{"id":36503,"date":"2019-10-31T22:12:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ne-hodite-v-afriku-gulyat-kak-obstoyat-dela-s-internet-tsenzuroj-na-chernom-kontinente\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:12:00","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:00","slug":"ne-hodite-v-afriku-gulyat-kak-obstoyat-dela-s-internet-tsenzuroj-na-chernom-kontinente","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/ne-hodite-v-afriku-gulyat-kak-obstoyat-dela-s-internet-tsenzuroj-na-chernom-kontinente","title":{"rendered":"Necho\u010fte na prech\u00e1dzku do Afriky: ako to vyzer\u00e1 s internetovou cenz\u00farou na \u010diernom kontinente","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Necho\u010fte
\n
\nPosledn\u00e9 roky sa vyzna\u010duj\u00fa nielen prudk\u00fdm rozvojom internetov\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a prenikan\u00edm internetu do regi\u00f3nov plan\u00e9ty, kde je aj s be\u017en\u00fdm mobiln\u00fdm pripojen\u00edm \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9. Vyvinuli sa a boli prijat\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje internetovej cenz\u00fary, vr\u00e1tane blokovania webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nok a slu\u017eieb, sledovania spr\u00e1v pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov e-mailov\u00fdch a chatov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, DPI filtrovania paketov a mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch.<\/p>\n

O tom v\u0161etkom p\u00ed\u0161u novin\u00e1ri zn\u00e1mych aj menej zn\u00e1mych m\u00e9di\u00ed v s\u00favislosti s \u010c\u00ednou, K\u00f3rejskou \u013eudovodemokratickou republikou, Ruskom, Kazachstanom, Bieloruskom a tak \u010falej. Internetov\u00e1 cenz\u00fara prenikla aj do Afriky. O tom, ako s\u00fa na tom veci na \u010ciernom kontinente, sa dnes porozpr\u00e1vame.
\n <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Trochu inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o cen\u00e1ch a dostupnosti internetu v Afrike<\/h3>\n

\nE\u0161te ned\u00e1vno bol internet v Afrike raritou, ktor\u00fa vo\u013ene pou\u017e\u00edvali len obyvatelia najbohat\u0161\u00edch \u0161t\u00e1tov kontinentu \u2014 Ju\u017enej Afriky, Tuniska, Egypta. Od roku 2013 sa do Afriky pripojilo nieko\u013eko podvodn\u00fdch internetov\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch tr\u00e1s, tak\u017ee pr\u00edstup k sieti sa trochu zlep\u0161il.<\/p>\n

\"Necho\u010fte
\nAfrika a internetov\u00e9 trasy v roku 2019 (zdroj<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/i><\/p>\n

Ale zmeny sa zav\u00e1dzaj\u00fa pomaly a ceny klesaj\u00fa e\u0161te pomal\u0161ie. V niektor\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch Afriky zost\u00e1va ve\u013emi drah\u00fd ako \u201ekabelov\u00fd\u201c internet, tak aj mobiln\u00e9 pripojenie. V Nam\u00edbii a Burkina Faso, napr\u00edklad, individu\u00e1lne mesa\u010dn\u00e9 neobmedzen\u00e9 pripojenie ned\u00e1vno st\u00e1lo to\u013eko, ako by sta\u010dilo pre cel\u00fd dom, alebo aj pre mal\u00fa osadu v SN\u0160.<\/p>\n

\"Necho\u010fte
\n
\nPod\u013ea stavu k roku 2018 zostala Afrika najdrah\u0161\u00edm regi\u00f3nom aj z h\u013eadiska ceny mobiln\u00e9ho internetu. Tak v Rovn\u00edkovej Guinei, Zimbabwe a Svazijsku \u2013 v troch najdrah\u0161\u00edch krajin\u00e1ch \u2013 jeden gigabyte mobiln\u00fdch d\u00e1t stoj\u00ed viac ne\u017e 20 dol\u00e1rov<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\"Necho\u010fte
\nNajhor\u0161ie s\u00fa na tom krajiny ju\u017ene od Sahary. Tu sa nach\u00e1dza 31 kraj\u00edn, a v 16 \u0161t\u00e1toch je najdrah\u0161\u00ed internet na svete.<\/i><\/p>\n

