{"id":35024,"date":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","slug":"gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","title":{"rendered":"Homer alebo prv\u00fd v hist\u00f3rii Opensource. \u010d.1","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee Homer so svojimi epick\u00fdmi b\u00e1s\u0148ami je nie\u010do vzdialen\u00e9, archaick\u00e9, \u0165a\u017eko \u010ditate\u013en\u00e9 a naivn\u00e9. Ale nie je to tak. V\u0161etci sme preniknut\u00ed Homerom, starogr\u00e9ckou kult\u00farou, z ktorej vzi\u0161la cel\u00e1 Eur\u00f3pa: n\u00e1\u0161 jazyk je pln\u00fd slov a cit\u00e1tov z antickej gr\u00e9ckeho literat\u00fary: vezmime si len tak\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy, ako \"homerick\u00fd smiech\", \"bitka bohov\", \"Achillesova p\u00e4tka\", \"jablko sv\u00e1ru\" a na\u0161e rodn\u00e9: \"tr\u00f3jski k\u00f4\u0148\". To v\u0161etko je tak \u010di onak z Homera. A o vplyve helenistickej kult\u00fary, jazyka hel\u00e9nov (Gr\u00e9ci nepoznali slovo \"Gr\u00e9cko\" a nenaz\u00fdvali sa tak, toto etnonymum k n\u00e1m pri\u0161lo od Rimanov) ani nehovoriac. \u0160kola, akad\u00e9mia, gymn\u00e1zium, filozofia, fyzika (metafyzika) a matematika, technika\u2026 zbor, sc\u00e9na, gitaru, m\u00e9di\u00e1tor \u2014 v\u0161etk\u00e9ho je nespo\u010detn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo \u2014 to v\u0161etko s\u00fa slov\u00e1 z antick\u00e9ho Gr\u00e9cka. A vy ste to nevedeli?
\n\"Homer
\n\u2026
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nA e\u0161te sa tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Gr\u00e9ci ako prv\u00ed vymysleli peniaze vo forme razen\u00fdch minc\u00ed\u2026 Abeceda, ak\u00fa ju pozn\u00e1me. Prv\u00e9 peniaze sa razili zo zmie\u0161an\u00e9ho zlata a striebra, ktor\u00e9 naz\u00fdvali elektr\u00f3n (ahoj elektronick\u00fdm peniazom z minulosti). Abeceda so samohl\u00e1skami a teda pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00edm v\u0161etk\u00fdch zvukov slova pri p\u00edsan\u00ed \u2014 je nesporne gr\u00e9cky vyn\u00e1lez, hoci mnoh\u00ed pova\u017euj\u00fa za zakladate\u013eov podnikav\u00fdch Feni\u010danov (simitsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod, ktor\u00fd \u017eil na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161nej S\u00fdrie a Izraela), ktor\u00ed nemali samohl\u00e1skov\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1. Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee latinsk\u00e1 abeceda vy\u0161la priamo z gr\u00e9ckej, rovnako ako slovan\u010dina. Neskor\u0161ie abecedy z\u00e1padoeur\u00f3pskych kraj\u00edn s\u00fa u\u017e odvozen\u00e9 od latinskej. Z tohto h\u013eadiska na\u0161a cyrilika stoj\u00ed na jednej \u00farovni s latinkou\u2026 A ko\u013eko gr\u00e9ckych prvkov je v vede, literat\u00fare? Jamb, ch\u00f3r, m\u00faza, lyra, ver\u0161, strofa, Pegas s Parn\u00e1som. Samo slovo \u201epoet\u201c, \u201epo\u00e9zia\u201c, kone\u010dne \u2014 v\u0161etky evidentne teraz prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa odtia\u013e. V\u0161etk\u00fdch by sa nedalo vymenova\u0165! Ale n\u00e1zov mojej textu prezr\u00e1dza patos (starogr\u00e9cke slovo) m\u00f4jho \u201eobjavu\u201c. A preto si zdr\u017e\u00edm svoje kone a prejdeme k A presne, tvrd\u00edm, \u017ee prv\u00fd opensource (tak u\u017e, prid\u00e1m) s gitom vznikol d\u00e1vno v minulosti: v starovekom Gr\u00e9cku (presnej\u0161ie v archaickom starovekom Gr\u00e9cku) a najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edm predstavite\u013eom tejto udalosti je v\u0161etk\u00fdm zn\u00e1my ve\u013ek\u00fd Homer. <\/p>\n

