{"id":36854,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","slug":"retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","title":{"rendered":"Retrospekt\u00edva: ako doch\u00e1dzalo k vy\u010derpaniu adries IPv4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Geoff Huston, hlavn\u00fd in\u017einier a v\u00fdskumn\u00edk internetov\u00e9ho registr\u00e1tora APNIC, predpovedal, \u017ee adresy IPv4 sa vy\u010derpaj\u00fa v roku 2020. V novom cykle materi\u00e1lov osvie\u017eime inform\u00e1cie o tom, ako do\u0161lo k vy\u010derpaniu adries, kto ich e\u0161te m\u00e1 a pre\u010do sa to stalo.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Retrospekt\u00edva: ako doch\u00e1dzalo k vy\u010derpaniu adries IPv4\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/b1bf313f07dff7552813a1e71d4f8bfe.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/EKnd0HcEyCM\">Lo\u00efc Mermilliod<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Pre\u010do sa adresy m\u00ed\u0148aj\u00fa<\/h2>\n<p>\nPredt\u00fdm, ne\u017e prejdeme k rozpr\u00e1vaniu o tom, ako sa vypr\u00e1zd\u0148oval fond IPv4, sa trochu porozpr\u00e1vajme o pr\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch. V roku 1983, pri zav\u00e1dzan\u00ed TCP\/IP, bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 32-bitov\u00e1 adres\u00e1cia. Vtedy <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.igalia.com\/dpino\/2017\/05\/25\/ipv4-exhaustion\/\">sa zdalo<\/a><\/noindex>, \u017ee 4,3 miliardy adries pre 4,5 miliardy \u013eud\u00ed je celkom dos\u0165. Av\u0161ak vtedy v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri nezoh\u013eadnili, \u017ee popul\u00e1cia plan\u00e9ty vzrastie takmer na dvojn\u00e1sobok a internet sa masovo roz\u0161\u00edri.<\/p>\n<p>V 80. rokoch mnoh\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie z\u00edskali viac adries, ne\u017e skuto\u010dne potrebovali. Niektor\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa verejn\u00e9 adresy pre servery, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa v\u00fdlu\u010dne v lok\u00e1lnych sie\u0165ach. K vyhroteniu situ\u00e1cie prispelo aj roz\u0161\u00edrenie mobiln\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed, internetu vec\u00ed a virtualiz\u00e1cie. Chyby pri odhadovan\u00ed po\u010dtu hostite\u013eov v glob\u00e1lnej sieti a neefekt\u00edvne rozde\u013eovanie adries viedli k nedostatku IPv4.<\/p>\n<h2>Ako sa adresy m\u00ed\u0148ali<\/h2>\n<p>\nNa za\u010diatku nult\u00fdch rokov riadite\u013e APNIC Paul Wilson <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/exec-no-shortage-of-net-addresses\/\">vyhl\u00e1sil<\/a><\/noindex>, \u017ee adresy IPv4 sa vy\u010derpaj\u00fa v priebehu najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch desiatich rokov. Jeho predpove\u010f sa uk\u00e1zala by\u0165 pomerne presn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><b>Rok 2011:<\/b> Ako predpovedal Wilson, internetov\u00fd registr\u00e1tor APNIC (zodpovedn\u00fd za \u00e1zijsko-tichomorsk\u00fd regi\u00f3n) mal posledn\u00fd <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beskclassov\u00e1_adres\u00e1cia\">blok \/8.<\/a><\/noindex>Organiz\u00e1cia zaviedla nov\u00e9 pravidlo \u2014 jeden blok pre 1024 adries do \u201ejedn\u00fdch r\u00fak\u201c. Analytici tvrdia, \u017ee bez tohto obmedzenia by sa blok \/8 vy\u010derpal za mesiac. Teraz m\u00e1 APNIC k dispoz\u00edcii u\u017e len mal\u00e9 mno\u017estvo adries.<\/p>\n<p><b>Rok 2012:<\/b> O vy\u010derpan\u00ed fondu vyhl\u00e1sil eur\u00f3psky internetov\u00fd registr\u00e1tor RIPE. Taktie\u017e za\u010dali rozde\u013eova\u0165 posledn\u00fd blok \/8. Organiz\u00e1cia sa riadila pr\u00edkladom APNIC a zaviedla pr\u00edsne obmedzenia na distrib\u00faciu IPv4. V roku 2015 mala RIPE len 16 mili\u00f3nov vo\u013en\u00fdch adries. Dnes je toto \u010d\u00edslo zna\u010dne zn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/publications\/ipv6-info-centre\/about-ipv6\/ipv4-exhaustion\/ipv4-available-pool\">na 3,5 mili\u00f3na.<\/a><\/noindex>Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee v roku 2012 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldipv6launch.org\/\">do\u0161lo k celosvetov\u00e9mu \u0161tartu IPv6.