{"id":34006,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","slug":"printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","title":{"rendered":"Princ\u00edp fungovania protokolu VRRP","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol)<\/b> \u2014 rodina protokolov, ur\u010den\u00fdch na vytvorenie redundancie predvolen\u00e9ho br\u00e1ny. Spolo\u010dnou my\u0161lienkou t\u00fdchto protokolov je zl\u00fa\u010di\u0165 nieko\u013eko smerova\u010dov do jedn\u00e9ho virtu\u00e1lneho smerova\u010da so spolo\u010dnou IP adresou. T\u00e1to IP adresa bude pridelen\u00e1 hostite\u013eom ako predvolen\u00e1 br\u00e1na. Vo\u013enou implement\u00e1ciou tejto my\u0161lienky je protokol VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku sa pozrieme na z\u00e1klady protokolu VRRP.<\/p>\n

\"Princ\u00edp<\/a><\/noindex>
\nSmerova\u010de VRRP sa kombinuj\u00fa do jedn\u00e9ho virtu\u00e1lneho smerova\u010da. V\u0161etky smerova\u010de v skupine maj\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00fa virtu\u00e1lnu IP (VIP) adresu a spolo\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo skupiny alebo VRID (Virtual Router Identifier). Jeden smerova\u010d m\u00f4\u017ee patri\u0165 do viacer\u00fdch skup\u00edn, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00e1 z nich mus\u00ed ma\u0165 svoj jedine\u010dn\u00fd p\u00e1r VIP\/VRID.<\/p>\n

V pr\u00edpade Cisco sa virtu\u00e1lny smerova\u010d nastavuje na zauj\u00edmavom rozhran\u00ed pr\u00edkazom:<\/p>\n