No, \u00favod je hotov\u00fd, teraz sa pozrime na v\u0161etko po poriadku. Z\u00e1vere\u010dn\u00e9 upozornenie: p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 hodnoty vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fdch gr\u00e9ckych slov poskytnem na konci textu (s\u00fa niekedy prekvapiv\u00e9) \u2014 to je pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed do\u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa tento text do konca. Tak teda, ideme na to!<\/p>\n

Homer.
\nEpiky ve\u013ek\u00e9ho Hom\u00e9ra sa zvy\u010dajne datuj\u00fa na koniec IX. a za\u010diatok VIII. storo\u010dia pred n. l., aj ke\u010f tieto texty sa nielen\u017ee za\u010dali rodni\u0165 hne\u010f po udalostiach, ktor\u00e9 opisuj\u00fa, t.j. niekde v XIII. storo\u010d\u00ed pred n. l. In\u00fdmi slovami, maj\u00fa okolo 3 tis\u00edc rokov. Priamo Homerovi s\u00fa pripisovan\u00e9 'Iliada' a 'Odysseia', 'Homerove hymny' a mno\u017estvo \u010fal\u0161\u00edch diel, ako s\u00fa epiky 'Margit' a 'Batrachomyomachia' (satyirick\u00e1 par\u00f3dia na 'Iliadu', ktor\u00e1 sa doslovne preklad\u00e1 ako 'Vojna my\u0161\u00ed a \u017eiab' (machia \u2014 boj, \u00fader, mys \u2014 my\u0161). Pod\u013ea n\u00e1zoru vedcov patria iba prv\u00e9 dve dielo Homerovi, ostatn\u00e9, rovnako ako mnoho \u010fal\u0161\u00edch, s\u00fa mu pripisovan\u00e9 (pre\u010do to poviem nesk\u00f4r), pod\u013ea in\u00fdch n\u00e1zorov patr\u00ed Homerovi len 'Iliada'... vlastne spory pokra\u010duj\u00fa, ale je nepochybn\u00e9 jedno \u2014 Homer ur\u010dite existoval a ur\u010dite sa stali udalosti, ktor\u00e9 opisuje pri m\u00faroch Tr\u00f3je (druh\u00e9 meno mesta Ili\u00f3n, odtia\u013e 'Iliada').<\/p>\n

