{"id":34264,"date":"2019-10-31T21:57:17","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:57:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/glavnaya-prichina-avarij-v-data-tsentrah-prokladka-mezhdu-kompyuterom-i-kreslom\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:57:17","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:57:17","slug":"glavnaya-prichina-avarij-v-data-tsentrah-prokladka-mezhdu-kompyuterom-i-kreslom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/glavnaya-prichina-avarij-v-data-tsentrah-prokladka-mezhdu-kompyuterom-i-kreslom","title":{"rendered":"Hlavn\u00fdm d\u00f4vodom hav\u00e1ri\u00ed v d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch je prek\u00e1\u017eka medzi po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom a stoli\u010dkou.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>T\u00e9ma ve\u013ek\u00fdch hav\u00e1ri\u00ed v modern\u00fdch DC vyvol\u00e1va ot\u00e1zky, na ktor\u00e9 v prvom \u010dl\u00e1nku nebolo odpoved\u00ed \u2014 rozhodli sme sa ju rozvin\u00fa\u0165.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Hlavn\u00fdm d\u00f4vodom hav\u00e1ri\u00ed v d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch je prek\u00e1\u017eka medzi po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom a stoli\u010dkou.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/83e10d080b0c1c6904d76ac3fb6610f1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Ak ver\u00edme \u0161tatistike Uptime Institute, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina incidentov v d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch sa t\u00fdka zlyhan\u00ed syst\u00e9mu nap\u00e1jania \u2014 na ich podiel pripad\u00e1 39 % v\u0161etk\u00fdch udalost\u00ed. Nasleduje \u013eudsk\u00fd faktor \u2014 to je \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 24 % hav\u00e1ri\u00ed. Tre\u0165ou najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ou (15 %) pr\u00ed\u010dinou boli zlyhania klimatiza\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, zatia\u013e \u010do na \u0161tvrtom mieste (12 %) sa ocitli pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 katastrofy. Celkov\u00fd podiel ostatn\u00fdch nepr\u00edjemnost\u00ed predstavuje len 10 %. Bez pochybnost\u00ed o \u00fadajoch re\u0161pektovanej organiz\u00e1cie zd\u00f4raznime nie\u010do spolo\u010dn\u00e9 v r\u00f4znych hav\u00e1ri\u00e1ch a pok\u00fasime sa pochopi\u0165, \u010di ich bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 zabr\u00e1ni\u0165. Spoilery: vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov \u00e1no.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Veda o kontaktoch<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Zjednodu\u0161ene povedan\u00e9, pri nap\u00e1jan\u00ed b\u00fdvaj\u00fa len dva probl\u00e9my: bu\u010f nie je kontakt tam, kde by mal by\u0165, alebo je tam, kde by nemal by\u0165. M\u00f4\u017eeme dlho polemizova\u0165 o spo\u013eahlivosti modern\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov nep\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9ho nap\u00e1jania, ale nezachra\u0148uj\u00fa v\u017edy. Vezmime si napr\u00edklad oznamovan\u00fd pr\u00edpad so d\u00e1tov\u00fdm centrom British Airways, ktor\u00e9 patr\u00ed materskej spolo\u010dnosti International Airlines Group. Ne\u010faleko letiska Heathrow sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa dva tak\u00e9 objekty \u2014 Boadicea House a Comet House. V prvom z nich 27. m\u00e1ja 2017 do\u0161lo k n\u00e1hodn\u00e9mu vypnutiu nap\u00e1jania, ktor\u00e9 viedlo k pre\u0165a\u017eeniu a zlyhaniu syst\u00e9mu UPS. V d\u00f4sledku toho bola \u010das\u0165 IT zariadenia fyzicky po\u0161koden\u00e1, a na odstr\u00e1nenie poslednej hav\u00e1rie sa minuli tri dni. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Leteck\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti museli zru\u0161i\u0165 alebo presun\u00fa\u0165 viac ako tis\u00edc letov, pribli\u017ene 75 tis\u00edc pasa\u017eierov sa nemohlo v\u010das odletie\u0165 \u2013 na vyplatenie od\u0161kodnen\u00ed sa minulo 128 mili\u00f3nov dol\u00e1rov, bez zoh\u013eadnenia n\u00e1kladov na obnovenie funk\u010dnosti d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centier. Pr\u00ed\u010diny blackout sa zdaj\u00fa by\u0165 nejasn\u00e9. Ak sa d\u00e1 veri\u0165 v\u00fdsledkom intern\u00e9ho vy\u0161etrenia, ktor\u00e9 ozn\u00e1mil gener\u00e1lny riadite\u013e International Airlines Group Willie Walsh, k udalosti do\u0161lo v d\u00f4sledku chyby in\u017einierov. Napriek tomu mala syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00e1 elektrick\u00e1 energia odola\u0165 tak\u00e9muto v\u00fdpadku \u2013 pr\u00e1ve na to je navrhnut\u00e1. D\u00e1tov\u00e9 centr\u00e1 spravovali odborn\u00edci z outsourcingovej spolo\u010dnosti CBRE Managed Services, preto sa British Airways pok\u00fasila z\u00edska\u0165 od\u0161kodnenie prostredn\u00edctvom s\u00fadu v Lond\u00fdne. <\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Hlavn\u00fdm d\u00f4vodom hav\u00e1ri\u00ed v d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch je prek\u00e1\u017eka medzi po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom a stoli\u010dkou.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/db9591f5fdae2a173f76ddee3275d2ee.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdpadky elektrickej energie sa odohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa pod\u013ea podobn\u00fdch sc\u00e9narov: najprv d\u00f4jde k v\u00fdpadku z viny dod\u00e1vate\u013ea elektriny, niekedy kv\u00f4li zl\u00e9mu po\u010dasiu alebo intern\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom (vr\u00e1tane ch\u00fdb person\u00e1lu), a potom syst\u00e9m z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00e9ho nap\u00e1jania nezvl\u00e1da z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e alebo kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 preru\u0161enie s\u00ednusoidy sp\u00f4sob\u00ed zlyhania mnoh\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, na obnovenie ktor\u00fdch je potrebn\u00e9 ve\u013ea \u010dasu a pe\u0148az\u00ed. D\u00e1 sa pred\u00eds\u0165 podobn\u00fdm v\u00fdpadkom? Ur\u010dite. Ak navrhneme syst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vne, av\u0161ak chyby sa nevyhn\u00fa ani tvorcom ve\u013ek\u00fdch d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centier. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>\u013dudsk\u00fd faktor<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f sa bezprostrednou pr\u00ed\u010dinou incidentu st\u00e1vaj\u00fa nespr\u00e1vne kroky person\u00e1lu d\u00e1tov\u00e9ho centra, probl\u00e9my sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie (ale nielen) t\u00fdkaj\u00fa softv\u00e9rovej \u010dasti IT infra\u0161trukt\u00fary. Tak\u00e9to hav\u00e1rie sa vyskytuj\u00fa aj vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch korpor\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. V febru\u00e1ri 2017 bola kv\u00f4li nespr\u00e1vne zadan\u00e9mu pr\u00edkazu \u010dlenom t\u00edmu technickej \u00fadr\u017eby jedn\u00e9ho z d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centier odpojen\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 serverov Amazon Web Services. Chyba nastala po\u010das ladenia procesu faktur\u00e1cie z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom cloudov\u00e9ho \u00falo\u017eiska Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3). Zamestnanec sa sna\u017eil odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 nieko\u013eko virtu\u00e1lnych serverov pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch faktura\u010dn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom, ale zasiahol v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu skupinu.