{"id":34383,"date":"2019-10-31T21:58:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:58:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sistemy-monitoringa-trafika-v-setyah-voip-chast-vtoraya-printsipy-organizatsii\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:58:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:58:01","slug":"sistemy-monitoringa-trafika-v-setyah-voip-chast-vtoraya-printsipy-organizatsii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sistemy-monitoringa-trafika-v-setyah-voip-chast-vtoraya-printsipy-organizatsii","title":{"rendered":"Syst\u00e9my monitorovania prev\u00e1dzky v sie\u0165ach VoIP. Diel druh\u00fd \u2014 princ\u00edpy organiz\u00e1cie","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ahojte kolegovia!<\/p>\n

V predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom<\/a><\/noindex> materi\u00e1li sme sa obozn\u00e1mili s tak\u00fdm u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdm a, ako sa d\u00e1 v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165, dos\u0165 potrebn\u00fdm prvkom VoIP infra\u0161trukt\u00fary, ako je syst\u00e9m monitorovania prev\u00e1dzky, alebo skr\u00e1tene S\u010cP. Zistili sme, \u010do to je, ak\u00e9 \u00falohy pln\u00ed, a taktie\u017e sme spomenuli najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1stupcov, ktor\u00e9 predstavili v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri svetu IT. V tejto \u010dasti presk\u00famame princ\u00edpy, pod\u013ea ktor\u00fdch sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uje implement\u00e1cia S\u010cP do IT infra\u0161trukt\u00fary a monitorovanie VoIP prev\u00e1dzky jej prostriedkami.<\/p>\n

\"Syst\u00e9my<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Architekt\u00fara syst\u00e9mov monitorovania VoIP prev\u00e1dzky<\/h3>\n

Stavali sme, stavali a nakoniec postavili. Hur\u00e1!
\nZ rozpr\u00e1vky \u201e\u010cebur\u00e1\u0161ka a krokod\u00edl Gena\u201c.
\n<\/i>
\nAko bolo spomenut\u00e9 sk\u00f4r, v oblasti telekomunik\u00e1ci\u00ed je na trhu dostatok produktov, ktor\u00e9 spadaj\u00fa do tejto kateg\u00f3rie. Av\u0161ak, ak sa abstrahujeme od n\u00e1zvu, v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ra, platformy a podobne, d\u00e1 sa v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee v\u0161etky s\u00fa viac-menej rovnak\u00e9 z h\u013eadiska svojej architekt\u00fary (aspo\u0148 tie, s ktor\u00fdmi sa autor stretol). Treba poznamena\u0165, \u017ee to s\u00favis\u00ed pr\u00e1ve s jednoducho ch\u00fdbaj\u00facimi in\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi z\u00edskavania prev\u00e1dzky z prvkov siete na jej n\u00e1sledn\u00fa podrobn\u00fa anal\u00fdzu. Napriek tomu, subjekt\u00edvne, je to do zna\u010dnej miery ovplyvnen\u00e9 s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdm rozvojom r\u00f4znych oblast\u00ed predmetnej bran\u017ee. Pre jasnej\u0161ie pochopenie zv\u00e1\u017eime nasleduj\u00facu anal\u00f3giu.<\/p>\n