Odkia\u013e to vieme? Na konci 19. storo\u010dia si Heinrich Schliemann, Nemec, ktor\u00fd v Rusku zarobil obrovsk\u00e9 bohatstvo, splnil svoj d\u00e1vny detsk\u00fd sen: na\u0161iel a vykopal Tr\u00f3ju na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Turecka, \u010d\u00edm doslova prevr\u00e1til v\u0161etky predch\u00e1dzaj\u00face predstavy o tej dobe a textoch na t\u00fato t\u00e9mu. Predt\u00fdm sa predpokladalo, \u017ee trojsk\u00e9 udalosti, ktor\u00e9 za\u010dali \u00fatekom kr\u00e1snej Heleny s trojsk\u00fdm princem Parisom (Alexandrom) do Tr\u00f3je, s\u00fa len m\u00fdtus, preto\u017ee aj pre starovek\u00fdch Gr\u00e9kov sa udalosti op\u00edsan\u00e9 v b\u00e1s\u0148ach pova\u017eovali za d\u00e1vnu minulos\u0165. Av\u0161ak nielen m\u00fary Tr\u00f3je boli vykopan\u00e9 \u2013 na\u0161li sa aj najstar\u0161ie zlat\u00e9 \u0161perky tej doby (ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v otvorenom pr\u00edstupe v Tre\u0165jakovskej gal\u00e9rii), nesk\u00f4r boli objaven\u00e9 hlinen\u00fd tabulky najstar\u0161ieho chetitsk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu \u2013 suseda Tr\u00f3je, v ktor\u00fdch sa objavili zn\u00e1me men\u00e1: Agamemn\u00f3n, Menelaj, Alexander\u2026 Tak sa liter\u00e1rne postavy stali historick\u00fdmi, ke\u010f\u017ee tieto tabulky odr\u00e1\u017eali diplomatick\u00e9 a da\u0148ov\u00e9 reality kedysi mocn\u00e9ho chetitsk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu. \u010co je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, ani v samotnej Tr\u00f3ji, ani v Hellade (z\u00e1bavne, ale toto slovo v t\u00fdch vzdialen\u00fdch \u010dasoch tie\u017e neexistovalo) p\u00edsomnos\u0165 v tom \u010dase neexistovala. Presne toto dalo podnet k rozvoju na\u0161ej t\u00e9my, akoby tak zvl\u00e1\u0161tne.
\n\"Homer
\n
\nTak\u017ee, Homer. Homer bol a\u00e9d \u2014 teda potuln\u00fd spev\u00e1k svojich piesn\u00ed (a\u00e9d \u2014 spev\u00e1k). Kde sa narodil a ako zomrel, nie je zn\u00e1me. Vr\u00e1tane toho, \u017ee o pr\u00e1vo naz\u00fdva\u0165 sa Homerovou rodiskom, ako aj miestom jeho smrti u\u017e v staroveku s\u00fa\u0165a\u017eilo najmenej sedem miest na oboch stran\u00e1ch Egejsk\u00e9ho mora: Smyrna, Chios, Pylos, Samos, At\u00e9ny a in\u00e9. Homer je v skuto\u010dnosti nie vlastn\u00e9 meno, ale prez\u00fdvka. Znamen\u00e1 to v najstar\u0161om zmysle nie\u010do ako \u201erukojemn\u00edk\u201c. Predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee meno, ktor\u00e9 mu dali pri naroden\u00ed, bolo tak\u00e9to: Mel\u00e9zigen, \u010do znamen\u00e1 naroden\u00fd Mel\u00e9ziom, ale ani to nie je presn\u00e9. V staroveku ho \u010dasto naz\u00fdvali takto: Poet (Poezia). Presne s ve\u013ek\u00fdm p\u00edsmenom, \u010do sa ozna\u010dovalo zodpovedaj\u00facim \u010dl\u00e1nkom. A v\u0161etci vedeli, o kom je re\u010d. Poetesa \u2014 znamen\u00e1 \u201etvorca\u201c \u2014 e\u0161te jedno starogr\u00e9cke slovo do na\u0161ej pokladnice.<\/p>\n

Je pova\u017eovan\u00e9, \u017ee Homer (Omer v staroruskom jazyku) bol slep\u00fd a star\u00fd, ale \u017eiadne d\u00f4kazy o tom neexistuj\u00fa. Samotn\u00fd Homer sa v svojich pies\u0148ach nijako nepopisuje, ani nie je spom\u00ednan\u00fd s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00edkmi (napr\u00edklad b\u00e1snikom Hesiodom). Mnoh\u00e9 z tohto predstavenia s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na opise a\u00e9dov v jeho \u201eOdyssey\u201c: starci, slep\u00ed, so \u0161ediv\u00fdmi vlasmi na sklonku \u017eivota, ako aj na v\u0161eobecne zn\u00e1mych pohyboch slep\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed tej doby, ktor\u00ed sa st\u00e1vali potuln\u00fdmi spev\u00e1kmi, preto\u017ee slep\u00fd \u010dlovek takmer nemohol pracova\u0165, a d\u00f4chodok vtedy e\u0161te nebol vyn\u00e1jden\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Ako u\u017e bolo spomenut\u00e9, vtedaj\u0161\u00ed Gr\u00e9ci nemali p\u00edsmo, a ak by sme predpokladali, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina a\u00e9dov bola slep\u00e1 alebo slabozrak\u00e1 (okuliare e\u0161te neboli vyn\u00e1jden\u00e9), tak by im p\u00edsmo bolo zbyto\u010dn\u00e9, a teda a\u00e9d spieval svoje piesne v\u00fdhradne z pam\u00e4ti. <\/p>\n