R1(config-if)# vrrp  ip<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nV\u0161etky smerova\u010de s\u00fa rozdelen\u00e9 na dva typy: VRRP Master a VRRP Backup. <\/p>\n
VRRP Master<\/b> \u2014 je smerova\u010d, ktor\u00fd sa zaober\u00e1 pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00edm paketov pre t\u00fato virtu\u00e1lnu skupinu. <\/p>\n
VRRP Backup<\/b> \u2014 je smerova\u010d, ktor\u00fd \u010dak\u00e1 na paket od Mastera. Ak pakety od Mastera prestan\u00fa prich\u00e1dza\u0165, Backup sa pok\u00fasi prejs\u0165 do stavu Master. <\/p>\n
Smerova\u010d sa st\u00e1va Masterom, ak m\u00e1 najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed prioritu. Master neust\u00e1le vysiela spr\u00e1vy na \u0161irokop\u00e1smov\u00fa adresu 224.0.0.18, aby ozn\u00e1mil Backup smerova\u010dom, \u017ee funguje. Master posiela spr\u00e1vy pod\u013ea \u010dasova\u010da Adver Timer, ktor\u00fd je predvolen\u00fd na 1 sekundu. <\/p>\n
\"Princ\u00edp
\nPri tom sa ako MAC adresa odosielate\u013ea pou\u017e\u00edva adresa skupiny 00:00:5E:00:01:xx, kde xx je VRID v hexadecim\u00e1lnom form\u00e1te. V tomto pr\u00edklade sa pou\u017e\u00edva prv\u00e1 skupina. <\/p>\n
\"Princ\u00edp
\nAk Backup smerova\u010de nedostan\u00fa spr\u00e1vy po\u010das troch Adver Timer (Master Down Timer), nov\u00fdm Masterom sa stane smerova\u010d s najvy\u0161\u0161ou prioritou, alebo smerova\u010d s najvy\u0161\u0161ou IP adresou. Backup smerova\u010d s vy\u0161\u0161ou prioritou prevezme \u00falohu Master s ni\u017e\u0161ou prioritou. Av\u0161ak, ak m\u00e1 Backup vypnut\u00fd re\u017eim preempt, Backup neprevezme \u00falohu od Mastera. <\/p>\n
R1(config-if)# no vrrp  preempt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nAk je VRRP smerova\u010d vlastn\u00edkom VIP adresy, v\u017edy preber\u00e1 \u00falohu Master. <\/p>\n
Priorita VRRP je nastaven\u00e1 na hodnoty od 1 do 254. Hodnota 0 je rezervovan\u00e1 pre pr\u00edpady, ke\u010f je to potrebn\u00e9 Masterovi zru\u0161i\u0165<\/i> zodpovednos\u0165 za smerovanie. Hodnota 255 sa nastavuje routeru, ktor\u00fd vlastn\u00ed VIP. Predvolen\u00e1 priorita je 100, ale m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 administrat\u00edvne upraven\u00e1:<\/p>\n
R1(config-if)#vrrp  priority<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nTu m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 prioritu routera, ke\u010f je administrat\u00edvne nastaven\u00e1:<\/p>\n
\"Princ\u00edp
\nA tu je pr\u00edpad, ke\u010f router je vlastn\u00edkom VIP:<\/p>\n
\"Princ\u00edp
\nVRRP router m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 tri stavy: Initialize, Backup, Master. Tieto stavy router postupne men\u00ed. <\/p>\n
V stave Initialize router \u010dak\u00e1 na za\u010datie \u010dinnosti. Ak je tento router vlastn\u00edkom VIP adresy (priorita je 255), router posiela spr\u00e1vy, \u017ee sa st\u00e1va Master. Taktie\u017e odosiela gratuitous ARP po\u017eiadavku<\/a><\/noindex>, v ktorej je MAC adresa zdroja rovn\u00e1 adrese virtu\u00e1lneho routera. Potom prech\u00e1dza do stavu Master. Ak router nie je vlastn\u00edkom VIP, prech\u00e1dza do stavu Backup. <\/p>\n
\"Princ\u00edp
\nV stave Backup router \u010dak\u00e1 na pakety od Master. Router v tomto stave neodpoved\u00e1 na ARP po\u017eiadavky od VIP adresy. Takisto neprij\u00edma pakety, ktor\u00fdch cie\u013eovou adresou je MAC adresa virtu\u00e1lneho routera. <\/p>\n
Ak Backup nedostane spr\u00e1vy od Master po\u010das Master Down Timer, po\u0161le VRRP spr\u00e1vu, \u017ee sa chyst\u00e1 sta\u0165 Master. Potom po\u0161le vysielaciu VRRP spr\u00e1vu, v ktorej je MAC adresa zdroja rovn\u00e1 adrese tohto virtu\u00e1lneho routera. V tejto spr\u00e1ve router uv\u00e1dza svoju prioritu.<\/p>\n
V stave Master router spracov\u00e1va pakety smerovan\u00e9 k virtu\u00e1lnemu routeru. Taktie\u017e odpoved\u00e1 na ARP po\u017eiadavky na VIP. Master posiela VRRP spr\u00e1vy ka\u017ed\u00fdch Adver Timer, aby potvrdil, \u017ee je akt\u00edvny. <\/p>\n
*May 13 19:52:18.531: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Init -> Backup\n*May 13 19:52:21.751: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Backup -> Master<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nVRRP tie\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje za\u0165a\u017eenie rozlo\u017eenie medzi viacer\u00fdmi routermi. Na jednom rozhran\u00ed sa vytvor\u00ed dve VRRP skupiny. Jednej skupine sa pridel\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161ia priorita ako druhej. Pri tom na druhom routeri sa priorita nastav\u00ed opa\u010dne. T.j. ak na jednom routeri priorita prvej skupiny je 100, a druhej skupiny \u2014 200, potom na druhom routeri priorita prvej skupiny bude 200, a druhej 100. <\/p>\n
Ako bolo spomenut\u00e9 sk\u00f4r, v ka\u017edej skupine mus\u00ed by\u0165 svoj unik\u00e1tny VIP. Nakoniec dostaneme dve IP adresy obsluhovan\u00e9 dvoma smerova\u010dmi, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 ako predvolen\u00e1 br\u00e1na. <\/p>\n
\"Princ\u00edp
\nPolovici po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov sa prirad\u00ed jedna predvolen\u00e1 br\u00e1na, polovici druh\u00e1. Takto polovica prev\u00e1dzky p\u00f4jde cez jeden smerova\u010d a polovica cez druh\u00fd. V pr\u00edpade poruchy jedn\u00e9ho zo smerova\u010dov druh\u00fd preber\u00e1 \u00falohu oboch VIP.<\/p>\n
\"Princ\u00edp
\nTakto VRRP umo\u017e\u0148uje organizova\u0165 vysok\u00fa dostupnos\u0165 predvolenej br\u00e1ny, \u010d\u00edm zvy\u0161uje spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 siete. A v pr\u00edpade pou\u017eitia viacer\u00fdch virtu\u00e1lnych smerova\u010dov je mo\u017en\u00e9 aj vyv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e medzi fyzick\u00fdmi smerova\u010dmi. R\u00fdchlos\u0165 reakcie na poruchu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 skr\u00e1ten\u00e1 zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm \u010dasova\u010dov.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Princ\u00edp fungovania protokolu VRRP | ProHoster","description":"FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 rodina protokolov navrhnut\u00fdch na vytvorenie redundancie predvolenej 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