{"id":36425,"date":"2019-10-31T22:11:34","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/konsensus-na-reputatsii-nody-nuzhen-li\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:11:34","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:34","slug":"konsensus-na-reputatsii-nody-nuzhen-li","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/konsensus-na-reputatsii-nody-nuzhen-li","title":{"rendered":"Konsenzus s\u00favisiaci s reput\u00e1ciou uzla. Je potrebn\u00fd?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Vieme, vieme. Existuje mno\u017estvo kryptoprojektov, s r\u00f4znymi konsenzusmi: na z\u00e1klade pr\u00e1ce a vlastn\u00edctva, zlata, ropy, \u010di upe\u010den\u00fdch kol\u00e1\u010dikov (\u00e1no, aj tak\u00fd s\u00fa). \u010co n\u00e1m e\u0161te prinesie \u010fal\u0161\u00ed? To by som navrhoval prediskutova\u0165 po pre\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed prekladu \u201ezjednodu\u0161enej\u201c technickej dokument\u00e1cie projektu *Zosobnenie (Constellation<\/a><\/noindex>). Samozrejme, nie je to \u00fapln\u00fd popis algoritmu, ale zauj\u00edma ma n\u00e1zor komunity Habr, \u010di by tak\u00fd konsenzus mal existova\u0165 alebo je \u00faplne zbyto\u010dn\u00fd?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u010ealej u\u017e nie je ve\u013ea p\u00edsmen, tak\u017ee ak m\u00e1te len chu\u0165 nap\u00edsa\u0165 \u201efuj, ko\u013eko sa d\u00e1 rozpr\u00e1va\u0165 o kripe\u201c, pros\u00edm, zdr\u017ete sa toho. Ak v\u00e1s zauj\u00edmaj\u00fa nov\u00e9 vy\u017eitia v oblasti distribuovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov a m\u00e1te \u010do prida\u0165 do koment\u00e1rov, potom pros\u00edm pokra\u010dujte pod \u010dl\u00e1nkom.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P.S. Nie som autor technol\u00f3gie, nem\u00f4\u017eem ru\u010di\u0165 za pln\u00e9 pochopenie jej podstaty, preto budem r\u00e1d za koment\u00e1re s opravami, ak tak\u00e9 bud\u00fa.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Evol\u00facia od synchronn\u00fdch konsenzov k asynchronn\u00fdm<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Uzly s\u00fa vyberan\u00e9 pomocou deterministick\u00e9ho procesu (toho ist\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edva v DHT, napr\u00edklad bittorrent), ktor\u00fd dynamicky reguluje povinnosti uzlov pre \u201eulah\u010denie\u201c valid\u00e1cie alebo, \u010do je jasnej\u0161ie, na dosiahnutie konsenzu. Vyber\u00e1me skupiny po 3 uzloch a vykon\u00e1vame kol\u00e1 konsenzu s\u00fa\u010dasne, aby mohol by\u0165 jeden uzol facilit\u00e1torom vo viacer\u00fdch blokoch. To n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje spracov\u00e1va\u0165 transakcie asynchr\u00f3nne, \u010do v podstate znamen\u00e1, \u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasne sa formuje nieko\u013eko blockchainov. Proces pripom\u00edna pavu\u010dinu, ktor\u00fa tvoria mnoh\u00e9 nite, na rozdiel od uzlov, ktor\u00e9 vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa jednu re\u0165azec v priebehu \u010dasu. Asynchr\u00f3nne alebo paraleln\u00e9 spracovanie je z\u00e1kladom \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013en\u00e9ho programovania, preto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017ei\u0165 v\u0161etky zdroje po\u010d\u00edta\u010da a ur\u00fdchli\u0165 celkov\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty. T\u00e1to sie\u0165 sa naz\u00fdva orientovan\u00fd acyklick\u00fd graf alebo DAG v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch ved\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Konsenzus
\n\u0160\u00edrka p\u00e1sma line\u00e1rneho blockchainu verzus multiplikat\u00edvny efekt DAG, kde m\u00e1me nieko\u013eko paraleln\u00fdch blockchainov. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Konsenzus
\nGeometrick\u00e1 realiz\u00e1cia line\u00e1rneho blockchainu verzus DAG. \u010cierne body s\u00fa bloky, biele body s\u00fa uzly.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pou\u017e\u00edvame 3 uzly v ka\u017edom kole konsenzu, preto\u017ee to n\u00e1m poskytuje niektor\u00e9 zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 matematick\u00e9 procesy na \u00favahy o stave, vytv\u00e1raj\u00fac \"rovinu povrchu\" naprie\u010d d\u00e1tami vo forme trojuholn\u00edkov s v\u00e4zbami. Potom protokol vyu\u017e\u00edva trojuholn\u00edky na \"zlo\u017eenie\" optim\u00e1lnej plochy, ktor\u00e1 neobsahuje nadbyto\u010dn\u00e9 alebo protichodn\u00e9 d\u00e1ta a m\u00e1 minim\u00e1lny mo\u017en\u00fd po\u010det trojuholn\u00edkov. Algoritmicky - je to podobn\u00e9 \"minim\u00e1lnemu prerez\u00e1vaniu\" grafu, a matematicky - deriv\u00e1cii alebo optimaliza\u010dnej funkcii (z ktorej funkcia nach\u00e1dza najkrat\u0161iu cestu, ktorou m\u00f4\u017ee prejs\u0165 po povrchu). T\u00e1to najkrat\u0161ia cesta je ekvivalentn\u00e1 optim\u00e1lnemu ulo\u017eeniu d\u00e1t (transakci\u00ed) v skupine dostupnosti datab\u00e1z. Protichodn\u00e9 trojuholn\u00edkov\u00e9 \"dla\u017edice\", aby bola plocha udalosti hladk\u00e1 a bez konfliktov.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Konsenzus
