{"id":35977,"date":"2019-10-31T22:08:56","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:08:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-2\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:08:56","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:08:56","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-5-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-2","title":{"rendered":"Uvo\u013enenie jadra Linux 5.2","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Po dvoch mesiacoch v\u00fdvoja Linus Torvalds <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lkml.org\/lkml\/2019\/7\/7\/281\">predstavil<\/a><\/noindex> uvo\u013enenie jadra <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/\">Linux 5.2<\/a><\/noindex>. Medzi najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie zmeny patr\u00ed: re\u017eim fungovania Ext4 bez oh\u013eadu na ve\u013ekos\u0165 p\u00edsmen, samostatn\u00e9 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 volania na montovanie FS, ovl\u00e1da\u010de pre GPU Mali 4xx\/6xx\/7xx, mo\u017enos\u0165 spracovania zmien hodn\u00f4t sysctl v programoch BPF, modul device-mapper dm-dust, ochrana pred \u00fatokmi MDS, podpora Sound Open Firmware pre DSP, optimaliz\u00e1cia v\u00fdkonu BFQ, posun subsyst\u00e9mu PSI (Pressure Stall Information) do \u0161t\u00e1dia pou\u017eite\u013enosti v Androide.<\/p>\n<p>Do novej verzie bolo prijat\u00fdch 15100 opr\u00e1v od 1882 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov,<br \/>\nVe\u013ekos\u0165 patchu \u2014 62 MB (zmeny sa dotkli 30889 s\u00faborov, pridalo sa 625094 riadkov k\u00f3du a odstr\u00e1nilo sa 531864 riadkov). Asi 45% v\u0161etk\u00fdch aspektov vo verzii 5.2<br \/>\nje spojen\u00fdch s ovl\u00e1da\u010dmi zariaden\u00ed, pribli\u017ene 21 % zmien m\u00e1<br \/>\nvz\u0165ah k aktualiz\u00e1cii k\u00f3du \u0161pecifick\u00e9ho pre hardv\u00e9rov\u00e9 architekt\u00fary, 12 %<br \/>\nt\u00fdka sa sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho stacku, 3% \u2014 s\u00faborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov a 3% s intern\u00fdmi<br \/>\npod syst\u00e9mami jadra. 12.4% v\u0161etk\u00fdch zmien pripravila spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Intel, 6.3% \u2014 Red Hat, 5.4% \u2014 Google, 4.0% \u2014 AMD, 3.1% \u2014 SUSE, 3% \u2014 IBM, 2.7% \u2014 Huawei, 2.7% \u2014 Linaro, 2.2% \u2014 ARM, 1.6% \u2014 Oracle.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kernelnewbies.org\/Linux_5.2\">Hlavn\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/788532\/\">novinky<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Diskov\u00fd subsyst\u00e9m, I\/O a s\u00faborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre Ext4 bola pridan\u00e1  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50581\">podpora<\/a><\/noindex> pr\u00e1ca bez oh\u013eadu na ve\u013ekos\u0165 p\u00edsmen v n\u00e1zvoch s\u00faborov, ktor\u00e1 sa aktivuje len v spojen\u00ed s jednotliv\u00fdmi pr\u00e1zdnymi adres\u00e1rmi pomocou nov\u00e9ho atrib\u00fatu \u201e+F\u201c (EXT4_CASEFOLD_FL). Pri nastaven\u00ed tohto atrib\u00fatu na adres\u00e1r sa v\u0161etky oper\u00e1cie so s\u00fabormi a podadres\u00e1rmi vo vn\u00fatri vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa bez oh\u013eadu na ve\u013ekos\u0165 p\u00edsmen, vr\u00e1tane ignorovania ve\u013ekosti p\u00edsmen pri vyh\u013ead\u00e1van\u00ed a otv\u00e1ran\u00ed s\u00faborov (napr\u00edklad s\u00fabory Test.txt, test.txt a test.TXT v tak\u00fdchto adres\u00e1roch sa bud\u00fa pova\u017eova\u0165 za rovnak\u00e9). Predvolene FS na\u010falej zost\u00e1va citliv\u00e1 na ve\u013ekos\u0165 p\u00edsmen, okrem adres\u00e1rov s atrib\u00fatom \u201echattr +F\u201c;\n<li class=\"l\"> Zjednoten\u00e9 funkcie spracovania znakov UTF-8 v n\u00e1zvoch s\u00faborov, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed oper\u00e1ci\u00ed porovn\u00e1vania a normaliz\u00e1cie re\u0165azcov;\n<li class=\"l\"> V XFS bola pridan\u00e1 infra\u0161trukt\u00fara na sledovanie stavu s\u00faborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a nov\u00fd ioctl na \u017eiados\u0165 o stav funk\u010dnosti. Bola implementovan\u00e1 experiment\u00e1lna mo\u017enos\u0165 na kontrolu za behu (online scrub) \u010d\u00edta\u010dov superbloku.