<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Hlavn\u00fdm d\u00f4vodom hav\u00e1ri\u00ed v d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch je prek\u00e1\u017eka medzi po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom a stoli\u010dkou.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/794f6279f898398b0ec1fa33c9c47a35.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V d\u00f4sledku chyby in\u017einiera sa vymazali servery, na ktor\u00fdch boli spusten\u00e9 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 programov\u00e9 moduly cloudov\u00e9ho \u00falo\u017eiska Amazon. Najprv bola postihnut\u00e1 subsyst\u00e9m indexovania, ktor\u00fd obsahoval inform\u00e1cie o metad\u00e1tach a umiestnen\u00ed v\u0161etk\u00fdch objektov S3 v americkom regi\u00f3ne US-EAST-1. Incident sa dotkol aj subsyst\u00e9mu, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edval na ukladanie d\u00e1t a spr\u00e1vu dostupn\u00e9ho priestoru na ukladanie. Po vymazan\u00ed virtu\u00e1lnych strojov si tieto dva subsyst\u00e9my vy\u017eiadali \u00fapln\u00fd re\u0161tart, a in\u017einierov Amazon \u010dakal prekvapenie \u2014 po\u010das dlh\u00e9ho obdobia verejn\u00e9 cloudov\u00e9 \u00falo\u017eisko nedok\u00e1zalo spracov\u00e1va\u0165 po\u017eiadavky z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Efekt bol rozsiahly, preto\u017ee mnoh\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 zdroje pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa Amazon S3. V\u00fdpadky ovplyvnili Trello, Coursera, IFTTT a, \u010do je najnepr\u00edjemnej\u0161ie, slu\u017eby ve\u013ek\u00fdch partnerov Amazon zo zoznamu S&amp;P 500. \u0160kodu v tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 vy\u010d\u00edsli\u0165, ale jej rozsah sa pohybuje v r\u00e1doch stoviek mili\u00f3nov dol\u00e1rov. Ako vid\u00edte, na to, aby sa poru\u0161il servis najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej cloudovej platformy, sta\u010d\u00ed jedna nespr\u00e1vna pr\u00edkaz. Nie je to ojedinel\u00fd pr\u00edpad; 16. m\u00e1ja 2019, po\u010das prevent\u00edvnych pr\u00e1c, slu\u017eba Yandex.Cloud <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.yandex.ru\/blog\/posts\/2019\/05\/16information\">odstr\u00e1nila<\/a><\/noindex> virtu\u00e1lne stroje pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov v oblasti ru-central1-c, ktor\u00e9 boli aspo\u0148 raz v stave SUSPENDED. Tu u\u017e boli postihnut\u00e9 \u00fadaje z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov, z ktor\u00fdch niektor\u00e9 sa bezn\u00e1dejne stratili. Samozrejme, \u013eudia nie s\u00fa dokonal\u00ed, ale modern\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my u\u017e d\u00e1vno dok\u00e1\u017eu kontrolova\u0165 \u010dinnosti privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov pred vykonan\u00edm zadan\u00fdch pr\u00edkazov. Ak by sa do Yandexu alebo Amazonu implementovali tak\u00e9to rie\u0161enia, podobn\u00fdm incidentom by sa dalo pred\u00eds\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Hlavn\u00fdm d\u00f4vodom hav\u00e1ri\u00ed v d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch je prek\u00e1\u017eka medzi po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom a stoli\u010dkou.