\nGeometrick\u00e1 realiz\u00e1cia detekcie \/ spracovania konfliktov. Konfliktn\u00fd blok vytv\u00e1ra dodato\u010dn\u00fa dla\u017edicu povrchu. Odstra\u0148ujeme dla\u017edicu dodato\u010dn\u00e9ho povrchu, aby sme udr\u017eali rovn\u00fd (= bezkonfliktn\u00fd) povrch udalost\u00ed. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Konsenzus zalo\u017een\u00fd na reput\u00e1cii<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

V optim\u00e1lnej decentralizovanej p2p syst\u00e9me reput\u00e1cie by mal ka\u017ed\u00fd uzol by\u0165 schopn\u00fd s\u00e1m stanovi\u0165 svoju d\u00f4veru k ostatn\u00fdm uzlom. N\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m vyu\u017e\u00edva \u0161peci\u00e1lny model, ktor\u00fd zah\u0155\u0148a tranzit\u00edvne vz\u0165ahy alebo vz\u0165ahy, ktor\u00e9 uzol m\u00e1 s in\u00fdmi uzlami, pri pride\u013eovan\u00ed glob\u00e1lneho hodnotenia. \"Ste tak dobr\u00ed, ako je va\u0161a spolo\u010dnos\u0165.\" Kone\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom je \"skreslenie\" alebo gradient, zalo\u017een\u00fd na tranzit\u00edvnej d\u00f4vere alebo reput\u00e1cii vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch uzloch v $DAG alebo \u0161tandardnom kan\u00e1li. M\u00f4\u017ee sa to pova\u017eova\u0165 za str\u00fahadlo alebo str\u00fahadlo na syr, ktor\u00e9 otrie povrch \"roviny povrchu\" a vyber\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 \"trojuholn\u00edkov\u00e9 dla\u017edice\" utrie\u0165 a ktor\u00e9 ponecha\u0165. Takto logika konfliktu skuto\u010dne odstra\u0148uje \"trojuholn\u00edkov\u00e9 dla\u017edice.\"<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Konsenzus
\nDAG s konfliktnou dla\u017edicou prech\u00e1dzaj\u00facou cez \"skreslen\u00fd\" priestor, ktor\u00fd je gradientom, podobne ako str\u00fahadlo na syr, a je zameran\u00fd na odstr\u00e1nenie alebo \"utrhnutie\" konfliktnej dla\u017edice.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u010ciasto\u010dn\u00e9\/\u00fapln\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1lovanie uzla<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

V te\u00f3rii siet\u00ed sa optim\u00e1lne rozdelenie zvy\u010dajne naz\u00fdva \u201ebez \u0161k\u00e1lovania\u201c, \u010do mo\u017eno op\u00edsa\u0165 ako hierarchick\u00e9 usporiadanie s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi centr\u00e1lnymi uzlami, ktor\u00e9 riadia mnoho men\u0161\u00edch perif\u00e9rnych uzlov. Toto rozdelenie je vidite\u013en\u00e9 v pr\u00edrode a predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na internete. Constellation vyu\u017e\u00edva t\u00fato architekt\u00faru na \u201e\u0161k\u00e1lovanie\u201c alebo zvy\u0161ovanie \u0161\u00edrky p\u00e1sma n\u00e1\u0161ho Grafu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Konsenzus
\nEfekt hierarchick\u00e9ho rozdelenia. M\u00f4\u017eeme prida\u0165 viac uzlov a zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 \u0161\u00edrku p\u00e1sma.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Hylochain \u2014 Podpora aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00fdch na kan\u00e1loch.<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00e1\u0161 pr\u00edstup k podpore aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165 za \u201edecentralizovan\u00fa platformu inteligentn\u00fdch kontraktov\u201c. Namiesto centr\u00e1lnej siete, ktor\u00e1 vykon\u00e1va cel\u00fa logiku a spracov\u00e1va v\u0161etky \u00fadaje z aplik\u00e1cie, Constellation koordinuje \u00fadaje aplik\u00e1cie s \u201e\u0161t\u00e1tnymi kan\u00e1lmi\u201c, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 za telev\u00edznu stanicu vysielaj\u00facu v\u0161etky \u00fadaje zo \u0161t\u00e1tneho syst\u00e9mu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1tny kan\u00e1l m\u00f4\u017ee realizova\u0165 svoju vlastn\u00fa logiku overovania, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje rie\u0161i\u0165 probl\u00e9m or\u00e1kulov prostredn\u00edctvom prie\u010dneho overovania autenticity v\u00fdrobcov \u00fadajov a tranzit\u00edvneho overovania zlo\u017een\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tnych syst\u00e9mov. Siete \u0161t\u00e1tnych kan\u00e1lov poskytuj\u00fa paraleln\u00fa podporu aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, pri\u010dom zr\u00fdch\u013euj\u00fa \u010das prijatia, ktor\u00fd je v sieti s inteligentn\u00fdmi kontraktmi obmedzen\u00fd tradi\u010dn\u00fdm synchronn\u00fdm konsenzom.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Konsenzus