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00fd nov\u00fd modul device-mapper \u201e<noindex>dm-dust<\/noindex>\u201e, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje simulova\u0165 objavy bad-blockov na m\u00e9diu alebo ch\u00fdb pri \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed z disku. Modul u\u013eah\u010duje ladenie a testovanie aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed a r\u00f4znych \u00falo\u017en\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov za podmienok mo\u017en\u00fdch por\u00fach;\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/784267\/\">Bola vykonan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> zna\u010dn\u00e1 optimaliz\u00e1cia v\u00fdkonu pl\u00e1nova\u010da I\/O BFQ. V podmienkach vysok\u00e9ho za\u0165a\u017eenia vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu boli vykonan\u00e9 optimaliz\u00e1cie <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/algo.ing.unimo.it\/people\/paolo\/disk_sched\/results.php\">umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa<\/a><\/noindex> a\u017e o 80 % skr\u00e1ti\u0165 \u010das tak\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed, ako je sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00e1 s\u00e9ria syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch volan\u00ed pre montovanie s\u00faborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=24dcb3d90a1f67fe08c68a004af37df059d74005\">fsopen()<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=a07b20004793d8926f78d63eb5980559f7813404\">open_tree()<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=cf3cba4a429be43e5527a3f78859b1bfd9ebc5fb\">fspick()<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=93766fbd2696c2c4453dd8e1070977e9cd4e6b6d\">fsmount()<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=ecdab150fddb42fe6a739335257949220033b782\">fsconfig()<\/a><\/noindex> a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=2db154b3ea8e14b04fee23e3fdfd5e9d17fbc6ae\">move_mount()<\/a><\/noindex>. Tieto syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 volania umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa oddelen\u00e9 spracovanie r\u00f4znych f\u00e1z montovania (spracovanie superbloku, z\u00edskanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o FS, pripojenie, pripevnenie k bodu montovania), ktor\u00e9 sa predt\u00fdm vykon\u00e1vali pomocou spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho volania mount(). Oddelen\u00e9 volania umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa vykon\u00e1va\u0165 komplexnej\u0161ie scen\u00e1re montovania a samostatne realizova\u0165 tak\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie, ako je prekonfigur\u00e1cia superbloku, zap\u00ednanie mo\u017enost\u00ed, zmena bodu montovania a presun do in\u00e9ho menn\u00e9ho priestoru. Okrem toho umo\u017e\u0148uje oddelen\u00e9 spracovanie presne ur\u010di\u0165 pr\u00ed\u010diny v\u00fdstupu k\u00f3dov ch\u00fdb a definova\u0165 nieko\u013eko zdrojov pre viacvrstvov\u00e9 FS, ako je overlayfs;\n<li class=\"l\"> Do rozhrania pre asynchr\u00f3nny vstup\/v\u00fdstup io_uring bola pridan\u00e1 nov\u00e1 oper\u00e1cia IORING_OP_SYNC_FILE_RANGE, ktor\u00e1 vykon\u00e1va \u010dinnosti, ekvivalentn\u00e9 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9mu volaniu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man2\/sync_file_range.2.html\">sync_file_range()<\/a><\/noindex>, ako aj bola implementovan\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 registr\u00e1cie eventfd s io_uring a z\u00edskavania upozornen\u00ed o dokon\u010den\u00ed oper\u00e1ci\u00ed;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre s\u00faborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m CIFS bol pridan\u00fd ioctl FIEMAP, zabezpe\u010duj\u00faci efekt\u00edvne mapovanie extentov, ako aj podpora re\u017eimov SEEK_DATA a SEEK_HOLE;\n<li class=\"l\"> V subsyst\u00e9me FUSE <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=ad2ba64dd489805e7ddf5fecf166cae1e09fc5c0\">je