{"id":34101,"date":"2019-10-31T21:56:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:56:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ob-anonimnosti-v-account-based-blokchejnah\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:56:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:56:25","slug":"ob-anonimnosti-v-account-based-blokchejnah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ob-anonimnosti-v-account-based-blokchejnah","title":{"rendered":"O anonymite v account-based blockchains","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

U\u017e d\u00e1vno n\u00e1s zauj\u00edma t\u00e9ma anonymity v kryptomen\u00e1ch a sna\u017e\u00edme sa sledova\u0165 v\u00fdvoj technol\u00f3gi\u00ed v tejto oblasti. Vo svojich \u010dl\u00e1nkoch sme podrobne presk\u00famali princ\u00edpy fungovania d\u00f4vern\u00fdch transakci\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> v Monero a tie\u017e sme sa zaoberali porovn\u00e1vaciu recenziu<\/a><\/noindex> technol\u00f3giami, ktor\u00e9 existuj\u00fa v tejto oblasti. Av\u0161ak v\u0161etky anonymn\u00e9 kryptomeny s\u00fa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti postaven\u00e9 na modely d\u00e1t, ktor\u00e9 navrhla Bitcoin \u2014 Unspent Transaction Output (\u010falej UTXO). Pre blockchaine zalo\u017een\u00e9 na \u00fa\u010dtoch, ako je Ethereum, existuj\u00face rie\u0161enia na zabezpe\u010denie anonymity a d\u00f4vernosti (napr\u00edklad Mobius<\/a><\/noindex> alebo Aztec<\/a><\/noindex>) sa pok\u00fasili zopakova\u0165 model UTXO v smart kontraktoch.<\/p>\n

V febru\u00e1ri 2019 skupina v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov zo Stanfordovej univerzity a Visa Research<\/a><\/noindex> uvedli predlo\u017eila<\/a><\/noindex> preprint \"Zether: K s\u00fakromiu vo svete smart kontraktov\". Autori po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t navrhli pr\u00edstup k zabezpe\u010deniu anonymity v blockchaine zalo\u017eenom na \u00fa\u010dtoch a predstavili dva varianty smart kontraktu: pre d\u00f4vern\u00e9 (skrytie zostatkov a s\u00fam prevodov) a anonymn\u00e9 (skrytie pr\u00edjemcu a odosielate\u013ea) transakcie. Pova\u017eujeme navrhovan\u00fa technol\u00f3giu za zauj\u00edmav\u00fa a radi by sme sa podelili o jej fungovanie, ako aj o to, pre\u010do je probl\u00e9m anonymity v blockchaine zalo\u017eenom na \u00fa\u010dtoch pova\u017eovan\u00fd za ve\u013emi zlo\u017eit\u00fd a \u010di sa autorom podarilo t\u00fato ot\u00e1zku \u00faplne vyrie\u0161i\u0165.<\/p>\n

O fungovan\u00ed t\u00fdchto modelov d\u00e1t<\/h3>\n

\nV UTXO modeli transakcia pozost\u00e1va zo \u201evstupov\u201c a \u201ev\u00fdstupov\u201c. Priame anal\u00f3gie \u201ev\u00fdstupom\u201c s\u00fa bankovky vo va\u0161ej pe\u0148a\u017eenke: ka\u017ed\u00fd \u201ev\u00fdstup\u201c m\u00e1 nejak\u00fa hodnotu. Ke\u010f plat\u00edte niekomu (tvor\u00edte transakciu), m\u00ed\u0148ate jeden alebo viac \u201ev\u00fdstupov\u201c, pri\u010dom sa st\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u201evstupmi\u201c transakcie a blockchain ich ozna\u010duje ako vydan\u00e9. Pri tom pr\u00edjemca va\u0161ej platby (alebo vy sami, ak potrebujete sp\u00e4tn\u00fa hotovos\u0165) dost\u00e1va znova generovan\u00e9 \u201ev\u00fdstupy\u201c. Sch\u00e9maticky to m\u00f4\u017eeme zn\u00e1zorni\u0165 takto:<\/p>\n

\"O
\n
\nBlockchaine zalo\u017een\u00e9 na \u00fa\u010dtoch funguj\u00fa zhruba ako v\u00e1\u0161 bankov\u00fd \u00fa\u010det. Operuj\u00fa iba s hodnotou na va\u0161om \u00fa\u010dte a sumou prevodu. Ke\u010f prev\u00e1dzate nejak\u00fa sumu zo svojho \u00fa\u010dtu, nesp\u00e1lite \u017eiadne \u201ev\u00fdstupy\u201c, sie\u0165 si nemus\u00ed pam\u00e4ta\u0165, ktor\u00e9 mince s\u00fa minul\u00e9 a ktor\u00e9 nie. V najjednoduch\u0161om pr\u00edpade sa overenie transakcie z\u00fa\u017ei na overenie podpisu odosielate\u013ea a sumy na jeho zostatku:<\/p>\n