Vypadalo to pribli\u017ene takto. Potuln\u00fd starec, s\u00e1m alebo so \u017eiakom (sprievodcom), prech\u00e1dzal z jedn\u00e9ho mesta do druh\u00e9ho, kde ho pohostinne prij\u00edmali miestni obyvatelia: \u010dastej\u0161ie s\u00e1m kr\u00e1\u013e (basil\u00e9us) alebo bohat\u00fd aristokrat vo svojich domoch. Ve\u010der, pri be\u017enej ve\u010deri alebo na \u0161peci\u00e1lnej udalosti \u2014 symp\u00f3zii (symp\u00f3zium \u2014 hostina, pijatika, ve\u010dierok), a\u00e9d za\u010d\u00ednal spieva\u0165 svoje piesne a robil to a\u017e do noci. Spieval pod sprievodom \u0161tvorslovnej formingo (predchodca l\u00fdry a neskor\u0161ej kithary), spieval o bohoch a ich \u017eivote, o hrdinoch a ich \u010dinoch, o d\u00e1vnych kr\u00e1\u013eoch a udalostiach priamo sa dot\u00fdkaj\u00facich posluch\u00e1\u010dov, preto\u017ee v\u0161etci sa ur\u010dite pova\u017eovali za priamych potomkov t\u00fdch, o ktor\u00fdch sa v t\u00fdchto pies\u0148ach hovorilo. A tak\u00fdch piesn\u00ed bolo mnoho. K n\u00e1m sa dostali \u00faplne \u201eIliada\u201c a \u201eOdyssea\u201c, ale je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee len o udalostiach v Tr\u00f3ji existoval cel\u00fd epick\u00fd cyklus z viac ako 12 poem. M\u00f4\u017ee\u0161 sa prekvapi\u0165, \u010ditate\u013e, ale v \u201eIliade\u201c nie je op\u00edsan\u00fd \u201etr\u00f3jsky k\u00f4\u0148\u201c, po\u00e9ma kon\u010d\u00ed trochu pred p\u00e1dom Ili\u00e1. O koni sa dozvieme z \u201eOdyssey\u201c a in\u00fdch poem cyklick\u00e9ho cyklu, najm\u00e4 z po\u00e9my \u201eZ\u00e1nik Ili\u00e1\u201c Arkt\u00edna. Toto v\u0161etko je ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, ale nes\u00favis\u00ed to s t\u00e9mou, preto o tom hovor\u00edm len okrajovo.<\/p>\n

\u00c1no, naz\u00fdvame \"Iliadu\" b\u00e1s\u0148ou, ale bola to piese\u0148 (doteraz sa jej kapitoly naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa piesne). A\u00e9d ju ne\u010d\u00edtal, ale spieval zapo\u017ei\u010dan\u00fdm hlasom z husac\u00edch purp\u00farnych str\u00fan, pri\u010dom pou\u017e\u00edval vyle\u0161ten\u00fa kos\u0165 ako medi\u00e1tor (e\u0161te jeden pozdrav z antiky), a o\u010darovan\u00ed posluch\u00e1\u010di, ktor\u00ed dokonale poznali dej opisovan\u00fdch udalost\u00ed, si vychutn\u00e1vali detaily. <\/p>\n

\"Iliada\" a \"Odyssea\" s\u00fa ve\u013emi dlh\u00e9 b\u00e1sne. Viac ako 15 tis\u00edc a viac ako 12 tis\u00edc ver\u0161ov, resp. A preto sa spievali po\u010das mnoh\u00fdch ve\u010derov. Bolo to ve\u013emi podobn\u00e9 s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdm seri\u00e1lom. Ve\u010der sa posluch\u00e1\u010di op\u00e4\u0165 zhroma\u017e\u010fovali okolo a\u00e9da a s \u00fazkos\u0165ou, niekedy so slzami a smiechom po\u010d\u00favali pokra\u010dovania pr\u00edbehov, ktor\u00e9 spievali v\u010dera. \u010c\u00edm dlh\u0161\u00ed a zauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00ed bol seri\u00e1l, t\u00fdm dlh\u0161ie zost\u00e1vali \u013eudia prip\u00fatan\u00ed k nemu. Tak a\u00e9di: \u017eili a \u017eivili sa svojich posluch\u00e1\u010dov, pokia\u013e t\u00ed po\u010d\u00favali ich dlh\u00e9 piesne. <\/p>\n

\u00bb Tmav\u00fdm zbierate\u013eom Zeusovi Kronidovi, vl\u00e1dcu nad v\u0161etk\u00fdmi, stehn\u00e1 sp\u00e1lili,
\nA potom sa usadili na bohat\u00e9som hode... a vychutn\u00e1vali si to.
\nBohospev\u00e1k v\u0161ak spieval pod formou, \u2014 cten\u00fd v\u0161etk\u00fdmi \u013eu\u010fmi Demodok. \u201e<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHomer. \"Odyssea\"<\/p>\n

