{"id":36722,"date":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","slug":"raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","title":{"rendered":"Rozdiel medzi bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

30. novembra 2010 David Collier nap\u00edsal:<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u0161imol som si, \u017ee v busybox s\u00fa odkazy rozlo\u017een\u00e9 po t\u00fdchto \u0161tyroch adres\u00e1roch.
\nExistuje nejak\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9 pravidlo, ktor\u00e9 by ur\u010dilo, v ktorom adres\u00e1ri m\u00e1 by\u0165 ktor\u00fd odkaz\u2026
\nNapr\u00edklad, kill je v \/bin, zatia\u013e \u010do killall je v \/usr\/bin\u2026 Nevid\u00edm v tom \u017eiadnu logiku.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nUr\u010dite viete, \u017ee Ken Thompson a Dennis Ritchie vytvorili Unix na PDP-7 v roku 1969. Tak\u017ee asi v roku 1971 pre\u0161li na PDP-11 s p\u00e1r diskami RK05 (s kapacitou 1,5 megabajta ka\u017ed\u00fd).<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f sa opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m rozr\u00e1stol a prestal sa zmesti\u0165 na prv\u00fd disk (na ktorom bola umiestnen\u00e1 kore\u0148ov\u00e1 FS), presunuli \u010das\u0165 na druh\u00fd, kde sa nach\u00e1dzali dom\u00e1ce adres\u00e1re (preto sa bod pripojenia naz\u00fdval \/usr \u2014 od slova user). Duplicirali tam v\u0161etky potrebn\u00e9 adres\u00e1re OS (\/bin, \/sbin, \/lib, \/tmp...) a ukl\u00e1dali s\u00fabory na nov\u00fd disk, preto\u017ee na starom do\u0161lo miesto. Potom sa objavil tret\u00ed disk, pripojili ho do adres\u00e1ra \/home a presunuli tam dom\u00e1ce adres\u00e1re pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, aby mohol OS zabra\u0165 v\u0161etok zvy\u0161n\u00fd priestor na dvoch diskoch, a to boli cel\u00fdch tri megabajty<\/b> (wow!).<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Samozrejme, museli zavies\u0165 pravidlo, \u017ee \"ke\u010f sa opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a, mus\u00ed by\u0165 schopn\u00fd pripoji\u0165 druh\u00fd disk do adres\u00e1ra \/usr, tak\u017ee nie je dobr\u00e9 uklada\u0165 programy ako mount na druh\u00fd disk do \/usr, inak dostaneme probl\u00e9m s kuracou a vajcom\". Takto jednoducho. A to sa t\u00fdkalo Unix V6 pred 35 rokmi.<\/p>\n

Rozdelenie \/bin a \/usr\/bin (a v\u0161etk\u00fdch podobn\u00fdch adres\u00e1rov) je d\u00f4sledkom t\u00fdchto udalost\u00ed, detail implement\u00e1cie zo 70-tych rokov, ktor\u00fd sa dodnes, po\u010das desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed, kop\u00edroval byrokratmi. Nikdy sa nep\u00fdtali pre\u010do<\/i>, len to robili. Toto rozdelenie prestalo ma\u0165 zmysel e\u0161te predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e bol Linux vytvoren\u00fd, z nieko\u013ek\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Pri sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165an\u00ed sa pou\u017e\u00edva initrd alebo initramfs, ktor\u00fd sa zaober\u00e1 probl\u00e9mami ako \"tento s\u00fabor potrebujeme sk\u00f4r ako ten\". Tak\u017ee m\u00e1me u klienta<\/i> do\u010dasn\u00fd s\u00faborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edva na spustenie v\u0161etk\u00e9ho ostatn\u00e9ho. <\/li>\n
  2. Zdie\u013ean\u00e9 kni\u017enice (ktor\u00e9 pridali chalani z Berkeley do Unixu) nedovo\u013euj\u00fa samostatne meni\u0165 obsah \/lib a \/usr\/lib. Tieto dve \u010dasti musia by\u0165 v s\u00falade, inak nebud\u00fa fungova\u0165. To sa nest\u00e1valo v roku 1974, preto\u017ee vtedy mali ur\u010dit\u00fa nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 kv\u00f4li statick\u00e9mu linkovaniu. <\/li>\n
  3. Lacn\u00e9 pevn\u00e9 disky prekonali hranicu 100 megabajtov niekedy v roku 1990 a pribli\u017ene v tom istom \u010dase sa objavili programy na zmenu ve\u013ekosti oddielov (partition magic 3.0 vy\u0161la v roku 1997). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nSamozrejme, \u017ee ke\u010f u\u017e je rozdelenie, niektor\u00ed \u013eudia vymysleli pravidl\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 ho ospravedl\u0148uj\u00fa. Nie\u010do ako, \u017ee kore\u0148ov\u00e1 part\u00edcia je potrebn\u00e1 pre r\u00f4zne spolo\u010dn\u00e9 veci OS, a do \/usr treba umiestni\u0165 svoje lok\u00e1lne s\u00fabory. Alebo do \/ umiest\u0148uj\u00fa to, \u010do roz\u0161iruje AT&T, a do \/usr \u2014 to, \u010do tvoje distrib\u00facie, IBM AIX, alebo Dec Ultrix, alebo SGI Irix pridali, a do \/usr\/local le\u017eia s\u00fabory \u0161pecifick\u00e9 pre tvoj syst\u00e9m. A potom niekto rozhodol, \u017ee \/usr\/local nie je vhodn\u00e9 miesto na in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu nov\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru, tak\u017ee pridajme e\u0161te \/opt! Nebudem prekvapen\u00fd, ak sa objav\u00ed aj \/opt\/local\u2026<\/p>\n

