, vybavenia a trpezlivosti oper\u00e1tora. Pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed maj\u00fa z\u00e1ujem, si m\u00f4\u017eu pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 podrobnej\u0161ie na r\u00e1diob\u00e1\u010dikovsk\u00fdch str\u00e1nkach a f\u00f3rach (cqham, qrz), my v\u0161ak prejdeme k digit\u00e1lnym sign\u00e1lom.<\/p>\n

\u017dia\u013e, pre mnoh\u00fdch r\u00e1diob\u00e1\u010dikov pr\u00e1ca s \u201edigit\u00e1lom\u201c je iba spojenie zvukovej karty po\u010d\u00edta\u010da s dek\u00f3dovac\u00edm programom, len m\u00e1lokto sa zam\u00fd\u0161\u013ea nad detailami toho, ako to funguje. E\u0161te menej je t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sami experimentuj\u00fa s digit\u00e1lnym spracovan\u00edm sign\u00e1lov a r\u00f4znymi druhmi komunik\u00e1cie. Napriek tomu za posledn\u00fdch 10-15 rokov vzniklo dos\u0165 ve\u013ea digit\u00e1lnych protokolov, niektor\u00e9 z nich s\u00fa zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 na presk\u00famanie.<\/p>\n

RTTY<\/h2>\n

\nDos\u0165 star\u00fd sp\u00f4sob komunik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edva frekven\u010dn\u00fa modul\u00e1ciu. Samotn\u00e1 met\u00f3da sa naz\u00fdva FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) a spo\u010d\u00edva v vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed bitovej sekvencie zmenou frekvencie prenosu. <\/p>\n

\"\u010co
\n
\n\u00dadaje sa k\u00f3duj\u00fa r\u00fdchlym prep\u00ednan\u00edm medzi dvoma frekvenciami F0 a F1. Rozdiel dF = F1 \u2014 F0 sa naz\u00fdva rozl\u00ed\u0161enie frekvenci\u00ed a m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 hodnoty, ako napr\u00edklad 85, 170 alebo 452 Hz. Druh\u00fd parameter je r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prenosu, ktor\u00e1 tie\u017e m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 r\u00f4zna a dosahova\u0165 napr\u00edklad 45, 50 alebo 75 bitov za sekundu. Ke\u010f\u017ee m\u00e1me dve frekvencie, je potrebn\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165, ktor\u00e1 bude \u201ehorn\u00e1\u201c a ktor\u00e1 \u201edoln\u00e1\u201c, tento parameter sa zvy\u010dajne naz\u00fdva \u201einverzia\u201c. Tieto tri hodnoty (r\u00fdchlos\u0165, rozl\u00ed\u0161enie a inverzia) \u00faplne ur\u010duj\u00fa parametre RTTY prenosu. V prakticky ak\u00fdchko\u013evek dek\u00f3dovac\u00edch programoch n\u00e1jdete tieto nastavenia a aj bez podrobn\u00e9ho nastavenia m\u00f4\u017eete dek\u00f3dova\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu tak\u00fdchto sign\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n

Kedysi bola komunik\u00e1cia v RTTY popul\u00e1rnej\u0161ia, ale teraz, ke\u010f som sa prihl\u00e1sil na websdr, nepo\u010dul som ani jeden sign\u00e1l, tak\u017ee je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 uvies\u0165 pr\u00edklad dek\u00f3dovania. Z\u00e1ujemci si m\u00f4\u017eu vypo\u010du\u0165 sign\u00e1ly sami na 7.045 alebo 14.080 MHz, podrobnej\u0161ie inform\u00e1cie o teletype boli uveden\u00e9 v prvej \u010dasti<\/a><\/noindex> \u010dl\u00e1nok.<\/p>\n

PSK31\/63<\/h2>\n

\nIn\u00fd typ komunik\u00e1cie \u2014 f\u00e1zov\u00e1 modul\u00e1cia, Phase Shift Keying<\/a><\/noindex>. Tu sa nezmen\u00ed frekvencia, ale f\u00e1za, na grafe to vyzer\u00e1 pribli\u017ene takto:
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nBitov\u00e9 k\u00f3dovanie sign\u00e1lu spo\u010d\u00edva v zmene f\u00e1zy o 180 stup\u0148ov, a samotn\u00fd sign\u00e1l predstavuje v podstate \u010dist\u00fd s\u00ednus \u2014 to zabezpe\u010duje dobr\u00fd dosah prenosu pri minim\u00e1lnom prenose v\u00fdkonu. F\u00e1zov\u00fd posun je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 vidie\u0165 na sn\u00edmke obrazovky, d\u00e1 sa spozorova\u0165, ke\u010f sa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed a prenesie jeden \u00fasek na druh\u00fd.
\n\"\u010co
\n
\nSamotn\u00e9 k\u00f3dovanie je relat\u00edvne jednoduch\u00e9 \u2014 v BPSK31 sa sign\u00e1ly pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 31.25 b\u00f3d, zmena f\u00e1zy k\u00f3duje \u201e0\u201c, absencia zmeny f\u00e1zy \u201e1\u201c. K\u00f3dovanie symbolov si m\u00f4\u017eete pozrie\u0165 na Wikip\u00e9dii.<\/p>\n