\"Homer<\/p>\n

Tak teda pri\u0161iel \u010das pr\u00eds\u0165 k podstate. M\u00e1me remeslo a\u00e9dov, samotn\u00fdch a\u00e9dov, ve\u013emi dlh\u00e9 b\u00e1sne piesne a nepr\u00edtomnos\u0165 p\u00edsania. Ako sa tieto piesne dostali k n\u00e1m a\u017e z XIII. storo\u010dia pred n. l.?<\/p>\n

Ale predt\u00fdm e\u0161te jedna nemenej d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 detail. Hovor\u00edme \"b\u00e1sne\", preto\u017ee ich text bol poetick\u00fd, ver\u0161ovan\u00fd (vers \u2014 \u010fal\u0161ie starogr\u00e9cke slovo, ktor\u00e9 znamen\u00e1 \"stave\")<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea historika antiky, akad\u00e9mika RAN Igora Evgenievi\u010da Surikova: po\u00e9zia sa ove\u013ea lep\u0161ie pam\u00e4t\u00e1 a pren\u00e1\u0161a z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu. \"Sk\u00faste si zapam\u00e4ta\u0165 pr\u00f3zu, najm\u00e4 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed \u00fasek, a po\u00e9zia \u2014 t\u00fato s\u00fa e\u0161te m\u00f4\u017eem na po\u010dkanie reprodukova\u0165 nieko\u013eko ver\u0161ov, ktor\u00e9 som sa nau\u010dil e\u0161te v \u0161kole\" \u2014 hovoril n\u00e1m on. A to je pravda. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s si pam\u00e4t\u00e1 aspo\u0148 nieko\u013eko riadkov ver\u0161ov (a to aj ver\u0161ov) a m\u00e1lokto si pam\u00e4t\u00e1 aspo\u0148 cel\u00fd odsek prevzat\u00fd z pr\u00f3zy.<\/p>\n

Star\u00ed Gr\u00e9ci nepou\u017e\u00edvali r\u00fdm, hoci o \u0148om vedeli. Z\u00e1kladom po\u00e9zie bol rytmus, v ktorom ur\u010dit\u00e9 striedanie dlh\u00fdch a kr\u00e1tkych slab\u00edk vytv\u00e1ralo ver\u0161ov\u00e9 metriky: jamb, chorej, daktyl, amphibrach a \u010fal\u0161ie (toto je takmer \u00fapln\u00fd zoznam ver\u0161ov\u00fdch metr\u00edk modernej po\u00e9zie). U Gr\u00e9kov bolo t\u00fdchto metr\u00edk obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo. Vedeli o r\u00fdme, ale nepou\u017e\u00edvali ho. Rytmick\u00e1 rozmanitos\u0165 v\u0161ak prin\u00e1\u0161ala aj rozmanitos\u0165 \u0161t\u00fdlov: trochej, spondej, sapphick\u00fd ver\u0161, alkeevsk\u00e1 strofa a samozrejme sl\u00e1vny hexameter. M\u00f4j ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fd metrick\u00fd typ je jambick\u00fd trimeter. (vtip) Meter znamen\u00e1 miera. E\u0161te jedno slovo do na\u0161ej zbierky.<\/p>\n

Hexameter bol ver\u0161ov\u00fdm typom pre hymny (hymnos \u2013 modlitba bohom) a epick\u00e9 b\u00e1sne, podobn\u00e9 hom\u00e9rskym. O \u0148om by sa dalo dlho rozpr\u00e1va\u0165, poviem len to, \u017ee mnoh\u00ed, a ove\u013ea nesk\u00f4r, vr\u00e1tane r\u00edmskych b\u00e1snikov p\u00edsali hexametrom, napr\u00edklad Vergilius vo svojej \u201eAeneide\u201c \u2013 b\u00e1sni napodob\u0148uj\u00facej \u201eOdysseu\u201c, v ktorej hlavn\u00e1 postava \u00c9neas utek\u00e1 z zni\u010den\u00e9ho Tr\u00f3je do svojej novej domoviny \u2013 Talianska.<\/p>\n