<\/a><\/noindex>. Svetov\u00ed oper\u00e1tori telekomunik\u00e1ci\u00ed aktivovali nov\u00fd protokol pre \u010das\u0165 svojich klientov. Medzi prv\u00fdmi boli AT&amp;T, Comcast, Free Telecom, Internode, XS4ALL a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed. Spolo\u010dnosti Cisco a D-Link predvolene zahrnuli IPv6 do nastaven\u00ed svojich smerova\u010dov.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>P\u00e1r \u010derstv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov z n\u00e1\u0161ho blogu na Habbre:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461431\/\">\u201eM\u00e1 r\u00e1d a nem\u00e1 r\u00e1d\u201c: DNS over HTTPS<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\">Post-anal\u00fdza: \u010do je zn\u00e1me o poslednom \u00fatoku na sie\u0165 serverov kryptok\u013e\u00fa\u010dov SKS Keyserver<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/457106\/\">Vojna s robo-hovormi v USA \u2013 kto v\u00ed\u0165az\u00ed a pre\u010do<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<b>Rok 2013:<\/b> Jeff Haston z APNIC v blogu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.circleid.com\/posts\/20130724_exactly_when_is_arin_going_to_run_out_of_ipv4_addresses\/\">povedal<\/a><\/noindex>, \u017ee adresy IPv4 u americk\u00e9ho registr\u00e1tora ARIN sa na konci druhej polovice roku 2014 vy\u010derpaj\u00fa. Pribli\u017ene v rovnakom \u010dase z\u00e1stupcovia ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arin.net\/vault\/announcements\/2013\/20130801.html\">ozn\u00e1mili<\/a><\/noindex>, \u017ee im zostali iba dva bloky \/8.<\/p>\n<p><b>Rok 2015:<\/b> ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theregister.co.uk\/2015\/09\/24\/arin_ipv4_interview_ipv6\/\">sa stal<\/a><\/noindex> prv\u00fdm registr\u00e1torom, ktor\u00fd \u00faplne vy\u010derpal svoj fond vo\u013en\u00fdch IPv4 adries. V\u0161etky spolo\u010dnosti v tomto regi\u00f3ne sa postavili do fronty a \u010dakaj\u00fa, k\u00fdm niekto uvo\u013en\u00ed nepou\u017eit\u00e9 IP.<\/p>\n<p><b>Rok 2017:<\/b> O zastaven\u00ed vyd\u00e1vania adries\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.potaroo.net\/ispcol\/2015-08\/last8.html\">vyhl\u00e1sili<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0v registr\u00e1tore LACNIC, ktor\u00fd zodpoved\u00e1 za krajiny Latinskej Ameriky. Teraz <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lacnic.net\/web\/lacnic\/agotamiento-ipv4\">m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00edska\u0165<\/a><\/noindex> blok len tie spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 ich nikdy predt\u00fdm nedostali. V AFRINIC \u2014 zodpoved\u00e1 za africk\u00fd regi\u00f3n \u2014 takisto zaviedli obmedzenia na vyd\u00e1vanie adries. Strikne sa hodnot\u00ed ich priradenie, obmedzen\u00e9 je aj maxim\u00e1lne mno\u017estvo v jednej ruk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p><b>Rok 2019:<\/b> Dnes maj\u00fa v\u0161etci registr\u00e1tori relat\u00edvne mal\u00e9 mno\u017estvo adries. Puly sa udr\u017euj\u00fa v chode v\u010faka tomu, \u017ee nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 adresy sa pravidelne vracaj\u00fa do obehu. Napr\u00edklad na MIT <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.techspot.com\/news\/69055-mit-unload-8-million-ipv4-addresses-fund-ipv6.html\">odhalili<\/a><\/noindex> 14 mili\u00f3nov IP adries. Viac ako polovicu z nich sa rozhodli preda\u0165 potrebuj\u00facim spolo\u010dnostiam.<\/p>\n<h2>\u010co \u010falej<\/h2>\n<p>\nExistuje n\u00e1zor, \u017ee adresy IPv4 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ipv4.potaroo.net\/\">sa vy\u010derpaj\u00fa<\/a><\/noindex> do febru\u00e1ra 2020. Po tomto bud\u00fa pred poskytovate\u013emi internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, v\u00fdrobcami sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho vybavenia a \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi spolo\u010dnos\u0165ami <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2011\/04\/no-more-addresses-asia-pacific-region-ipv4-well-runs-dry\/\">st\u00e1\u0165 na v\u00fdber<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 prejs\u0165 na IPv6 alebo pracova\u0165 s <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.vasexperts.ru\/?p=120\">NAT-mechanizmami<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Prevod sie\u0165ov\u00fdch adries (NAT) umo\u017e\u0148uje transformova\u0165 nieko\u013eko lok\u00e1lnych adries na jednu vonkaj\u0161iu. Maxim\u00e1lny po\u010det portov dosahuje 65\u00a0tis. Teoreticky sa rovnak\u00fd po\u010det lok\u00e1lnych adries m\u00f4\u017ee zobrazi\u0165 na jednu verejn\u00fa adresu (ak nezoh\u013ead\u0148ujeme niektor\u00e9 obmedzenia jednotliv\u00fdch implement\u00e1ci\u00ed NAT).