    Samozrejme, za 30 rokov kv\u00f4li tak\u00e9mu rozdeleniu sa objavili a zmizli r\u00f4zne zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 pre jednotliv\u00e9 distrib\u00facie. Napr\u00edklad, \u201e\/tmp sa \u010dist\u00ed pri re\u0161tartovan\u00ed, ale \/usr\/tmp \u2013 nie\u201c. (A v Ubuntu \/usr\/tmp neexistuje, zatia\u013e \u010do v Gentoo \/usr\/tmp je symbolick\u00fd odkaz na \/var\/tmp, ku ktor\u00e9mu sa teraz vz\u0165ahuje toto pravidlo a ne\u010dist\u00ed sa pri re\u0161tartovan\u00ed. \u00c1no, to v\u0161etko sa stalo e\u0161te pred tmpfs. A ob\u010das je jadrov\u00fd FS pr\u00edstupn\u00fd iba na \u010d\u00edtanie, a v takom pr\u00edpade netreba ni\u010d zapisova\u0165 do \/usr, ale do \/var. Alebo v \/ predov\u0161etk\u00fdm<\/i> nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u00edsa\u0165, nepo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00fac to, \u017ee v \/etc, ktor\u00fa niekedy sk\u00fa\u0161ali prenies\u0165 do \/var...)<\/p>\n

    Byrokrati ako Linux Foundation (ktor\u00ed pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi pohltili Free Standards Group po\u010das expanzie) s rados\u0165ou dokumentuj\u00fa a zlo\u017eit\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom tento pravidl\u00e1, ani sa nesna\u017eia pochopi\u0165, pre\u010do vznikli. Nep\u00e1\u010dia sa, \u017ee Ken a Dennis jednoducho presunuli \u010das\u0165 OS do svojho dom\u00e1ceho adres\u00e1ra, preto\u017ee disk RK05 na PDP-11 bol pr\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00fd.<\/p>\n

    Som si takmer ist\u00fd, \u017ee busybox jednoducho umiest\u0148uje s\u00fabory tak, ako to historicky vzniklo. Nie je \u017eiadny skuto\u010dn\u00fd d\u00f4vod robi\u0165 to dodnes. Osobne vytv\u00e1ram \/bin, \/sbin a \/lib ako odkazy na zodpovedaj\u00face adres\u00e1re v \/usr. Ve\u010f \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed pracuj\u00fa s embedded softv\u00e9rom, sa sna\u017eia rozumie\u0165 a zjednodu\u0161ova\u0165...
    \n
    Zdroj:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u2026 \u041a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, kill \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \/bin, \u0430 killall \u2014 \u0432 \/usr\/bin\u2026 \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u044b, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Rozdiel medzi bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","description":"30. novembra 2010 David Collier nap\u00edsal: V\u0161imol som si, \u017ee v busybox s\u00fa odkazy rozlo\u017een\u00e9 do t\u00fdchto \u0161tyroch adres\u00e1rov. Existuje nejak\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9 pravidlo, ako ur\u010di\u0165, do ktor\u00e9ho.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sk_SK","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","og:description":"30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"36722","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 01:40:22","updated":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36722"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36722"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36722"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36722"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}