\u201eHovor\u00ed a Peleidovi sa to stalo hork\u00e9: mocn\u00e9 srdce
\nV hrudi hrdinu vlasat\u00e9ho medzi dvoma my\u0161lienkami sa rozpr\u00fadilo:
\nAlebo, okam\u017eite vytrhn\u00fac me\u010d z po\u0161vy ostr\u00e9ho,
\nVystra\u0161i\u0165 mu s\u00fapera a zabi\u0165 vl\u00e1dcu Atreida;
\nAlebo divos\u0165 zahn\u00fa\u0165, uk\u013eudni\u0165 rozru\u0161en\u00fa du\u0161u\u2026 \u201e<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHomer. \u201cIliada\u201d (prel. Gnedich)<\/p>\n

Ako som sa u\u017e zd\u00e1, priamo a\u00e9do sa za\u010dali spieva\u0165 udalosti trojskej vojny takmer okam\u017eite po jej skon\u010den\u00ed. Tak v \u201cOdyssee\u201d hlavn\u00fd hrdina, \u010faleko od domova, na desiaty rok putovania po\u010duje piese\u0148 o sebe od a\u00e9da a za\u010dne plaka\u0165, skr\u00fdvaj\u00fac slzy pred v\u0161etk\u00fdmi pod pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165om.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee piesne sa objavili v XIII. storo\u010d\u00ed, Homer spieval svoju \u201eIliadu\u201c v VIII. storo\u010d\u00ed. Jej kanonick\u00fd text bol zap\u00edsan\u00fd e\u0161te 200 rokov nesk\u00f4r, v VI. storo\u010d\u00ed pred n. l. v At\u00e9nach za tyrana Pisystrata. Ako sa teda tieto texty formovali a dostali k n\u00e1m? Odpove\u010f je nasleduj\u00faca: Ka\u017ed\u00fd nasleduj\u00faci a\u00e9d modifikoval p\u00f4vodn\u00fd text predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich autorov a \u010dasto \u201ekradol\u201c cudzie piesne a bral to ako samozrejmos\u0165, preto\u017ee to bolo pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za normu. Autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo vtedy nielen\u017ee neexistovalo, ale \u010dasto ani ove\u013ea nesk\u00f4r, s objaven\u00edm p\u00edsania, platilo \u201eautorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo naruby\u201c: ke\u010f m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1my autor podpisoval svoje dielo zn\u00e1mym menom, preto\u017ee opr\u00e1vnene veril, \u017ee to zabezpe\u010d\u00ed \u00faspech jeho diela.<\/p>\n

Gitom sa na \u0161\u00edrenie zdrojov stali \u017eiaci a posluch\u00e1\u010di a\u00e9dov, ktor\u00ed sa nesk\u00f4r stali spev\u00e1kmi, ako aj s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee a\u00e9dov, ktor\u00e9 sa periodicky konali a na ktor\u00fdch mohli po\u010du\u0165 jeden druh\u00e9ho. Tak napr\u00edklad sa tradovalo, \u017ee raz vo fin\u00e1le b\u00e1snikov vy\u0161li Homer a Hesiod a prv\u00e9 miesto pod\u013ea \u043c\u043d\u00f3h\u00fdch sudcov z\u00edskal, ako \u010dudne, Hesiod. (o \u010dom tu nebudem rozpisova\u0165)<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e9 vyst\u00fapenie a\u00e9da so svojou pies\u0148ou bolo aktom nielen interpreta\u010dn\u00fdm, ale aj tvoriv\u00fdm: zaka\u017ed\u00fdm skladal svoju piese\u0148 akoby znovu z mno\u017estva pripraven\u00fdch blokov a fr\u00e1z - formul\u00ed, s ur\u010dit\u00fdm podielom improviz\u00e1cie a prevzat\u00ed, le\u0161tiac a meniac k\u00fasky \u201ek\u00f3du\u201c \u201eza behu\u201c. Pri tom, ke\u010f\u017ee udalosti a postavy boli posluch\u00e1\u010dom dobre zn\u00e1me, robil to na z\u00e1klade ak\u00e9hosi \u201ejadra\u201c a, \u010do nie je nevyhnutn\u00e9, na \u0161peci\u00e1lnom poetickom dialekte - jazykovom programovan\u00ed, ako by sme to dnes nazvali. Len si predstavte, ako je to podobn\u00e9 modern\u00e9mu k\u00f3du: vstupn\u00e9 premenn\u00e9, bloky podmienok a cyklov, udalosti, formuly a v\u0161etko to na \u0161peci\u00e1lnom dialekte, odli\u0161nom od be\u017en\u00e9ho jazyka! Dodr\u017eiavanie dialektu bolo ve\u013emi pr\u00edsne a po st\u00e1ro\u010diach sa r\u00f4zne poetick\u00e9 diela p\u00edsali v svojich osobit\u00fdch dialektoch (i\u00f3nskom, eolskom, dorickom), bez oh\u013eadu na to, odkia\u013e poch\u00e1dzal autor! Sta\u010dilo dodr\u017eiava\u0165 po\u017eiadavky na \u201ek\u00f3d\u201c!<\/p>\n