navrhnut\u00fd<\/a><\/noindex> API na spr\u00e1vu d\u00e1tovej cache;\n<li class=\"l\"> V Btrfs bola optimalizovan\u00e1 implement\u00e1cia qgroups a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 vykon\u00e1vania fsync pre s\u00fabory s viacer\u00fdmi tvrd\u00fdmi odkazmi. Vylep\u0161en\u00fd k\u00f3d na kontrolu integrity d\u00e1t, ktor\u00fd teraz zoh\u013ead\u0148uje mo\u017en\u00e9 po\u0161kodenie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed v RAM pred zmazan\u00edm d\u00e1t na disk;\n<li class=\"l\"> V CEPH bola pridan\u00e1 podpora exportu snapshotov prostredn\u00edctvom NFS;\n<li class=\"l\"> Vylep\u0161en\u00e1 implement\u00e1cia montovania NFSv4 v re\u017eime \u201esoft\u201c (pri vzniku chyby pr\u00edstupu na server v re\u017eime \u201esoft\u201c sa hne\u010f vr\u00e1ti k\u00f3d chyby, zatia\u013e \u010do v re\u017eime \u201ehard\u201c riadenie sa neodovzd\u00e1va dovtedy, k\u00fdm sa syst\u00e9m s\u00faborov nem\u00f4\u017ee znovu spr\u00edstupni\u0165 alebo nevypr\u0161\u00ed \u010dasov\u00fd limit). V novej verzii je zabezpe\u010den\u00e9 presnej\u0161ie spracovanie \u010dasov\u00e9ho limitu, ur\u00fdchlen\u00e9 zotavovanie po poruche a pridan\u00e1 nov\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 montovania \u201esofterr\u201c, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje zmeni\u0165 k\u00f3d chyby (ETIMEDOUT), ktor\u00fd sa vr\u00e1ti pri uplynut\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9ho limitu;\n<li class=\"l\"> V API nfsdcld, ur\u010denom na sledovanie stavu klientov NFS, je zabezpe\u010den\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 spr\u00e1vneho sledovania stavu klienta nfsdcld po\u010das re\u0161tartovania. T\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom teraz d\u00e9mon nfsdcld m\u00f4\u017ee plni\u0165 \u00falohu spracovate\u013ea nfsdcltrack;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre AFS <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=6c6c1d63c243025956f061e67fff3a615aa0f6be\">bola pridan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> emul\u00e1cia blokovania rozsahu bajtov v s\u00faboroch (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/docs.openafs.org\/ReleaseNotesWindows\/ch03s19.html\">Byte Range Locking<\/a><\/noindex>);\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualiz\u00e1cia a bezpe\u010dnos\u0165<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bola vykonan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca na odstr\u00e1nen\u00ed miest v jadre, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovali vykon\u00e1vanie k\u00f3du z zapisovate\u013en\u00fdch reflektovan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed pam\u00e4te, \u010d\u00edm sa blokuj\u00fa potenci\u00e1lne zranite\u013enosti, ktor\u00e9 by mohli by\u0165 vyu\u017eit\u00e9 v \u00fatokoch;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00fd nov\u00fd parameter pr\u00edkazov\u00e9ho riadku jadra \u201emitigations=\u201c, poskytuj\u00faci zjednodu\u0161en\u00fd sp\u00f4sob, ako spravova\u0165 zap\u00ednanie r\u00f4znych techn\u00edk ochrany pred zranite\u013enos\u0165ami spojen\u00fdmi so \u0161pekulat\u00edvnym vykon\u00e1van\u00edm in\u0161trukci\u00ed v CPU. Odoslanie \u201emitigations=off\u201c vypne v\u0161etky dostupn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy, zatia\u013e \u010do predvolen\u00fd re\u017eim \u201emitigations=auto\u201c zap\u00edna ochranu, ale neovplyv\u0148uje vyu\u017e\u00edvanie Hyper Threadingu. Re\u017eim \u201emitigations=auto,nosmt\u201c navy\u0161e vyp\u00edna Hyper Threading, ak to vy\u017eaduje met\u00f3da ochrany.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/0d7a78643f6972214e99205b364e508f8ea9598e\">Pridan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> podpora elektronick\u00e9ho podpisu pod\u013ea \u0413\u041e\u0421\u0422 \u0420 34.10-2012 (RFC 7091, ISO\/IEC 14888-3), <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=0d7a78643f6972214e99205b364e508f8ea9598e\">vyvinut\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> Vitaliom \u010cikunovom z \u201eBazalt SPO\u201c. Do zabudovanej implement\u00e1cie TLS bola pridan\u00e1 podpora AES128-CCM. Do modulu crypto_simd bola pridan\u00e1 podpora algoritmov AEAD;\n<li class=\"l\"> V Kconfig <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=9f671e58159adea641f76c56d1f0bbdcb3c524ff\">bola pridan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> samostatn\u00e1 sekcia \u201ekernel hardening\u201c s mo\u017enos\u0165ami na posilnenie ochrany jadra. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti s\u00fa v novej sekcii zatia\u013e zhroma\u017eden\u00e9 iba nastavenia pre zapnutie posil\u0148uj\u00facich kontrol GCC-pluginov;\n<li class=\"l\"> K\u00f3d jadra je takmer <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=b4b52b881cf0\">bol odstr\u00e1nen\u00fd<\/a><\/noindex> z nepretr\u017eit\u00fdch v\u00fdrazov case vo switch (bez return alebo break po ka\u017edom bloku case). Ost\u00e1va opravi\u0165 32 z 2311 pr\u00edpadov podobn\u00e9ho pou\u017eitia switch, po \u010dom sa pri kompil\u00e1cii jadra bude m\u00f4c\u0165 pou\u017ei\u0165 re\u017eim \u201e-Wimplicit-fallthrough\u201c;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre architekt\u00faru PowerPC bola implementovan\u00e1 podpora hardv\u00e9rov\u00fdch mechanizmov obmedzuj\u00facich ne\u017eelan\u00e9 pr\u00edstupov\u00e9 cestu jadra k \u00fadajom v u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eskom priestore;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00fd k\u00f3d na blokovanie  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50684\">\u00fatokmi<\/a><\/noindex> triedy MDS (Microarchitectural Data Sampling) v procesoroch Intel. Odolnos\u0165 syst\u00e9mu vo\u010di zranite\u013enosti mo\u017eno skontrolova\u0165 cez SysFS-preme\u0148 \u201e\/sys\/devices\/system\/cpu\/vulnerabilities\/mds\u201c. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/html\/latest\/admin-guide\/hw-vuln\/mds.html\">Dostupn\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex> dva re\u017eimy ochrany: \u00fapln\u00fd, vy\u017eaduj\u00faci aktualizovan\u00fd mikrok\u00f3d, a obch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci, ktor\u00fd \u00faplne nezaru\u010duje vy\u010distenie CPU bufferov pri prenose riadenia do u\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9ho priestoru alebo hos\u0165ovsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Pre riadenie ochrann\u00fdch re\u017eimov bolo do jadra pridan\u00e9 parameter \u201emds=\u201c, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 hodnoty \u201efull\u201c, \u201efull,nosmt\u201c (+ vypnutie Hyper-Threads) a \u201eoff\u201c;\n<li class=\"l\"> Na syst\u00e9moch x86-64 pre IRQ, mechanizmy ladenia a obsluhova\u010de v\u00fdnimiek bola pridan\u00e1 ochrana \u201estack guard-page\u201c, ktorej podstatou je vlo\u017eenie na hranici so z\u00e1sobn\u00edkom str\u00e1n pam\u00e4te, ktor\u00fdch pr\u00edstup vedie k vygenerovaniu v\u00fdnimky (page-fault);\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00e1 sysctl nastavenie vm.unprivileged_userfaultfd, ktor\u00e1 ovl\u00e1da mo\u017enos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvania syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho volania userfaultfd() neopr\u00e1vnen\u00fdmi procesmi;\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Sie\u0165ov\u00fd subsyst\u00e9m<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=d15662682db232da77136cd348f4c9df312ca6f9\">Pridan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> podpora br\u00e1n IPv6 pre trasy IPv4. Napr\u00edklad je teraz mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165 pravidl\u00e1 smerovania typu \u201eip ro add 172.16.1.0\/24 via inet6 2001:db8::1 dev eth0\u201c;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre ICMPv6 boli realizovan\u00e9 ioctl volania icmp_echo_ignore_anycast a icmp_echo_ignore_multicast pre ignorovanie ICMP ECHO pre anycast a<br \/>\nmulticast adresy. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=0bc199854405543b0debe67c735c0aae94f1d319\">Pridan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> Mo\u017enos\u0165 obmedzi\u0165 intenzitu spracovania ICMPv6 paketov;<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre mesh-protokol B.A.T.M.A.N. (\u201eBetter Approach To Mobile Adhoc Networking\u201c), umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00faci vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 decentralizovan\u00e9 siete, kde ka\u017ed\u00fd uzol je prepojen\u00fd cez susedn\u00e9 uzly, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/32e727449c792b689c2a06a8b4cc9fef6270c5a7\">bola pridan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> Podpora pre transl\u00e1ciu z multicast do unicast a mo\u017enos\u0165 spr\u00e1vy prostredn\u00edctvom sysfs;\n<li class=\"l\"> V ethtool <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=3aeb0803f7ea11ff2fc478f7d58f2b8e713af380\">bol pridan\u00fd<\/a><\/noindex> Nov\u00fd parameter Fast Link Down, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje skr\u00e1ti\u0165 \u010das pr\u00edchodu inform\u00e1cie o udalosti odpojenia linky pre 1000BaseT (v be\u017en\u00fdch podmienkach me\u0161kanie dosahuje a\u017e 750ms);\n<li class=\"l\"> Objavila sa <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/1713cb37bf671e5d98919536941a8b56337874fd\">mo\u017enos\u0165<\/a><\/noindex> Prip\u00fatanie tunelov Foo-Over-UDP k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu adresu, sie\u0165ov\u00e9mu rozhraniu alebo socketu (predt\u00fdm sa prip\u00fatavanie vykon\u00e1valo len na z\u00e1klade v\u0161eobecnej masky);\n<li class=\"l\"> V bezdr\u00f4tovom stacku <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=cb74e9775871f8c82a1297cf76209f10ab5bbe3d\">je zabezpe\u010den\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> Mo\u017enos\u0165 realiz\u00e1cie spracovate\u013eov<br \/>\nOWE (Opportunistic Wireless Encryption) v pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eskom priestore;<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> V Netfilter do nat re\u0165azcov bola pridan\u00e1 podpora adresn\u00e9ho priestoru inet (napr\u00edklad, teraz je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 jedno pravidlo transl\u00e1cie na spracovanie ipv4 a ipv6, bez rozde\u013eovania pravidiel pre ipv4 a ipv6);\n<li class=\"l\"> V netlink <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=ef6243acb4782df587a4d7d6c310fa5b5d82684b\">bol pridan\u00fd<\/a><\/noindex> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=8cb081746c031fb164089322e2336a0bf5b3070c\">re\u017eim<\/a><\/noindex> strict na pr\u00edsne overovanie spr\u00e1vnosti v\u0161etk\u00fdch spr\u00e1v a atrib\u00fatov, v ktorom nie je povolen\u00e9 prekro\u010denie o\u010dak\u00e1vanej ve\u013ekosti atrib\u00fatov a zakazuje sa prid\u00e1vanie doplnkov\u00fdch \u00fadajov na koniec spr\u00e1v;\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Pam\u00e4\u0165 a syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Do syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho volania clone() bol pridan\u00fd flag CLONE_PIDFD, pri jeho uveden\u00ed sa rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9mu procesu vracia s\u00faborov\u00fd deskriptor \u201epidfd\u201c, identifikovan\u00fd so vytvoren\u00fdm dc\u00e9rskym procesom. Tento s\u00faborov\u00fd deskriptor sa napr\u00edklad m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017ei\u0165 na zasielanie sign\u00e1lov bez obavy z kol\u00edzie (ihne\u010f po odoslan\u00ed sign\u00e1lu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 cie\u013eov\u00fd PID uvo\u013enen\u00fd kv\u00f4li ukon\u010deniu procesu a obsaden\u00fd in\u00fdm procesom);\n<li class=\"l\"> Druh\u00e1 verze cgroups p\u0159idala funk\u010dnost kontroleru freezer, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00e9ho lze zastavit \u010dinnost v cgroup a do\u010dasn\u011b uvolnit n\u011bkter\u00e9 zdroje (CPU, vstup\/v\u00fdstup a potenci\u00e1ln\u011b i pam\u011b\u0165) pro prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed jin\u00fdch \u00faloh. Ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ovl\u00e1dac\u00edch soubor\u016f cgroup.freeze a cgroup.events v hierarchii cgroup. Z\u00e1pis 1 do cgroup.freeze zmrazuje procesy v aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm cgroup a ve v\u0161ech pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch. Proto\u017ee zmrazen\u00ed vy\u017eaduje ur\u010ditou dobu, byl nav\u00edc navr\u017een soubor cgroup.events, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kter\u00e9ho lze zjistit o dokon\u010den\u00ed operace;\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=e1cf33aafb84\">Zabezpe\u010den\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex> export vlastnost\u00ed pam\u011bti p\u0159ipojen\u00e9 k ka\u017ed\u00e9mu uzlu v sysfs, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje z u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9ho prostoru ur\u010dit charakter zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed bank pam\u011bti v syst\u00e9mech s heterogenn\u00ed pam\u011bt\u00ed;\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla vylep\u0161ena podm\u00ednkov\u00e1 podsyslka PSI (Pressure Stall Information), kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje analyzovat informace o \u010dekac\u00ed dob\u011b na z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f (CPU, pam\u011b\u0165, vstup\/v\u00fdstup) pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u00falohy nebo sady proces\u016f v cgroup. Pomoc\u00ed PSI mohou zpracovatel\u00e9 v u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9m prostoru p\u0159esn\u011bji posoudit \u00farove\u0148 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed syst\u00e9mu a povahu zpomalen\u00ed, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Load Average. V nov\u00e9 verzi byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna podpora nastaven\u00ed prahov\u00fdch citlivost\u00ed a mo\u017enost pou\u017e\u00edt vol\u00e1n\u00ed poll() k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed ozn\u00e1men\u00ed o p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed stanoven\u00fdch prahov\u00fdch hodnot za ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. Tato funkcionalita umo\u017e\u0148uje v Androidu sledovat nedostatek pam\u011bti v ran\u00e9 f\u00e1zi, ur\u010dit zdroj probl\u00e9m\u016f a ukon\u010dit m\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 aplikace, ani\u017e by vznikly zjevn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my pro u\u017eivatele. P\u0159i zat\u011b\u017ek\u00e1vac\u00edm testov\u00e1n\u00ed monitorovac\u00ed n\u00e1stroje spot\u0159eby pam\u011bti na z\u00e1klad\u011b PSI prok\u00e1zaly o 10 m\u00e9n\u011b fale\u0161n\u00fdch poplach\u016f ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se statistikou vmpressure;\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimaliz\u00e1cia k\u00f3du na kontrolu BPF programov bola vykonan\u00e1, \u010do umo\u017enilo testovanie ve\u013ek\u00fdch programov a\u017e 20-kr\u00e1t r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie. Optimaliz\u00e1cia zv\u00fd\u0161ila limit ve\u013ekosti BPF programov z 4096 na mili\u00f3n in\u0161trukci\u00ed;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre BPF programy <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=d859900c4c56\">bola poskytnut\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> mo\u017enos\u0165 pr\u00edstupu k glob\u00e1lnym \u00fadajom, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje definova\u0165 v programoch glob\u00e1lne premenn\u00e9 a kon\u0161tanty;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00e9 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/torvalds\/linux\/blob\/master\/Documentation\/bpf\/prog_cgroup_sysctl.rst\">API<\/a><\/noindex>, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00faci kontrolu zmien parametrov sysctl z BPF programov;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre architekt\u00faru MIPS32 bol implementovan\u00fd JIT kompil\u00e1tor pre virtu\u00e1lny stroj eBPF;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre 32-bitov\u00fa architekt\u00faru PowerPC pridala podpora debuggovac\u00ed n\u00e1stroj KASan (Kernel address sanitizer), ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje odha\u013eova\u0165 chyby pri pr\u00e1ci s pam\u00e4\u0165ou;\n<li class=\"l\"> Na syst\u00e9moch x86-64 bola odstr\u00e1nen\u00e1 hranica pre umiestnenie dumpov stavu pri p\u00e1de jadra (crash-dump) v oblastiach pam\u00e4te nad 896MB;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre architekt\u00faru s390 bola implementovan\u00e1 podpora randomiz\u00e1cie adresov\u00e9ho priestoru jadra (KASLR) a mo\u017enos\u0165 verifik\u00e1cie digit\u00e1lnych podpisov pri zav\u00e1dzan\u00ed jadra cez kexec_file_load();\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre architekt\u00faru PA-RISC bola pridan\u00e1 podpora debuggeru jadra (KGDB), skokov\u00fdch zna\u010diek a kprobes;\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Zariadenie<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> S\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou je ovl\u00e1da\u010d <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=a1d2a6339961efc078208dc3b2f006e9e9a8e119\">Lima<\/a><\/noindex> pre GPU Mali 400\/450, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v mnoh\u00fdch star\u00fdch \u010dipoch na b\u00e1ze architekt\u00fary ARM. Pre nov\u0161ie GPU Mali bol pridan\u00fd ovl\u00e1da\u010d Panfrost, ktor\u00fd podporuje \u010dipy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na mikroarchitekt\u00farach Midgard (Mali-T6xx, Mali-T7xx, Mali-T8xx) a Bifrost (Mali G3x, G5x, G7x);\n<li class=\"l\"> Bola pridan\u00e1 podpora zvukov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich otvoren\u00e9 firmv\u00e9r <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=48266\">Sound Open Firmware<\/a><\/noindex> (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sofproject.org\/\">SOF<\/a><\/noindex>). Napriek existencii otvoren\u00fdch ovl\u00e1da\u010dov zost\u00e1val k\u00f3d firmv\u00e9ru pre zvukov\u00e9 \u010dipy zatvoren\u00fd a dod\u00e1van\u00fd v bin\u00e1rnej forme. Projekt Sound Open Firmware bol vyvinut\u00fd spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou Intel na vytvorenie otvoren\u00fdch firmv\u00e9rov pre DSP \u010dipy s\u00favisiace s spracovan\u00edm zvuku (n\u00e1sledne sa na v\u00fdvoji podie\u013eal aj Google). V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti s\u00fa u\u017e v r\u00e1mci projektu pripraven\u00e9 otvoren\u00e9 firmv\u00e9ry pre zvukov\u00e9 \u010dipy platforiem Intel Baytrail, CherryTrail, Broadwell, ApolloLake, GeminiLake, CannonLake a IceLake;\n<li class=\"l\"> V DRM ovl\u00e1da\u010di Intel (i915) bola pridan\u00e1 podpora \u010dipov<br \/>\nElkhartlake (Gen11). Boli pridan\u00e9 PCI identifik\u00e1tory pre \u010dipy Comet Lake (Gen9). Stabilizovala sa podpora \u010dipov Icelake, pre ktor\u00e9 boli pridan\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie PCI identifik\u00e1tory zariaden\u00ed.<br \/>\n <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=d57b39e3ee3cdb4b00452090e386d197980cefc9\">Povolen\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nasynchr\u00f3nne prepn\u00fa\u0165 re\u017eim medzi dvoma pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi z\u00e1sobn\u00edkmi vo video pam\u00e4ti (async flip) pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed oper\u00e1ci\u00ed z\u00e1pisov cez mmio, \u010do v\u00fdrazne zv\u00fd\u0161ilo v\u00fdkon niektor\u00fdch 3D aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed (napr\u00edklad v\u00fdkon v teste 3DMark Ice Storm sa zv\u00fd\u0161il o 300-400%). Pridan\u00e1 podpora technol\u00f3gie <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HDCP\">HDCP2.2<\/a><\/noindex> (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) na \u0161ifrovanie videosign\u00e1lu pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9ho cez HDMI;<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> V ovl\u00e1da\u010di amdgpu pre GPU Vega20 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=457109829f4ee4107e8c7108237afba21fabbb5e\">bola pridan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex>  podpora RAS (Reliability, Availability, Serviceability) a experiment\u00e1lna podpora subsyst\u00e9mu SMU 11, ktor\u00fd nahradil technol\u00f3giu Powerplay. Pre GPU Vega12 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=750cced1c08b5258202f29ed954513be8f38df1b\">bola pridan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> podpora re\u017eimu BACO (Bus Active, Chip Off). Pridan\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 podpora XGMI, vysoko