\"O
\n<\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza technol\u00f3gie<\/h3>\n

\n\u010ealej sa budeme zaobera\u0165 t\u00fdm, ako Zether skr\u00fdva sumy transakci\u00ed, pr\u00edjemcov a odosielate\u013eov. Po\u010das popisu princ\u00edpov jeho fungovania si v\u0161imneme rozdiely medzi konfidenci\u00e1lnym a anonymn\u00fdm variantom. Ke\u010f\u017ee zabezpe\u010di\u0165 d\u00f4vernos\u0165 v blockchainoch zalo\u017een\u00fdch na \u00fa\u010dtoch je ove\u013ea jednoduch\u0161ie, niektor\u00e9 z obmedzen\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 anonymiz\u00e1cia prin\u00e1\u0161a, nebud\u00fa pre konfidenci\u00e1lnu verziu technol\u00f3gie relevantn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Skr\u00fdvanie zostatkov a s\u00fam prevodov<\/h4>\n

\nNa \u0161ifrovanie zostatkov a s\u00fam prevodov v Zether sa pou\u017e\u00edva \u0161ifrovac\u00ed sch\u00e9ma El-Gamal<\/a><\/noindex>. Funguje to nasledovne. Ke\u010f chce Alisa posla\u0165 Bobovi b<\/b><\/i> mince na adresu (jeho verejn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d) Y<\/b><\/i>, vyberie si n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo r<\/b><\/i> a za\u0161ifruje sumu:<\/p>\n

\"O
\nkde C<\/b><\/i> \u2014 za\u0161ifrovan\u00e1 suma, D<\/b><\/i> \u2014 pomocn\u00e1 hodnota potrebn\u00e1 na de\u0161ifrovanie tejto sumy, G<\/b><\/i> \u2014 fixn\u00fd bod na eliptickej krivke, pri n\u00e1soben\u00ed ktor\u00e9ho tajn\u00fdm k\u013e\u00fa\u010dom vznik\u00e1 verejn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d.<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f Bob dostane tieto hodnoty, jednoducho ich pripoj\u00ed k svojmu za\u0161ifrovan\u00e9mu zostatku, \u010d\u00edm je t\u00e1to sch\u00e9ma v\u00fdhodn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Podobne Alisa odpo\u010d\u00edtava z svojho zostatku rovnak\u00e9 hodnoty, ale ako Y<\/b><\/i> pou\u017e\u00edva svoj verejn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d.<\/p>\n

Skr\u00fdvanie adres\u00e1ta a odosielate\u013ea<\/h4>\n

\nZamie\u0148anie \u201ev\u00fdstupov\u201c v UTXO sa objavilo u\u017e na za\u010diatku kryptomien a pom\u00e1ha skr\u00fdva\u0165 odosielate\u013ea. Na tento \u00fa\u010del s\u00e1m odosielate\u013e pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed prevodu vyber\u00e1 n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 \u201ev\u00fdstupy\u201c v blockchain a zamie\u0148a ich so svojimi. Potom podpisuje \u201ev\u00fdstupy\u201c kruhov\u00fdm podpisom \u2014 kryptografick\u00fdm mechanizmom, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje presved\u010di\u0165 overovate\u013ea, \u017ee medzi zamie\u0148an\u00fdmi \u201ev\u00fdstupmi\u201c s\u00fa mince odosielate\u013ea. Samotn\u00e9 zamie\u0148an\u00e9 mince sa samozrejme nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak na skr\u00fdvanie pr\u00edjemcu sa n\u00e1m nepodar\u00ed generova\u0165 fikt\u00edvne \u201ev\u00fdstupy\u201c. Preto m\u00e1 v UTXO ka\u017ed\u00fd \u201ev\u00fdstup\u201c svoju jedine\u010dn\u00fa adresu, a t\u00e1 je kryptograficky prepojen\u00e1 s adresou pr\u00edjemcu t\u00fdchto minc\u00ed. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti neexistuje sp\u00f4sob, ako odhali\u0165 spojenie medzi jedine\u010dnou adresou \u201ev\u00fdstupu\u201c a adresou pr\u00edjemcu, pokia\u013e nepozn\u00e1te jeho tajn\u00e9 k\u013e\u00fa\u010de.<\/p>\n