\"\u010co
\n
\nNa spektre je sign\u00e1l BPSK vizu\u00e1lne vidite\u013en\u00fd ako \u00fazka l\u00ednia a na ucho znie ako pomerne \u010dist\u00fd t\u00f3n (\u010d\u00edm v podstate aj je). Sign\u00e1ly BPSK m\u00f4\u017eete zachyti\u0165 napr\u00edklad na 7080 alebo 14070 MHz. <\/p>\n

Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je poznamena\u0165, \u017ee v BPSK aj v RTTY m\u00f4\u017eete s\u00fadi\u0165 o sile sign\u00e1lu a kvalite prijmu pod\u013ea \u201ejasnosti\u201c l\u00ednie \u2014 ak nejak\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 spr\u00e1vy ch\u00fdba, v tomto mieste bude \u201eodpad\u201c, ale celkov\u00fd zmysel spr\u00e1vy ost\u00e1va \u010dasto st\u00e1le zrozumite\u013en\u00fd. Oper\u00e1tor si m\u00f4\u017ee s\u00e1m vybra\u0165, na ak\u00fd sign\u00e1l sa zamera\u0165 na jeho dek\u00f3dovanie. H\u013eadanie nov\u00fdch a slab\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov od vzdialen\u00fdch korespondentov je samo o sebe dos\u0165 zauj\u00edmav\u00e9. Na rozdiel od toho s\u00fa nasleduj\u00face protokoly ove\u013ea automatizovanej\u0161ie a prakticky nevy\u017eaduj\u00fa \u013eudsk\u00fd z\u00e1sah. \u010ci je to dobre alebo zle, to je filozofick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, ale ur\u010dite mo\u017eno poveda\u0165, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 ham r\u00e1dio ducha je v tak\u00fdch re\u017eimoch ur\u010dite straten\u00e1.<\/p>\n

FT8\/FT4<\/h2>\n

\nNa dek\u00f3dovanie nasleduj\u00faceho typu sign\u00e1lov je potrebn\u00e9 nain\u0161talova\u0165 program WSJT<\/a><\/noindex>. Sign\u00e1ly FT8<\/a><\/noindex> s\u00fa pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 pomocou frekven\u010dnej modul\u00e1cie z 8 frekvenci\u00ed so posunom iba 6.25 kHz, tak\u017ee sign\u00e1l zaber\u00e1 p\u00e1smo iba 50 kHz. \u00dadaje v FT8 sa pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa \u201ebal\u00ed\u010dkami\u201c s d\u013a\u017ekou pribli\u017ene 14 sek\u00fand, tak\u017ee presn\u00e1 synchroniz\u00e1cia \u010dasu po\u010d\u00edta\u010da je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1. Prij\u00edm je takmer \u00faplne automatizovan\u00fd \u2014 program dek\u00f3duje volaciu zna\u010dku, silu sign\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

\"\u010co
\n
\nV novej verzii protokolu FT4<\/a><\/noindex>, ktor\u00fd sa ned\u00e1vno objavil, bola d\u013a\u017eka bal\u00ed\u010dka zn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 na 5 s, pou\u017e\u00edva sa 4-tone modul\u00e1cia pri r\u00fdchlosti prenosu 23 bodov. \u0160\u00edrka obsaden\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma sign\u00e1lu je pribli\u017ene 90 kHz.<\/p>\n

WSPR<\/h2>\n

\nWSPR je protokol, \u0161peci\u00e1lne zameran\u00fd na prij\u00edmanie a prenos slab\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov. Tieto sign\u00e1ly sa pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou iba 1.4648 bodu (\u00e1no, len trochu viac ne\u017e 1 bit za sekundu). Na prenos sa pou\u017e\u00edva frekven\u010dn\u00e1 modul\u00e1cia (4-FSK) s rozparkom frekvencie 1.4648 Hz, tak\u017ee \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma sign\u00e1lu je iba 6 Hz. Pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00fd bal\u00edk d\u00e1t m\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 50 bitov, k nemu s\u00fa tie\u017e pridan\u00e9 bitov\u00e9 opravy ch\u00fdb (non-recursive convolutional code, constraint length K=32, rate=1\/2), celkov\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 bal\u00edka je teda 162 bitov. T\u00fdchto 162 bitov sa pren\u00e1\u0161a pribli\u017ene za 2 min\u00faty (niekto e\u0161te bude s\u0165a\u017eova\u0165 na pomal\u00fd internet?:).<\/p>\n

\"\u010co
\n
\nTo v\u0161etko umo\u017e\u0148uje pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 \u00fadaje v podstate pod \u00farov\u0148ou \u0161umov, s takmer fantastick\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledkami \u2014 napr\u00edklad sign\u00e1lom 100 mW z nohy mikropo\u010d\u00edta\u010da sa s pomocou dom\u00e1cej r\u00e1movej ant\u00e9ny podarilo prenies\u0165 sign\u00e1l na 1000 km.<\/p>\n