Tak z po\u017ei\u010dan\u00ed od seba navz\u00e1jom vznikol kanonick\u00fd text. Je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee aj Hom\u00e9r si po\u017ei\u010diaval, ale na rozdiel od t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed upadli do zabudnutia (L\u00e9ta \u2014 jedna z riek podzemn\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva H\u00e1da, hrozila zabudnut\u00edm) to urobil geni\u00e1lne, skompiloval z mnoh\u00fdch piesn\u00ed jednu, vytvoril celistv\u00fd, jasn\u00fd, obrazn\u00fd a bezkonkuren\u010dn\u00fd variant po forme a obsahu. V opa\u010dnom pr\u00edpade by jeho meno tie\u017e zostalo nezn\u00e1me a bolo by nahraden\u00e9 in\u00fdmi autormi. Presne jeho genialita \u201etextu\u201c, ktor\u00fd sa u\u010dili nasleduj\u00face gener\u00e1cie spev\u00e1kov (nepochybne bol spracov\u00e1van\u00fd, ale v ove\u013ea men\u0161ej miere), zabezpe\u010dila mu miesto v hist\u00f3rii. V tejto s\u00favislosti sa Hom\u00e9r stal tak \u0165a\u017eko dosiahnute\u013en\u00fdm vrcholom, etal\u00f3nom, obrazne povedan\u00e9 monolitick\u00fdm \u201ejadrom\u201c celej ekosyst\u00e9m piesn\u00ed, \u017ee, pod\u013ea tvrdenia vedcov, sa dostal a\u017e k p\u00edsomn\u00e9mu kanonizovaniu vo variante \u010do najbli\u017e\u0161om origin\u00e1lu. A to sa zd\u00e1 by\u0165 pravda. \u00da\u017easn\u00e9, ak\u00fd je jeho text kr\u00e1sny! A ako je vn\u00edman\u00fd pripraven\u00fdm \u010ditate\u013eom. Nie nadarmo Hom\u00e9ra obdivovali Pu\u0161kin a Tolstoj, a \u010do Tolstoj, s\u00e1m Alexander Ve\u013ek\u00fd sa cel\u00fd \u017eivot ani na de\u0148 neoddelil od zvitku \u201eIliady\u201c \u2014 jednoducho historicky zaznamenan\u00fd akt.<\/p>\n

Spomenul som vy\u0161\u0161ie trojansk\u00fd cyklus, ktor\u00fd pozost\u00e1val z viacer\u00fdch diel odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00facich ten \u010di onen epiz\u00f3du Tr\u00f3janskej vojny. \u010ciasto\u010dne to boli ak\u00e9si \u201eforky\u201c hom\u00e9rskej \u201eIliady\u201c, nap\u00edsan\u00e9 hexametrom, a dop\u013a\u0148ali epiz\u00f3dy, ktor\u00e9 nena\u0161li odraz v \u201eIliade\u201c. Takmer v\u0161etky bu\u010f v\u00f4bec nedo\u0161li k n\u00e1m, alebo do\u0161li iba vo fragmentoch. Tak\u00fd je s\u00fad hist\u00f3rie \u2014 zjavne silne zaost\u00e1vali za Hom\u00e9rom a neroz\u0161\u00edrili sa tak medzi obyvate\u013estvom.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1ver. Ur\u010dit\u00fd pr\u00edsny jazyk piesn\u00ed, formuly, z ktor\u00fdch sa skladali, sloboda \u0161\u00edrenia a, najm\u00e4, otvorenos\u0165 k neust\u00e1lym modifik\u00e1ci\u00e1m in\u00fdch \u2014 to je to, \u010do teraz naz\u00fdvame opensource \u2014 vzniklo na za\u010diatku na\u0161ej kult\u00fary. V oblasti autorsk\u00e9ho a s\u00fa\u010dasne kolekt\u00edvneho tvorenia. To je fakt. V\u00f4bec, mnoh\u00e9 z toho, \u010do pova\u017eujeme za ultramodern\u00e9, mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 v storo\u010diach. A to, \u010do pova\u017eujeme za nov\u00e9, mo\u017eno u\u017e predt\u00fdm existovalo. V tejto s\u00favislosti sa pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa slov\u00e1 z Biblie, z \u201eKazate\u013ea\u201c (pripisovan\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovi \u0160alam\u00fanovi): <\/p>\n