V modely zalo\u017eenej na \u00fa\u010dtoch nem\u00f4\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 jednorazov\u00e9 adresy (inak by to u\u017e bola model \u201eodchodov\u201c). Preto mus\u00edme zamie\u0148a\u0165 prij\u00edmate\u013ea a odosielate\u013ea medzi r\u00f4znymi \u00fa\u010dtami v blokchain. Pri tom sa z zamie\u0148an\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dtov strh\u00e1va za\u0161ifrovan\u00fdch 0 minc\u00ed (alebo sa prid\u00e1 0 \u2014 v pr\u00edpade zamie\u0148ania prij\u00edmate\u013ea), pri\u010dom sa re\u00e1lny zostatok \u00fa\u010dtov v podstate nemen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f\u017ee odosielate\u013e aj prij\u00edmate\u013e maj\u00fa v\u017edy st\u00e1lu adresu, vznik\u00e1 tu potreba pri prevodoch na rovnak\u00e9 adresy pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 na zamie\u0148anie rovnak\u00e9 skupiny. Je jednoduch\u0161ie to vysvetli\u0165 na pr\u00edklade.<\/p>\n

Predpokladajme, \u017ee Alenka sa rozhodla prispie\u0165 do charitat\u00edvneho fondu Boba, ale uprednost\u0148uje, aby tento prevod zostal anonymn\u00fd pre vonkaj\u0161ieho pozorovate\u013ea. Aby zamaskovala svoju identitu v poli odosielate\u013ea, uvedie aj \u00fa\u010dty Adama a Adely. A aby skryla Boba \u2014 v poli prij\u00edmate\u013ea dodato\u010dne \u00fa\u010dty Bena a Billa. Pri \u010fal\u0161om pr\u00edspevku sa Alenka rozhodla ved\u013ea seba uvies\u0165 aj Alexe a Amandu, a ved\u013ea Boba \u2014 Bruna a Benjamina. V tomto pr\u00edpade, pri anal\u00fdze blokchainu, v t\u00fdchto dvoch transakci\u00e1ch n\u00e1jde iba jeden prekr\u00fdvaj\u00faci sa p\u00e1r \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov \u2014 Alenku a Boba, \u010do de-anonymizuje tieto transakcie.<\/p>\n

\"O
\n<\/p>\n

Preteky transakci\u00ed<\/h4>\n

\nAko sme u\u017e spom\u00ednali, na skrytie svojho zostatku v syst\u00e9moch zalo\u017een\u00fdch na \u00fa\u010dtoch si pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e \u0161ifruje svoj zostatok a sumu prevodu. Mus\u00ed pritom preuk\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee zostatok na jeho \u00fa\u010dte zost\u00e1va nez\u00e1porn\u00fd. Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee pri vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed transakcie pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e kon\u0161truuje d\u00f4kaz o svojom aktu\u00e1lnom stave \u00fa\u010dtu. \u010co sa v\u0161ak stane, ak Bob po\u0161le Alenke transakciu a t\u00e1 bude prijat\u00e1 sk\u00f4r, ako transakcia, ktor\u00fa odoslala Alenka? Potom bude transakcia Alenky pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za neplatn\u00fa, preto\u017ee d\u00f4kaz o zostatku bol zostaven\u00fd pred prijat\u00edm Bobovej transakcie.<\/p>\n

\"O
\n
\nPrv\u00e9 rie\u0161enie, ktor\u00e9 napadne v takejto situ\u00e1cii, je zmrazi\u0165 \u00fa\u010det pred uskuto\u010dnen\u00edm transakcie. Ale tento pr\u00edstup nie je vhodn\u00fd, preto\u017ee okrem zlo\u017eitosti vyrie\u0161enia takejto \u00falohy v distribuovanej s\u00fastave nebude v anonymnej sch\u00e9me jasn\u00e9, ktor\u00fa \u00fa\u010det zablokova\u0165.<\/p>\n

Na vyrie\u0161enie tohto probl\u00e9mu technol\u00f3gia rozde\u013euje prich\u00e1dzaj\u00face a odch\u00e1dzaj\u00face transakcie: v\u00fddavky okam\u017eite ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa stav zostatku, zatia\u013e \u010do pr\u00edjmy maj\u00fa odlo\u017een\u00fd efekt. Pre tento \u00fa\u010del sa zav\u00e1dza pojem \u201eepochy\u201c \u2014 skupiny blokov pevnej ve\u013ekosti. Aktu\u00e1lna \u201eepocha\u201c sa ur\u010duje delen\u00edm v\u00fd\u0161ky bloku na ve\u013ekos\u0165 skupiny. Pri spracovan\u00ed transakcie sie\u0165 aktualizuje zostatok odosielate\u013ea okam\u017eite, zatia\u013e \u010do prostriedky pr\u00edjemcu sa ukladaj\u00fa do \u00falo\u017eiska. Nahromaden\u00e9 prostriedky sa dostan\u00fa do dispoz\u00edcie pr\u00edjemcu platby a\u017e pri nast\u00fapen\u00ed novej \u201eepochy\u201c.<\/p>\n