Situ\u00e1cia sa v\u0161ak pomaly zlep\u0161uje \u2014 vznik\u00e1 \u010doraz viac internetov\u00fdch magistr\u00e1l, poskytovate\u013eov slu\u017eieb, a teda sa zni\u017euj\u00fa ceny. S rast\u00facou \u00farov\u0148ou penetr\u00e1cie internetu v\u0161ak prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa aj negat\u00edvne efekty \u2014 napr\u00edklad internetov\u00e1 cenz\u00fara. Ke\u010f je po\u010det internetov\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov n\u00edzky a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich patr\u00ed k miestnym politick\u00fdm a obchodn\u00fdm elit\u00e1m, cenz\u00fara nie je potrebn\u00e1. Ale ke\u010f sa do siete pripoj\u00ed desiatky a stovky tis\u00edc oby\u010dajn\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, vl\u00e1dy niektor\u00fdch kraj\u00edn za\u010dn\u00fa prem\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 o potrebe filtrovania pr\u00fadenia inform\u00e1ci\u00ed na t\u00fdchto internetoch.<\/p>\n

Internetov\u00e1 cenz\u00fara v r\u00f4znych krajin\u00e1ch Afriky<\/h3>\n

\n\"Necho\u010fte
\nCenz\u00fara, internetov\u00e1 cenz\u00fara je v\u0161ade<\/i><\/p>\n

V Afrike, rovnako ako v ostatnom svete, sa postupne prij\u00edmaj\u00fa z\u00e1kony, ktor\u00e9 reguluj\u00fa pravidl\u00e1 nakladania s internetom, vr\u00e1tane zavedenia trestov za kyberzlo\u010diny. Niektor\u00e9 africk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty maj\u00fa samostatn\u00e9 z\u00e1kony o kybernetickej bezpe\u010dnosti, zodpovedaj\u00face n\u00e1vrhy z\u00e1konov sa predkladaj\u00fa aj v ostatn\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch. Zatia\u013e \u010do zaost\u00e1vaj\u00fa Som\u00e1lsko, Sierra Leone, Rovn\u00edkov\u00e1 Guinea, Guinea a Guinea-Bissau. <\/p>\n

V ostatn\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch v\u0161ak internetov\u00e1 cenz\u00fara funguje naplno.<\/p>\n

Tanz\u00e1nia<\/b><\/p>\n

Tu sa to za\u010dalo v roku 2017, po\u010das okr\u00fahleho stolu s \u00fa\u010das\u0165ou predstavite\u013eov \u010c\u00edny a Tanz\u00e1nie. Z\u00e1stupca ministra komunik\u00e1ci\u00ed a spojenia Tanz\u00e1nie pochv\u00e1lil \u010c\u00ednu<\/a><\/noindex> za to, \u017ee regul\u00e1tori tejto krajiny nahradili medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 internetov\u00e9 platformy vlastn\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami. Tanz\u00e1nia ich ozna\u010dila za \u201edom\u00e1ce, bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a popul\u00e1rne\u201c. Z\u00e1stupca ministra si vtedy post\u011b\u017eoval, \u017ee tak\u00fa prax nemaj\u00fa v jeho krajine, ale netr\u00e1pil sa dlho.<\/p>\n

U\u017e v marci 2018 regul\u00e1tor Tanz\u00e1nie (Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority) po\u017eadoval, aby sa blogeri a oper\u00e1tori kan\u00e1lov online telev\u00edzie a online rozhlasu registrovali. Po\u010das registr\u00e1cie ich zav\u00e4zovali zaplati\u0165 poplatok vo v\u00fd\u0161ke pribli\u017ene 930 dol\u00e1rov a za to dostali licenciu na vykon\u00e1vanie pr\u00edslu\u0161nej \u010dinnosti na obdobie tri roky.<\/p>\n

\"Necho\u010fte
\n
\nV \u010fal\u0161om kroku regu\u013e\u00e1tor za\u010dal po\u017eadova\u0165 od majite\u013eov webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nok a f\u00f3r, aby odstr\u00e1nili \u201eopoz\u00ed\u010dn\u00fd\u201c obsah. Potom boli zaveden\u00e9 \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 syst\u00e9my autentifik\u00e1cie pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov f\u00f3r. Majitelia internetov\u00fdch kaviarn\u00ed (a tieto zariadenia s\u00fa v krajine ve\u013emi popul\u00e1rne) boli povinn\u00ed uchov\u00e1va\u0165 logy aktivity svojich klientov pribli\u017ene rok.<\/p>\n

Poru\u0161enie pravidiel je trestan\u00e9 v\u00e4zen\u00edm na obdobie a\u017e jedn\u00e9ho roka, ako aj pokutou v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch tis\u00edcoch dol\u00e1rov. Po tom, ako boli nov\u00e9 z\u00e1kony uveden\u00e9 do praxe, sa uzavreli popul\u00e1rne internetov\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1, ktor\u00fdch majitelia nechceli upadn\u00fa\u0165 do nemilosti org\u00e1nov \u010dinn\u00fdch v trestnom konan\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Uganda<\/b><\/p>\n