Od chv\u00edle, ke\u010f ve\u013ek\u00fd rusk\u00fd vedec Vladimir Alexandrovich Kotelnikov vytvoril te\u00f3riu vzorov, \u013eudstvo z\u00edskalo obrovsk\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 vykon\u00e1va\u0165 anal\u00f3govo-digit\u00e1lne a digit\u00e1lno-anal\u00f3gov\u00e9 konverzie hlasov\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov, v\u010faka \u010domu m\u00f4\u017eeme naplno vyu\u017ei\u0165 tak\u00fd \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob komunik\u00e1cie ako IP telef\u00f3nia. Ak sa pozrieme na v\u00fdvoj mechanizmov spracovania hlasov\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov (aka algoritmy, kodeky, sp\u00f4soby k\u00f3dovania at\u010f.), m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165, ako DSP (digit\u00e1lne spracovanie sign\u00e1lov) urobilo z\u00e1sadn\u00fd krok v k\u00f3dovan\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00fdch spr\u00e1v \u2013 realiz\u00e1cia mo\u017enosti predpovedania hlasov\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu. Teda namiesto len jednoduch\u00e9ho digitalizovania a pou\u017e\u00edvania a- a u-z\u00e1konov kompresie (G.711A\/G.711U), teraz existuje mo\u017enos\u0165 prenosu iba \u010dasti vzorov s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm obnoven\u00edm celej spr\u00e1vy, \u010do v\u00fdrazne \u0161etr\u00ed \u0161\u00edrku p\u00e1sma. N\u00e1vrat k t\u00e9me SMT, poznamenajme, \u017ee v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti neexistuj\u00fa podobn\u00e9 kvalitat\u00edvne zmeny v pr\u00edstupe k zachyt\u00e1vaniu prem\u00e1vky, okrem nejak\u00e9ho druhu zrkadlenia.<\/p>\n

Pozrime sa na obr\u00e1zok, ktor\u00fd nasleduje a ilustruje to, \u010do bolo postaven\u00e9 \u0161pecialistami z dan\u00fdch odborn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Syst\u00e9my
\nObr\u00e1zok 1. Celkov\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma architekt\u00fary SMT.<\/p>\n

Takmer ka\u017ed\u00fd SMT pozost\u00e1va z dvoch hlavn\u00fdch komponentov: servera a agentov na zachyt\u00e1vanie prem\u00e1vky (alebo sn\u00edma\u010dov). Server vykon\u00e1va prij\u00edmanie, spracovanie a ukladanie VoIP prem\u00e1vky, ktor\u00e1 prich\u00e1dza od agentov, a tie\u017e poskytuje \u0161pecialistom mo\u017enos\u0165 pr\u00e1ce s prij\u00edman\u00fdmi inform\u00e1ciami v r\u00f4znych form\u00e1toch (grafy, diagramy, Call Flow, at\u010f). Agenti na zachyt\u00e1vanie realizuj\u00fa prij\u00edmanie VoIP prem\u00e1vky z jadra siete (napr\u00edklad SBC, softswitch, br\u00e1ny, ..), prev\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ju do form\u00e1tu pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho v aplikovanom softv\u00e9ri servera syst\u00e9mu a odosielaj\u00fa ju posledn\u00e9mu pre n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 manipul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n

Rovnako ako skladatelia vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa vari\u00e1cie na z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 mel\u00f3die svojich diel, aj v tomto pr\u00edpade existuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne varianty realiz\u00e1cie uvedenej sch\u00e9my. Rozmanitos\u0165 je dos\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e1 a vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov je ur\u010den\u00e1 charakteristikami infra\u0161trukt\u00fary, v ktorej je SMT nasaden\u00e1. Naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edm variantom je ten, pri ktorom nie s\u00fa in\u0161talovan\u00e9 a nenastavovan\u00e9 zbern\u00e9 agenti. V takomto pr\u00edpade je analyzovan\u00fd prenos smerovan\u00fd priamo na serveru<\/a> alebo napr\u00edklad server z\u00edskava potrebn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie z pcap s\u00faborov, ktor\u00e9 vytvorili monitorovacie objekty. Tento sp\u00f4sob doru\u010denia sa zvy\u010dajne vyber\u00e1 v pr\u00edpade, ke\u010f nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 in\u0161talova\u0165 sn\u00edma\u010de. Miesto na umiestnenie zariadenia, nedostatok zdrojov virtualiza\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov, nedostatky v organiz\u00e1cii transportnej IP siete a n\u00e1sledne probl\u00e9my s sie\u0165ovou konektivitou at\u010f., to v\u0161etko m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 d\u00f4vodom na v\u00fdber uveden\u00e9ho variantu organiz\u00e1cie monitorovania.<\/p>\n