V d\u00f4sledku toho m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e posiela\u0165 transakcie bez oh\u013eadu na to, ako \u010dasto mu prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa prostriedky (samozrejme, pokia\u013e mu to umo\u017e\u0148uje jeho zostatok). Ve\u013ekos\u0165 epochy sa ur\u010duje na z\u00e1klade toho, ako r\u00fdchlo sa bloky \u0161\u00edria sie\u0165ou a ako r\u00fdchlo sa transakcia dostane do bloku. <\/p>\n

Toto rie\u0161enie dobre funguje v pr\u00edpade d\u00f4vern\u00fdch prevodov, av\u0161ak pri anonymn\u00fdch transakci\u00e1ch, ako uvid\u00edme nesk\u00f4r, vytv\u00e1ra v\u00e1\u017ene probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

Ochrana pred replay-\u00fatokmi<\/h4>\n

\nV blockchainoch zalo\u017een\u00fdch na \u00fa\u010dtoch je ka\u017ed\u00e1 transakcia podp\u00edsan\u00e1 s\u00fakromn\u00fdm k\u013e\u00fa\u010dom odosielate\u013ea, \u010do presvied\u010da overovate\u013ea, \u017ee transakcia nebola zmenen\u00e1 a vytvoril ju majite\u013e tohto k\u013e\u00fa\u010da. Ale \u010do ak \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk, ktor\u00fd odpo\u010d\u00faval prenosov\u00fd kan\u00e1l, zachyt\u00ed t\u00fato spr\u00e1vu a odo\u0161le presne rovnak\u00e9 druh\u00e9? Overovate\u013e porovn\u00e1 podpis transakcie a bude presved\u010den\u00fd o jej autorstve, a sie\u0165 op\u00e4\u0165 odr\u00e1ta rovnako ve\u013ek\u00fa sumu z \u00fa\u010dtu odosielate\u013ea.<\/p>\n

Tomuto \u00fatoku sa hovor\u00ed replay-\u00fatok. V modeli UTXO tak\u00e9to \u00fatoky nie s\u00fa aktu\u00e1lne, preto\u017ee \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk by sa pok\u00fasil vyu\u017ei\u0165 m\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy, \u010do je samo osebe neplatn\u00e9 a sie\u0165 to odmieta.<\/p>\n

Aby sa tomu predi\u0161lo, do transakcie sa vklad\u00e1 pole s n\u00e1hodn\u00fdmi \u00fadajmi, ktor\u00e9 sa naz\u00fdva nonce alebo jednoducho \u201eso\u013e\u201c. Pri op\u00e4tovnom odoslan\u00ed transakcie s \u201eso\u013eou\u201c overovate\u013e kontroluje, \u010di bol tento nonce pou\u017eit\u00fd sk\u00f4r a, ak nie, pova\u017euje t\u00fato transakciu za platn\u00fa. Aby sa v blockchaine neukladala cel\u00e1 hist\u00f3ria nonce-ov pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, zvy\u010dajne sa pri prvej transakcii berie ako nulov\u00fd a potom sa zvy\u0161uje o jednotku. Siete ost\u00e1va len skontrolova\u0165, \u017ee nonce novej transakcie sa l\u00ed\u0161i od predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej o jednu jednotku.<\/p>\n

V anonymnom syst\u00e9me prevodov sa objavuje probl\u00e9m valid\u00e1cie nonce transakci\u00ed. Nem\u00f4\u017eeme explicitne viaza\u0165 nonce na adresu odosielate\u013ea, preto\u017ee to o\u010dividne deanonimizuje prevod. Taktie\u017e nem\u00f4\u017eeme prida\u0165 jednotku k nonce v\u0161etk\u00fdch z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dtov, preto\u017ee to m\u00f4\u017ee zasahova\u0165 do in\u00fdch prevodov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v spracovan\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Autori Zether navrhuj\u00fa generova\u0165 nonce kryptograficky - v z\u00e1vislosti od \u201e\u00e9pok\u201c. Napr\u00edklad:<\/p>\n