\u201eOccasions arise where they say: \u2018look, this is something new\u2019, but it has already existed in the ages before us. There is no memory of the past; and there won\u2019t remain any memory of that which will come, for those who will follow\u2026\" <\/i><\/p>\n

koniec \u010c.1<\/p>\n

\u0160kola (schola) \u2014 z\u00e1bava, vo\u013en\u00fd \u010das.
\nAkad\u00e9mia \u2014 h\u00e1j ne\u010faleko At\u00e9n, miesto filozofickej \u0161koly Plat\u00f3na.
\nGymn\u00e1zium (gymnos \u2014 nah\u00fd) \u2014 gymn\u00e1zi\u00e1 sa naz\u00fdvali \u0161portov\u00e9 haly pre tr\u00e9ning tela. V nich chlapci cvi\u010dili nah\u00ed. Odtia\u013e poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 slov\u00e1: gymnastika, gymnasta.
\nFilozofia (fil \u2014 milova\u0165, sofia \u2014 m\u00fadros\u0165) \u2014 kr\u00e1\u013eovn\u00e1 vied.
\nFyzika (physis \u2014 pr\u00edroda) \u2014 u\u010denie o materi\u00e1lnom svete, pr\u00edrode.
\nMetafyzika \u2014 doslovne \u201eMimo pr\u00edrody\u201c. Aristoteles nevedel, kam priradi\u0165 bo\u017esk\u00e9 a nazval svoju pr\u00e1cu takto: \u201eNie pr\u00edroda\u201c.
\nMatematika (matema \u2014 lekcia) \u2014 lekcie.
\nTechnika (t\u00e9chne \u2014 remeslo) v Gr\u00e9cku \u2014 umelci a soch\u00e1ri, ako aj v\u00fdrobcovia hlinen\u00fdch n\u00e1dob, boli technikmi, remeseln\u00edkmi. Odtia\u013e \u201eremeslo umelca\u201c.
\nCh\u00f3r \u2014 p\u00f4vodne tance. (odtia\u013e ch\u00f4rographia). Nesk\u00f4r, ke\u010f sa tance uskuto\u010d\u0148ovali pod spevom mnoh\u00fdch, ch\u00f3r \u2014 viachlasn\u00e9 spevanie.
\nSc\u00e9na (skena) \u2014 stan na prezliekanie umelcov. St\u00e1l v strede amfite\u00e1tra.
\nGitara \u2014 z starogr\u00e9ckeho \u201ekithara\u201c, strunov\u00fd hudobn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a. \u041c\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0413\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430: \u043d\u0430\u0448 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b: \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u00bb, \u00ab\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u00bb, \u00ab\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0430\u00bb, \u00ab\u044f\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26355,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35024","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Homer alebo prv\u00fd v hist\u00f3rii Opensource. \u010d.1 | ProHoster","description":"Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee Homer so svojimi epick\u00fdmi b\u00e1s\u0148ami je nie\u010do vzdialen\u00e9, archaick\u00e9, \u0165a\u017eko \u010ditate\u013en\u00e9 a naivn\u00e9. Ale nie je to tak.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sk_SK","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0413\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 Opensource. \u0447.1 | ProHoster","og:description":"\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:01:53+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:01:53+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"35024","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-21 21:32:24","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 02:11:29","updated":"2026-01-21 21:32:24","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35024","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35024"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35024\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26355"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35024"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35024"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35024"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}