r\u00fdchlej zbernice (PCIe 4.0) na prepojenie GPU. V ovl\u00e1da\u010di amdkfd boli pridan\u00e9 ch\u00fdbaj\u00face identifik\u00e1tory kariet zalo\u017een\u00fdch na GPU Polaris10;\n<li class=\"l\"> V ovl\u00e1da\u010di Nouveau bola pridan\u00e1 podpora dosiek na b\u00e1ze \u010dipsetu NVIDIA Turing 117 (TU117, pou\u017e\u00edva sa v GeForce GTX 1650). V<br \/>\n kconfig <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=b30a43ac7132cdda833ac4b13dd1ebd35ace14b7\">bola pridan\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> nastavenie na zak\u00e1zanie zastaran\u00fdch funkci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 u\u017e nie s\u00fa pou\u017eit\u00e9 vo aktu\u00e1lnych vydaniach libdrm;<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> V API DRM a ovl\u00e1da\u010di amdgpu bola pridan\u00e1 podpora synchroniza\u010dn\u00fdch objektov \u201etimeline\u201c, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa ob\u00eds\u0165 klasick\u00e9 z\u00e1mky.\n<li class=\"l\"> Z vetvy staging bol do hlavn\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia presunut\u00fd ovl\u00e1da\u010d vboxvideo pre virtu\u00e1lny GPU VirtualBox;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00fd ovl\u00e1da\u010d aspeed pre GFX \u010dip SoC ASPEED;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pridan\u00e1 podpora ARM SoC a desiek Intel Agilex (SoCFPGA), NXP i.MX8MM, Allwinner (RerVision H3-DVK (H3), Oceanic 5205 5inMFD, Beelink GS2 (H6), Orange Pi 3 (H6)), Rockchip (Orange Pi RK3399, Nanopi NEO4, Veyron-Mighty Chromebook), Amlogic: SEI Robotics SEI510,<br \/>\nST Micro (stm32mp157a, stm32mp157c), NXP (<br \/>\n    Eckelmann ci4x10 (i.MX6DL),<\/p>\n<p>    i.MX8MM EVK (i.MX8MM),<\/p>\n<p>    ZII i.MX7 RPU2 (i.MX7),<\/p>\n<p>    ZII SPB4 (VF610),<\/p>\n<p>    Zii Ultra (i.MX8M),<\/p>\n<p>    TQ TQMa7S (i.MX7Solo),<\/p>\n<p>    TQ TQMa7D (i.MX7Dual),<\/p>\n<p>    Kobo Aura (i.MX50),<\/p>\n<p>    Menlosystems M53 (i.MX53)), NVIDIA Jetson Nano (Tegra T210).<\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 Latinskoamerick\u00e1 nad\u00e1cia slobodn\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fsfla.org\/ikiwiki\/selibre\/linux-libre\/\">vytvorila<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nvariantu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fsfla.org\/ikiwiki\/selibre\/linux-libre\/\">\u00faplne slobodn\u00e9 jadro 5.2<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/linux-libre.fsfla.org\/pub\/linux-libre\/releases\/5.2-gnu\/\">Linux-libre 5.2-gnu<\/a><\/noindex>, zbaven\u00e9 prvkov firmv\u00e9ru a ovl\u00e1da\u010dov obsahuj\u00facich neslobodn\u00e9 komponenty alebo \u010dasti k\u00f3du, ktor\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvanie je obmedzen\u00e9 v\u00fdrobcom. V novom vydan\u00ed je zahrnut\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie s\u00faborov<br \/>\nSound Open Firmware. V ovl\u00e1da\u010doch bola zak\u00e1zan\u00e1 na\u010d\u00edtanie blobov<br \/>\n mt7615, rtw88, rtw8822b, rtw8822c, btmtksdio, iqs5xx, ishtp a ucsi_ccg. Aktualizovan\u00fd k\u00f3d \u010distenia blobov v ovl\u00e1da\u010doch a subsyst\u00e9moch ixp4xx, imx-sdma, amdgpu, nouveau a goya, ako aj v dokument\u00e1cii k mikrok\u00f3du. \u010cistenie blobov v ovl\u00e1da\u010di r8822be bolo zastaven\u00e9 kv\u00f4li jeho odstr\u00e1neniu.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=51051\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.2. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b Ext4 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0424\u0421, \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f GPU Mali 4xx\/ 6xx\/7xx, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 sysctl \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0445 BPF, device-mapper \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c dm-dust, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a MDS, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 Sound Open Firmware \u0434\u043b\u044f DSP, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35977","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 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