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/d23051684b1ff55dde6b5d0c4ce879d2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Zamrznut\u00e9 chladenie<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V janu\u00e1ri 2017 sa v d\u00e1tovom centre spolo\u010dnosti \u201eMegaFon\u201c v Dmitrove stala v\u00e1\u017ena hav\u00e1ria. Teplota v moskovskom regi\u00f3ne klesla na -35 \u00b0C, \u010do viedlo k poruche chladenia zariadenia. Tla\u010dov\u00e1 slu\u017eba oper\u00e1tora sa o pr\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch incidentu ve\u013emi nezmie\u0148ovala \u2014 rusk\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti ve\u013emi nerady hovoria o hav\u00e1ri\u00e1ch vo vlastn\u00fdch zariadeniach, pokia\u013e ide o verejn\u00e9 informovanie, zna\u010dne zaost\u00e1vame za Z\u00e1padom. Na soci\u00e1lnych sie\u0165ach sa objavila verzia o zamrznut\u00ed chladiacej kvapaliny v potrubiach polo\u017een\u00fdch po ulici a \u00faniku etyl\u00e9nglykolu. Ak je tomu tak, prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e1 slu\u017eba nemohla kv\u00f4li dlh\u00fdm sviatkom r\u00fdchlo z\u00edska\u0165 30 ton chladiva a improvizovala s pou\u017eit\u00edm dostupn\u00fdch prostriedkov, pri\u010dom zorganizovala improvizovan\u00e9 chladenie s poru\u0161en\u00edm pravidiel prev\u00e1dzky syst\u00e9mu. Siln\u00e9 mrazy probl\u00e9m e\u0161te zhor\u0161ili \u2014 v janu\u00e1ri v Rusku n\u00e1hle nastala zima, aj ke\u010f ju nikto ne\u010dakal. Nakoniec bolo potrebn\u00e9 odpoji\u0165 \u010das\u0165 serverov\u00fdch stojanov, \u010do sp\u00f4sobilo, \u017ee niektor\u00e9 slu\u017eby oper\u00e1tora boli dva dni nedostupn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Hlavn\u00fdm d\u00f4vodom hav\u00e1ri\u00ed v d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch je prek\u00e1\u017eka medzi po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom a stoli\u010dkou.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/7db1dc6ff496a400b401e375aa0728b6.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017eno sa tu d\u00e1 hovori\u0165 aj o poveternostnej anom\u00e1lii, ale tak\u00e9to mrazy nie s\u00fa pre hlavn\u00e9 mesto ni\u010d nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9. Teplota v zime v Moskovskej oblasti m\u00f4\u017ee klesn\u00fa\u0165 aj na ni\u017e\u0161ie hodnoty, preto sa d\u00e1tov\u00e9 centr\u00e1 stavaj\u00fa s oh\u013eadom na stabiln\u00fa prev\u00e1dzku pri -42 \u00b0C. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie zlyh\u00e1vaj\u00fa chladenia v mraze z d\u00f4vodu nedostato\u010dne vysokej koncentr\u00e1cie glykolov a nadbytku vody v chladiacom roztoku. M\u00f4\u017eu sa vyskytn\u00fa\u0165 aj probl\u00e9my s in\u0161tal\u00e1ciou potrub\u00ed alebo s chybami v projektovan\u00ed a testovan\u00ed syst\u00e9mu, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou spojen\u00e9 s t\u00fa\u017ebou u\u0161etri\u0165. Nakoniec sa na rovnom mieste stane v\u00e1\u017ena hav\u00e1ria, ktorej sa dalo s \u013eahkos\u0165ou pred\u00eds\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 katastrofy <\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie b\u00farky a\/alebo hurik\u00e1ny naru\u0161uj\u00fa prev\u00e1dzku in\u017einierskej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary d\u00e1tov\u00e9ho centra, \u010do vedie k zastaveniu slu\u017eieb a\/alebo k fyzick\u00e9mu po\u0161kodeniu zariadenia. Incidenty sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 zl\u00fdm po\u010das\u00edm sa vyskytuj\u00fa celkom \u010dasto. V roku 2012 pre\u0161iel po z\u00e1padnom pobre\u017e\u00ed USA hurik\u00e1n Sandy so siln\u00fdm da\u017e\u010fom. D\u00e1tov\u00e9 centrum Peer 1 umiestnen\u00e9 v v\u00fd\u0161kovej budove na Dolnom Manhattane <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/insights.dice.com\/2012\/12\/07\/how-peer1-survived-sandy\/\">pri\u0161lo o vonkaj\u0161ie nap\u00e1janie<\/a><\/noindex>, po tom, \u010do slan\u00e1 morsk\u00e1 voda zaplnila pivnice. N\u00fadzov\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory objektu boli umiestnen\u00e9 na 18. poschod\u00ed a z\u00e1soby paliva pre ne boli obmedzen\u00e9 \u2014 pravidl\u00e1 zaveden\u00e9 v New Yorku po teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatokoch z 11. septembra zakazuj\u00fa uchov\u00e1va\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo paliva na vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poschodiach. <\/p>\n<p>\n<center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/68154979\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p>Palivov\u00e9 \u010derpadlo sa tie\u017e pokazilo, tak\u017ee person\u00e1l na nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed nosil naftu pre gener\u00e1tory ru\u010dne. Heroizmus t\u00edmu zachr\u00e1nil d\u00e1tov\u00e9 centrum pred v\u00e1\u017enou hav\u00e1riou, ale bolo to naozaj potrebn\u00e9? \u017dijeme na plan\u00e9te s atmosf\u00e9rou bohatou na dus\u00edk a kysl\u00edk a ve\u013ek\u00fdm mno\u017estvom vody. B\u00farky a hurik\u00e1ny s\u00fa tu be\u017en\u00e9 (najm\u00e4 v pobre\u017en\u00fdch oblastiach). Projektantom by pravdepodobne malo st\u00e1\u0165 za zv\u00e1\u017eenie riziko s nimi spojen\u00e9 a vybudova\u0165 zodpovedaj\u00faci syst\u00e9m nepreru\u0161ovan\u00e9ho nap\u00e1jania. Alebo aspo\u0148 zvoli\u0165 pre d\u00e1tov\u00e9 centrum vhodnej\u0161ie miesto ako v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fa budovu na ostrove.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>V\u0161etko ostatn\u00e9 <\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Do tejto kateg\u00f3rie Uptime Institute zara\u010fuje r\u00f4zne incidenty, v ktor\u00fdch je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 vybra\u0165 typick\u00fd. Kr\u00e1de\u017ee meden\u00fdch k\u00e1blov, vnikaj\u00face do DCD, st\u013apy vysok\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia a transforma\u010dn\u00e9 stanice, aut\u00e1, po\u017eiare, po\u0161kodzuj\u00face optiku, bagristi, hlodavce (potkany, kr\u00e1liky a dokonca aj wombaty, ktor\u00e9 patri\u0165 k va\u010dkovcom), ako aj nad\u0161enci, ktor\u00ed si chc\u00fa tr\u00e9nova\u0165 stre\u013ebu do dr\u00f4tov \u2014 ponuka je rozsiahla. V\u00fdpadky nap\u00e1jania m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 aj <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.datacenterknowledge.com\/archives\/2011\/03\/09\/criminals-critters-cause-utility-outages\">kradn\u00faca<\/a><\/noindex> elektrina z neleg\u00e1lnej plant\u00e1\u017ee marihuany. V mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch s\u00fa vinn\u00edkmi incidentu konkr\u00e9tni \u013eudia, t. j. op\u00e4\u0165 sa zaober\u00e1me \u013eudsk\u00fdm faktorom, ke\u010f m\u00e1 probl\u00e9m meno a priezvisko. Aj ke\u010f sa na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead hav\u00e1ria zd\u00e1 s\u00favisie\u0165 s technickou poruchou alebo pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi katastrofami, d\u00e1 sa jej pred\u00eds\u0165 za predpokladu spr\u00e1vneho projektovania objektu a jeho spr\u00e1vnej prev\u00e1dzky. V\u00fdnimkou s\u00fa azda len pr\u00edpady kritick\u00e9ho po\u0161kodenia infra\u0161trukt\u00fary DCD alebo zni\u010denia budov a stavieb v d\u00f4sledku pr\u00edrodnej katastrofy. To s\u00fa naozaj mimoriadne okolnosti, a v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my s\u00fa sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 zasaden\u00edm medzi po\u010d\u00edta\u010d a stoli\u010dku \u2014 pravdepodobne najned\u00f4veryhodnej\u0161ia \u010das\u0165 ka\u017edej zlo\u017eitej s\u00fastavy.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/delta\/blog\/452962\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0426\u041e\u0414 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 Uptime Institute, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f 39 % \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u0417\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 24 % \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25843,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0422\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0426\u041e\u0414 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 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