\"O
\nTu x<\/i><\/b> \u2014 tajn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d odosielate\u013ea, a Gepoch<\/i><\/b> \u2014 dodato\u010dn\u00fd gener\u00e1tor pre epochu, z\u00edskan\u00fd hashovan\u00edm re\u0165azca vo forme 'Zether + '. Teraz sa t\u00e1to problematika zd\u00e1 by\u0165 rie\u0161en\u00e1 \u2014 neodhalujeme nonce odosielate\u013ea a nezasahujeme do nonce-ov nez\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov. Tento pr\u00edstup v\u0161ak kladie v\u00e1\u017ene obmedzenie: jeden \u00fa\u010det m\u00f4\u017ee odosla\u0165 maxim\u00e1lne jednu transakciu v 'epoche'. Tento probl\u00e9m, bohu\u017eia\u013e, zost\u00e1va nevyrie\u0161en\u00fd a v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti rob\u00ed anonymn\u00fa verziu Zether, na\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1zorom, sotva pou\u017eite\u013enou.<\/p>\n

Zlo\u017eitosti d\u00f4kazov s nulov\u00fdm odhalen\u00edm<\/h4>\n

\nV UTXO mus\u00ed odosielate\u013e dok\u00e1za\u0165 sieti, \u017ee neutrat\u00ed negat\u00edvnu sumu, inak je mo\u017en\u00e9 generovanie nov\u00fdch minc\u00ed z ni\u010doho (pre\u010do je to mo\u017en\u00e9, sme p\u00edsali v jednom z predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich \u010dl\u00e1nkov<\/a><\/noindex>). A rovnako aj podp\u00edsa\u0165 \u201evstupy\u201c kr\u00fa\u017ekov\u00fdm podpisom, aby dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee medzi zamie\u0161an\u00fdmi mincami s\u00fa prostriedky, ktor\u00e9 mu patr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V anonymnej verzii blockchainu zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na \u00fa\u010dtoch s\u00fa v\u00fdrazy pre d\u00f4kaz ove\u013ea zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie. Odosielate\u013e dokazuje, \u017ee:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Odosielan\u00e1 suma je kladn\u00e1;<\/li>\n
  2. Zostatok zost\u00e1va nez\u00e1porn\u00fd;<\/li>\n
  3. Odosielate\u013e spr\u00e1vne za\u0161ifroval sumy prevodov (vr\u00e1tane nulov\u00fdch);<\/li>\n
  4. Zostatok na \u00fa\u010dte sa men\u00ed len u odosielate\u013ea a prij\u00edmate\u013ea;<\/li>\n
  5. Odosielate\u013e vlastn\u00ed tajn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d k svojmu \u00fa\u010dtu a skuto\u010dne sa nach\u00e1dza v zozname odosielate\u013eov (medzi zamie\u0161an\u00fdmi);<\/li>\n
  6. Nonce pou\u017eit\u00e1 v transakcii je zostaven\u00e1 spr\u00e1vne.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nPre tak\u00fdto zlo\u017eit\u00fd d\u00f4kaz autori pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa zmes Nepremo\u017eite\u013en\u00fd<\/a><\/noindex> (jeden z autorov sa, mimochodom, podie\u013eal na jeho vytvoren\u00ed) a Sigma protocol<\/a><\/noindex>, ktor\u00fa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa Sigma-bullets. Form\u00e1lny d\u00f4kaz takejto afirm\u00e1cie je ve\u013emi zlo\u017eit\u00e1 \u00faloha a zna\u010dne obmedzuje po\u010det t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa chc\u00fa zaobera\u0165 implement\u00e1ciou technol\u00f3gie.<\/p>\n

    Ak\u00fd je v\u00fdsledok?<\/h4>\n

    \nPod\u013ea n\u00e1\u0161ho n\u00e1zoru \u010das\u0165 Zether, ktor\u00e1 prin\u00e1\u0161a s\u00fakromie do blockchainov zalo\u017een\u00fdch na \u00fa\u010dtoch, sa u\u017e d\u00e1 pou\u017ei\u0165. Av\u0161ak anonymn\u00e1 verzia technol\u00f3gie moment\u00e1lne kladie v\u00e1\u017ene obmedzenia na jej vyu\u017eitie a jej zlo\u017eitosti na realiz\u00e1ciu. Netreba v\u0161ak zab\u00fada\u0165, \u017ee autori ju vydali len pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi mesiacmi, a je celkom mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee niekto in\u00fd n\u00e1jde rie\u0161enie existuj\u00facich probl\u00e9mov. Takto predsa prebieha veda.
    \n
    Zdroj:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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