Po tom, \u010do sme sa dozvedeli, ako m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 dan\u00e1 SMT implementovan\u00e1 do IT infra\u0161trukt\u00fary z architektonick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska, sa teraz pozrieme na aspekty, ktor\u00e9 spadaj\u00fa viac do kompetencie syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch administr\u00e1torov, a to konkr\u00e9tne sp\u00f4soby nasadenia softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov na serveroch.<\/p>\n

Po\u010das pr\u00edpravy rie\u0161enia na realiz\u00e1ciu posudzovan\u00e9ho komponentu siete monitorovania sa u vykon\u00e1vate\u013eov v\u017edy objavuje mno\u017estvo ot\u00e1zok. Napr\u00edklad, ak\u00e9 by malo by\u0165 zlo\u017eenie hardv\u00e9ru servera, je dostato\u010dn\u00e9 nain\u0161talova\u0165 v\u0161etky komponenty syst\u00e9mu na jednom hoste, alebo by ich mali od seba oddeli\u0165, ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom vykon\u00e1va\u0165 in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu softv\u00e9ru at\u010f. Uveden\u00e9 a mnoh\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie s\u00favisiace ot\u00e1zky s\u00fa ve\u013emi rozsiahle a odpovede na mnoh\u00e9 z nich skuto\u010dne z\u00e1visia od konkr\u00e9tnych podmienok prev\u00e1dzky (alebo projektovania). Sna\u017e\u00edme sa v\u0161ak zhrn\u00fa\u0165 konkr\u00e9tnosti, aby sme z\u00edskali celkov\u00fd preh\u013ead a porozumenie tejto str\u00e1nky nasadenia SMT.<\/p>\n

Prv\u00e9, \u010do v\u017edy zauj\u00edma odborn\u00edkov pri implement\u00e1cii SMT, s\u00fa technick\u00e9 \u0161pecifik\u00e1cie pou\u017eit\u00e9 na servery. Vzh\u013eadom na \u0161irok\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenie vo\u013en\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru je t\u00e1to ot\u00e1zka kladen\u00e1 tak \u010dasto, \u017ee jej popularitu mo\u017eno porovna\u0165 s ot\u00e1zkou \u201e\u010co robi\u0165?\u201c polo\u017eenou Nikolajom Gavrilovi\u010dom \u010cerny\u0161evsk\u00fdm... Hlavn\u00fdm faktorom, ktor\u00fd ovplyv\u0148uje odpove\u010f, je po\u010det medi\u00e1lnych rel\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 platforma telef\u00f3nnych slu\u017eieb sprac\u00fava alebo bude sprac\u00fava\u0165. Kvantitat\u00edvny a hmatate\u013en\u00fd parameter, ktor\u00fd poskytuje konkr\u00e9tnu hodnotu pre tento faktor, je parameter CAPS (Call Attempts Per Second) alebo po\u010det volan\u00ed za sekundu. Nevyhnutnos\u0165 odpoveda\u0165 na t\u00fato ot\u00e1zku vypl\u00fdva predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z toho, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve inform\u00e1cie o rel\u00e1ci\u00e1ch posielan\u00e9 do syst\u00e9mu vytvoria z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e na jeho server.<\/p>\n

Druhou ot\u00e1zkou, ktor\u00e1 sa objavuje pri rozhodovan\u00ed o \u0161pecifik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch hardv\u00e9rov\u00fdch komponentov servera, je s\u00fabor softv\u00e9ru (opera\u010dn\u00e9 prostredia, datab\u00e1zy a pod.), ktor\u00fd na \u0148om bude fungova\u0165. Sign\u00e1lna (alebo medi\u00e1lna) prev\u00e1dzka prich\u00e1dza na server, kde prebieha jej spracovanie (anal\u00fdza sign\u00e1lnych spr\u00e1v) nejakou aplik\u00e1ciou (napr\u00edklad Kamailio), a n\u00e1sledne sa \u0161pecifick\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom vytvoren\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia uklad\u00e1 do datab\u00e1zy. Pre r\u00f4zne SMT m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 aplik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa defragment\u00e1ciu sign\u00e1lnych jednotiek, ako aj aplik\u00e1cie zabezpe\u010duj\u00face uchov\u00e1vanie, r\u00f4zne. Av\u0161ak v\u0161etky s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 jednou prirodzenos\u0165ou multithreadingu. V tomto bode je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 zd\u00f4razni\u0165, \u017ee kv\u00f4li osobitostiam tak\u00e9ho prvku infra\u0161trukt\u00fary, ak\u00fdm je SMT, po\u010det z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed na disk v\u00fdrazne prevy\u0161uje po\u010det \u010d\u00edtac\u00edch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed z neho.<\/p>\n