Pre obyvate\u013eov tejto krajiny sa zmeny v u\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed internetov\u00fdch siet\u00ed stali zrete\u013en\u00fdmi za\u010diatkom leta 2018. Vtedy vl\u00e1da zaviedla \u0161peci\u00e1lnu da\u0148 na pripojenie k viac ako 60 slu\u017eb\u00e1m. Tieto zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook, Skype. Bolo potrebn\u00e9 plati\u0165 okolo 50 centov denne, \u010do predstavuje pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu obyvate\u013eov krajiny zna\u010dn\u00fa sumu. Okrem toho bolo potrebn\u00e9 plati\u0165 aj za mobiln\u00fd internet. Celkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady v priamych a nepriamych v\u00fddavkoch u\u017e dosiahli pribli\u017ene polovicu mesa\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u00edjmu ob\u010dana.<\/p>\n

Po\u010det pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov internetu sa zn\u00ed\u017eil, do miestnej ekonomiky prich\u00e1dzalo menej pe\u0148az\u00ed. Probl\u00e9m bol aj v tom, \u017ee miestni obyvatelia na medzi sebou pou\u017e\u00edvali mobiln\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Po zaveden\u00ed dane niektor\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvatelia \u00faplne prestali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 internet, niektor\u00ed za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 VPN, aby zostali anonymn\u00ed a nemuseli plati\u0165 uveden\u00fa da\u0148.<\/p>\n

Eti\u00f3pia<\/b><\/p>\n

Tu dlh\u00fd \u010das fungovala pr\u00edsna internetov\u00e1 cenz\u00fara. S r\u00f4znymi prejavmi nes\u00fahlasu bojovali na z\u00e1klade z\u00e1kona z roku 2009 o protiteroristickej \u010dinnosti. Nov\u00fd premi\u00e9r krajiny, Abiy Ahmed, v\u0161ak mierne zn\u00ed\u017eil \u00farove\u0148 cenz\u00fary.<\/p>\n

\"Necho\u010fte
\nV tejto budove sa nach\u00e1dza internetov\u00fd provider Ethio Telecom \u2013 jedin\u00fd provider, ktor\u00fd je navy\u0161e vo vlastn\u00edctve \u0161t\u00e1tu.<\/i><\/p>\n

Napriek tomu je tu popul\u00e1rna prax odpojenia internetu v pr\u00edpade ob\u010dianskych nepokojov. Tak, tento rok internet nebol t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148, po \u010dom skupina pr\u00e1vnikov podala \u017ealobu<\/a><\/noindex> proti jedin\u00e9mu internetov\u00e9mu poskytovate\u013eovi v krajine. Internet nebol k dispoz\u00edcii polovici j\u00fana a probl\u00e9my v regi\u00f3noch pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00fa dodnes. Vl\u00e1da krajiny sa rozhodla odpoji\u0165 pr\u00edstup k sieti po\u010das celon\u00e1rodn\u00fdch maturitn\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161ok.<\/p>\n

Od roku 2015 sa obyvatelia Eti\u00f3pie viackr\u00e1t stretli s rozsiahlym v\u00fdpadkom internetu. V podstate, ak v krajine existuje len jeden internetov\u00fd poskytovate\u013e, je to jednoduch\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ke\u0148a<\/b><\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1da tejto krajiny akt\u00edvne reguluje internet. Minul\u00fd rok bol prijat\u00fd z\u00e1kon, pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho distrib\u00fatori \"falo\u0161n\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed\" (nejasn\u00fd term\u00edn, ktor\u00fd sa d\u00e1 interpretova\u0165 akoko\u013evek) dostali pokutu vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 50 000 USD, plus mo\u017enos\u0165 v\u00e4zenia a\u017e na dva roky.<\/p>\n

V Keni maj\u00fa videoblogeri \u0165a\u017ek\u00fd \u017eivot \u2014 musia sa zaregistrova\u0165 ako tak\u00ed, plus plati\u0165 za ka\u017ed\u00e9 video vlo\u017een\u00e9 na internet a za ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 nat\u00e1\u010dania. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdrobu aj amat\u00e9rskeho videa s\u00fa tak\u00e9 vysok\u00e9, \u017ee len m\u00e1lokto by sa o to chcel pok\u00fasi\u0165. Ak sa nezaplat\u00ed, m\u00f4\u017ee sa z\u00edska\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e1 pokuta a v\u00e4zenie na dobu a\u017e 5 rokov.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Takisto tu zakazuj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 internetov\u00e9 zdroje, ktor\u00e9 sa dostan\u00fa na \u010diernu listinu.<\/p>\n