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Retrospekt\u00edva: ako doch\u00e1dzalo k vy\u010derpaniu adries IPv4\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/18505c575eee7ff32fdfcaf989d710bd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/X5c3f2QZGXQ\">Jordan Whitt<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Poskytovatelia internetu m\u00f4\u017eu vyu\u017ei\u0165 \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 rie\u0161enia \u2013 Carrier Grade NAT. Tieto rie\u0161enia umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa centralizovan\u00e9 spravovanie lok\u00e1lnych a vonkaj\u0161\u00edch adries u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov a obmedzuj\u00fa po\u010det TCP a UDP portov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 pre klientov. Takto s\u00fa porty medzi pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie rozdelen\u00e9 a takisto sa poskytuje ochrana pred DDoS \u00fatokmi.<\/p>\n<p>Medzi nev\u00fdhody NAT patr\u00ed potenci\u00e1lny probl\u00e9m s firewally. V\u0161etky u\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9 rel\u00e1cie vystupuj\u00fa do siete z jednej verejnej adresy. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee iba jeden klient m\u00f4\u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasne pracova\u0165 so str\u00e1nkami, ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00fa pr\u00edstup k slu\u017eb\u00e1m pod\u013ea IP. Navy\u0161e m\u00f4\u017ee zdroj pova\u017eova\u0165 tak\u00e9to spr\u00e1vanie za DoS \u00fatok a uzamkn\u00fa\u0165 pr\u00edstup v\u0161etk\u00fdm klientom.<\/p>\n<p>Alternat\u00edvou k NAT je prechod na IPv6. T\u00fdchto adries bude posta\u010dova\u0165 na dlh\u00fd \u010das a m\u00e1 rad v\u00fdhod. Napr\u00edklad, integrovan\u00e1 s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 IPSec, ktor\u00e1 \u0161ifruje jednotliv\u00e9 pakety d\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>Zatia\u013e \u010do IPv6\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/w3techs.com\/technologies\/details\/ce-ipv6\/all\/all\">sa pou\u017e\u00edva<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0len na 14,3% str\u00e1nok na celom svete. \u0160irok\u00e9mu roz\u0161\u00edreniu protokolu br\u00e1nia r\u00f4zne faktory spojen\u00e9 s n\u00e1kladmi na migr\u00e1ciu, absenciou sp\u00e4tnej kompatibility a technick\u00fdmi zlo\u017eitosti pri implement\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n<p>O tom sa dozviete nabud\u00face.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>O \u010dom p\u00ed\u0161eme v firemnom blogu VAS Experts:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/seti\/vnedrenie-ipv6-faq-dlya-internet-provajderov\/\">Implement\u00e1cia IPv6 \u2013 FAQ pre poskytovate\u013eov internetu<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/protokol-ipv6-ot-teorii-k-praktike\/\">Protokol IPv6 \u2013 od te\u00f3rie k praxi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/ekonomiya-na-spichkax-i-neskolko-sposobov-vystrelit-sebe-v-nogu-kriticheskie-oshibki-v-stroitelstve-setej-operatorov-svyazi\/\">\u201eV\u00fdstrel do nohy\u201c: kritick\u00e9 chyby pri budovan\u00ed siet\u00ed oper\u00e1torov telekomunik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 APNIC, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 IPv4 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \/ Unsplash \/ Lo\u00efc Mermilliod \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043b\u00bb \u043f\u0443\u043b 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