A nakoniec\u2026 \u201eKo\u013eko toho je v tomto slove\u201c: server, virtualiz\u00e1cia, kontajneriz\u00e1cia\u2026 Posledn\u00fd, ale ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd aspekt, ktor\u00fd je v tejto \u010dasti \u010dl\u00e1nku uveden\u00fd, s\u00fa mo\u017en\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby in\u0161tal\u00e1cie komponentov SMT pri jeho nasaden\u00ed. Technol\u00f3gie uveden\u00e9 ved\u013ea cit\u00e1tu z nesmrte\u013en\u00e9ho diela A.S. Pu\u0161kina s\u00fa \u0161iroko roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 v r\u00f4znych infra\u0161trukt\u00farach a projektoch. Na jednej strane s\u00fa navz\u00e1jom \u00fazko prepojen\u00e9, na druhej strane sa v mnoh\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00e1ch z\u00e1sadne l\u00ed\u0161ia. Napriek tomu s\u00fa v\u0161etky v nejakom tvare predstaven\u00e9 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rmi ako dostupn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti na in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu svojich produktov. Zhruba pre syst\u00e9my uveden\u00e9 v prvej \u010dasti \u010dl\u00e1nku, poznamenajme nasleduj\u00face sp\u00f4soby ich nasadenia na fyzick\u00fd server alebo virtu\u00e1lny stroj:
\n \u2014 pou\u017eitie skriptov automatickej in\u0161tal\u00e1cie alebo samostatn\u00e1 in\u0161tal\u00e1cia a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 nastavenie pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru,
\n \u2014 pou\u017eitie hotov\u00e9ho obrazu opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu s predin\u0161talovan\u00fdm softv\u00e9rom SMT a\/alebo agenta,
\n \u2014 pou\u017eitie technol\u00f3gie kontajneriz\u00e1cie (Docker).<\/p>\n

Uveden\u00e9 prostriedky in\u0161tal\u00e1cie maj\u00fa svoje v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody, a \u0161pecialisti maj\u00fa svoje preferencie, obmedzenia a konkr\u00e9tne podmienky, v ktor\u00fdch sa nach\u00e1dza prev\u00e1dzkovan\u00e1 alebo implementovan\u00e1 infra\u0161trukt\u00fara, aby mohli uv\u00e1dza\u0165 nejak\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania. Na druhej strane, uveden\u00fd opis ciest nasadenia syst\u00e9mov monitorovania SIP-datov\u00e9ho toku je dos\u0165 transparentn\u00fd a v s\u00fa\u010dasnej f\u00e1ze si nevy\u017eaduje podrobnej\u0161ie presk\u00famanie.<\/p>\n

Takto vznikol \u010fal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nok venovan\u00fd d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9mu a zauj\u00edmav\u00e9mu prvku VoIP siete \u2013 syst\u00e9mu monitorovania SIP-datov\u00e9ho toku. Ako v\u017edy, \u010fakujem \u010ditate\u013eom za prejaven\u00fa pozornos\u0165 k tomuto materi\u00e1lu! V nasleduj\u00facej \u010dasti sa pok\u00fasime e\u0161te viac preh\u013abi\u0165 do konkr\u00e9tnych detailov a presk\u00fama\u0165 produkty HOMER SIP Capture a SIP3.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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