\nDva \u0161t\u00e1tne kan\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u201ekompatibiln\u00e9\u201c cez sie\u0165 $DAG. M\u00f4\u017eu interagova\u0165 alebo by\u0165 interpretovan\u00e9, ke\u010f\u017ee oba s\u00fa \u201eintegrovan\u00e9\u201c s $DAG nasaden\u00edm hybridn\u00fdch uzlov $DAG + Kan\u00e1l.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

D\u00f4vod, pre\u010do sa naz\u00fdva Hylochain, je ten, \u017ee v na\u0161om pr\u00edstupe k podpore aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 funk\u010dn\u00e1 model pre programovanie Recursion Schemes na vytvorenie rozhrania MapReduce. Konkr\u00e9tne m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 sch\u00e9my rekurzie Hylomorfizmus a Metamorfitizmus integrovan\u00e9 na vytv\u00e1ranie overite\u013en\u00fdch dopytov a streamovac\u00edch spojen\u00ed cez \u0161tandardn\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly, pri\u010dom kontroly algebraick\u00fdch d\u00e1tov\u00fdch typov prebiehaj\u00fa rovnako ako kontroly op-k\u00f3dov pre inteligentn\u00e9 zmluvy. Kone\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom je funk\u010dn\u00e9 rozhranie MapReduce, ktor\u00e9 je zn\u00e1me in\u017einierom d\u00e1t a je kompatibiln\u00e9 s existuj\u00facou technol\u00f3giou ve\u013ek\u00fdch d\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Konsenzus
\nHylomorfick\u00e9 a metamorfick\u00e9 \u0161tandardn\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly pre kontrast. V metamorfickom stave s\u00fa d\u00e1ta z dvoch \u0161tandardn\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov odosielan\u00e9 do bloku v metakan\u00e1li. V Hyle vezmeme predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci stav kan\u00e1la a pou\u017eijeme ho na dopytovanie (polo\u017eenie konkr\u00e9tnej ot\u00e1zky) dvoch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch kan\u00e1lov, a potom ulo\u017e\u00edme v\u00fdsledok dopytu do bloku.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tokenomika a jej s\u00favislos\u0165 s Hylochain<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f je \u0161tandardn\u00fd kan\u00e1l vytvoren\u00fd, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 integrovan\u00fd do kan\u00e1la $DAG, ale s pou\u017eit\u00edm rozhrania ACI alebo Application Chain Interface. Toto rozhranie je jednoducho objekt JSON s inform\u00e1ciami o konfigur\u00e1cii a verejn\u00fdm k\u013e\u00fa\u010dom spojen\u00fdm so samotn\u00fdm kan\u00e1lom. D\u00f4vodom, pre\u010do sp\u00e1jame verejn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d so \u0161tandardn\u00fdm kan\u00e1lom, je vytvorenie sprostredkovate\u013esk\u00e9ho mechanizmu pre d\u00e1ta \u0161tandardn\u00e9ho kan\u00e1la. Ke\u010f je \u0161tandardn\u00fd kan\u00e1l nasaden\u00fd, developeri si nastavuj\u00fa, ako s\u00fa platby z siete $DAG rozde\u013eovan\u00e9 medzi uzly a oper\u00e1torov.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Konsenzus
\nTok na n\u00e1kup pr\u00edstupu k inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m alebo modifik\u00e1ciu inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Dopyt je zaslan\u00fd do $DAG, prostriedky s\u00fa odoslan\u00e9 na \u00fa\u010det kan\u00e1la, v\u00fdsledok je odoslan\u00fd kupuj\u00facemu a kontroln\u00e1 suma transakcie je odoslan\u00e1 do siete $DAG, ktor\u00e1 potom odomkne prostriedky pre \u0161tandardn\u00fd kan\u00e1l.<\/em><\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0417\u043d\u0430\u044e-\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u044c\u043c\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u0447\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432: \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0432 (\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0434\u0430-\u0434\u0430). \u0427\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e? \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 «\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439» \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 *\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0435 (Constellation). \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u044c\u044e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e «\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c» \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0443 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27262,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36425","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Konsenzus na reput\u00e1cii nodu. 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