Burundi<\/b><\/p>\n

V tomto \u0161t\u00e1te je ve\u013emi n\u00edzka \u00farove\u0148 internetiz\u00e1cie, ale vysok\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 internetovej cenz\u00fary. Vl\u00e1da sa neboj\u00ed odpoji\u0165 pr\u00edstup k sieti pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov po celej krajine, ke\u010f m\u00e1 pocit, \u017ee sa nie\u010do deje zle. Napr\u00edklad v roku 2015 bol prakticky odpojen\u00fd v\u0161etok ve\u013ek\u00fd medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd soci\u00e1lny sie\u0165 a messengery. Okrem toho s\u00fa blokovan\u00e9 internetov\u00e9 zdroje a slu\u017eby. Minul\u00fd rok nov\u00fd legislat\u00edvny n\u00e1vrh zmenil z\u00e1kon \"O komunik\u00e1cii\"<\/a><\/noindex>, \u010do dalo pol\u00edcii mo\u017enos\u0165 zachyti\u0165 elektronick\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy a vy\u017eadova\u0165 inform\u00e1cie od s\u00fakromn\u00fdch os\u00f4b a spolo\u010dnost\u00ed na z\u00e1klade rozhodnutia prokur\u00e1tora. Niektor\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti pres\u00favaj\u00fa svoje zdroje na in\u00e9 dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny, zatia\u013e \u010do m\u00e9di\u00e1 navrhuj\u00fa \u010ditate\u013eom pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 VPN.<\/p>\n

Ju\u017en\u00e1 Afrika, Egypt, Maroko, Rwanda<\/b><\/p>\n

V t\u00fdchto krajin\u00e1ch je internet v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou v poriadku. Pr\u00edpady cenz\u00fary s\u00fa ojedinel\u00e9, tento n\u00e1stroj sa vyu\u017e\u00edva predov\u0161etk\u00fdm proti zdrojom, ktor\u00e9 spravuj\u00fa teroristi, a tie\u017e str\u00e1nkam, ktor\u00e9 sa neprimerane vyjadruj\u00fa o vl\u00e1dach. Osobitn\u00e9 tresty za \"ne\u00factu\" v\u0161ak nie s\u00fa stanoven\u00e9, neexistuj\u00fa ani r\u00f4zne dane za pripojenie k soci\u00e1lnym sie\u0165am alebo messangerom. Pravda, ob\u010das v Maroku blokuj\u00fa niektor\u00e9 proxy slu\u017eby<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

V Rwande prijali pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi nieko\u013eko z\u00e1konov v oblasti kybernetickej bezpe\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zameran\u00e9 na ochranu osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov siete, ako aj \u0161t\u00e1tneho tajomstva a bankov\u00fdch \u00fadajov pred \u00fatokmi kyberzlo\u010dincov. \u00darady tieto z\u00e1kony zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a nezneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa. A teraz sa kyberzlo\u010dinci v krajine chytaj\u00fa a trestaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Pokia\u013e ide o in\u00e9 africk\u00e9 krajiny, v niektor\u00fdch je \u00farove\u0148 internetiz\u00e1cie tak n\u00edzka, \u017ee o akejko\u013evek cenz\u00fare nem\u00e1 zmysel hovori\u0165 \u2014 v tak\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch, ako je Burkina Faso, sa sie\u0165 poskytuje \"kapsov\u00fdmi\" poskytovate\u013emi internetu, ku ktor\u00fdm sa prip\u00e1jaj\u00fa len z\u00e1stupcovia el\u00edt.<\/p>\n

\u010co sa t\u00fdka kraj\u00edn, kde je relat\u00edvne vysok\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 internetiz\u00e1cie, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa akt\u00edvne rozv\u00edja aj cenz\u00fara, pod\u013ea odborn\u00edkov miestni obyvatelia akt\u00edvne vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne n\u00e1stroje na obch\u00e1dzanie blok\u00e1ci\u00ed, ako s\u00fa VPN slu\u017eby. V tomto je Afrika ni\u010d\u00edm neodli\u0161n\u00e1 od ostatn\u00fdch regi\u00f3nov.<\/p>\n

Mali ste sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm internetu v Afrike?
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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