WSPR funguje plne automaticky a nevy\u017eaduje z\u00e1sah oper\u00e1tora. Sta\u010d\u00ed necha\u0165 program be\u017ea\u0165 a po ur\u010ditom \u010dase sa m\u00f4\u017eete pozrie\u0165 do logu pr\u00e1ce. \u00dadaje m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 tie\u017e zasielan\u00e9 na webov\u00fa str\u00e1nku wsprnet.org<\/a><\/noindex>, \u010do je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 na hodnotenie priechodu alebo kvality ant\u00e9ny \u2014 m\u00f4\u017eete prenies\u0165 sign\u00e1l a okam\u017eite vidie\u0165 online, kde bol prijat\u00fd. <\/p>\n

\"\u010co
\n
\nA mimochodom, ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto si chce vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 prij\u00edmanie WSPR, sa m\u00f4\u017ee pripoji\u0165, aj bez amat\u00e9rskeho volacieho znaku (pre prij\u00edmanie nie je potrebn\u00fd) \u2014 sta\u010d\u00ed prij\u00edma\u010d a program WSPR, pri\u010dom to cel\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee fungova\u0165 aj auton\u00f3mne na Raspberry Pi. Syst\u00e9m je zauj\u00edmav\u00fd nielen z vedeck\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska, ale aj na experimentovanie s hardv\u00e9rom a ant\u00e9nami. Bohu\u017eia\u013e, \u010do sa t\u00fdka hustoty prij\u00edmac\u00edch stan\u00edc, Rusko sa umiest\u0148uje ve\u013emi podobne ako Sud\u00e1n, Egypt alebo Nig\u00e9ria, tak\u017ee nov\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci s\u00fa v\u017edy v\u00edtan\u00ed \u2014 je mo\u017enos\u0165 by\u0165 prv\u00fdm a jedn\u00fdm prij\u00edma\u010dom pokry\u0165 \u00fazemie a\u017e do tis\u00edc km.<\/p>\n

\"\u010co
\n
\nVe\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00fdm a dos\u0165 n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm je prenos WSPR na frekvenci\u00e1ch nad 1 GHz \u2014 stabilita frekvencie prij\u00edma\u010da a vysiela\u010da je tu dos\u0165 kritick\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Na tomto ukon\u010d\u00edm preh\u013ead, hoci samozrejme, uveden\u00e9 je len to najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161ie, nie v\u0161etko.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n

\nAk sa niekomu chce vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 aj svoje sily, nie je to zas tak\u00e9 zlo\u017eit\u00e9. Na prij\u00edmanie sign\u00e1lov m\u00f4\u017eete vyu\u017ei\u0165 bu\u010f klasick\u00fd (Tecsun PL-880, Sangean ATS909X a pod.), alebo SDR prij\u00edma\u010d (SDRPlay RSP2, SDR Elad). Potom sta\u010d\u00ed nain\u0161talova\u0165 programy, ako je uveden\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie, a m\u00f4\u017eete sk\u00fama\u0165 r\u00e1dio\u00e9ter sami. Cena sa pohybuje od 100 do 200 dol\u00e1rov v z\u00e1vislosti od modelu prij\u00edma\u010da. M\u00f4\u017eete tie\u017e vyu\u017ei\u0165 online prij\u00edma\u010de a v\u00f4bec ni\u010d nekupova\u0165, hoci to nie je a\u017e tak zauj\u00edmav\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed by chceli pracova\u0165 aj na vysielan\u00ed, bude potrebn\u00e9 zak\u00fapi\u0165 transceiver s ant\u00e9nou a z\u00edska\u0165 amat\u00e9rsku licenciu. Cena transceiveru je pribli\u017ene rovnak\u00e1 ako cena iPhonu, tak\u017ee pri z\u00e1ujme je to dos\u0165 dostupn\u00e9. Tie\u017e bude potrebn\u00e9 zlo\u017ei\u0165 jednoduch\u00fa sk\u00fa\u0161ku, a u\u017e za nejak\u00fd mesiac m\u00f4\u017eete plnohodnotne pracova\u0165 v \u00e9teri. Samozrejme, nie je to jednoduch\u00e9 \u2014 budete sa musie\u0165 nau\u010di\u0165 druhy ant\u00e9n, vymyslie\u0165 sp\u00f4sob in\u0161tal\u00e1cie, porozumie\u0165 frekvenci\u00e1m a typom vy\u017earovania. Hoci slovo \u201ebudete musie\u0165\u201c je tu asi nevhodn\u00e9, preto\u017ee to je koniec koncov hobby, ktor\u00e9 sa rob\u00ed pre z\u00e1ujem, nie z don\u00fatenia. <\/p>\n

V\u0161etk\u00fdm prajem \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9 experimenty. Mo\u017eno niekto z \u010ditate\u013eov vytvor\u00ed nov\u00fd digit\u00e1lny sp\u00f4sob komunik\u00e1cie, a ja s rados\u0165ou zahrniem jeho preh\u013ead do tohto textu \ud83d\ude09
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0442\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0444\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0412\u043e-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u043e-\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25135,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47\u010co je po\u010du\u0165 v r\u00e1diovom \u00e9teri? 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