{"id":36971,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:01","slug":"kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta","title":{"rendered":"Ak\u00fd vplyv maj\u00fa v\u00fdpadky internetu?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Ak\u00fd
\n
\n3. augusta v Moskve medzi 12:00 a 14:30 sie\u0165 Rostelekom AS12389 za\u017e\u00edvala mal\u00e9, ale v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 oneskorenie. NetBlocks pova\u017euje<\/a><\/noindex> to, \u010do sa stalo, za prv\u00fd v hist\u00f3rii Moskvy \"\u0161t\u00e1tny shutdown\". Tento term\u00edn ozna\u010duje vypnutie alebo obmedzenie pr\u00edstupu na internet zo strany \u0161t\u00e1tnych org\u00e1nov.<\/p>\n

To, \u010do sa v Moskve stalo po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t, je u\u017e nieko\u013eko rokov glob\u00e1lnym trendom. V posledn\u00fdch troch rokoch bolo zaznamenan\u00fdch 377 cielene sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch v\u00fdpadkov internetu zo strany \u0161t\u00e1tov po celom svete, pod\u013ea \u00fadajov Access Now<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\u0160t\u00e1ty \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa obmedzenia pr\u00edstupu na internet, a to ako n\u00e1stroj cenz\u00fary, tak aj ako n\u00e1stroj v boji proti protipr\u00e1vnym \u010dinnostiam.<\/p>\n

Ale ot\u00e1zka znie, ak\u00e1 efekt\u00edvna je t\u00e1to pom\u00f4cka? K ak\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom vedie jej pou\u017e\u00edvanie? V poslednom \u010dase sa objavili niektor\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie, ktor\u00e9 trochu osvet\u013euj\u00fa t\u00fato ot\u00e1zku.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Existuj\u00fa dva hlavn\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby vyp\u00ednania internetu, ktor\u00e9 sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa:
\nPrv\u00fd - je naru\u0161en\u00ed fungovania celej siete, ako to ned\u00e1vno bolo v Maurit\u00e1nii.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00fdm - je blokovanie pr\u00edstupu k ur\u010dit\u00fdm webov\u00fdm str\u00e1nkam (napr\u00edklad k soci\u00e1lnym sie\u0165am) alebo messengerom, ako to ned\u00e1vno bolo v Lib\u00e9rii.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\"Ak\u00fd
\nPrv\u00fd ve\u013ek\u00fd pr\u00edpad vypnutia internetu sa stal v roku 2011, ke\u010f egyptsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da odpojila internet a mobiln\u00e9 siete na p\u00e4\u0165 dn\u00ed po\u010das \"arabsk\u00e9ho jari.<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

A\u017e v roku 2016 za\u010dali vl\u00e1dy niektor\u00fdch africk\u00fdch kraj\u00edn akt\u00edvne vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 pravideln\u00e9 v\u00fdpadky. Prv\u00fd z nich sa uskuto\u010dnil v Kon\u017eskej republike, ktor\u00e1 zablokovala v\u0161etky telekomunik\u00e1cie na t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 po\u010das prezidentsk\u00fdch volieb.<\/p>\n

Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pochopi\u0165, \u017ee v\u00fdpadky nie s\u00fa v\u017edy politickou cenz\u00farou. Al\u017e\u00edrsko, Irak a Uganda kr\u00e1tkodobo vyp\u00ednali internet<\/a><\/noindex> po\u010das sk\u00fa\u0161ok na \u0161kole, aby zabr\u00e1nili \u00faniku ot\u00e1zok. V Braz\u00edlii s\u00fad zablokoval<\/a><\/noindex> WhatsApp v rokoch 2015 a 2016 po tom, ako Facebook Inc (vlastn\u00ed WhatsApp) nesplnil s\u00fadne \u017eiadosti o poskytnutie \u00fadajov v r\u00e1mci trestn\u00e9ho vy\u0161etrovania.<\/p>\n

Okrem toho je bezpochyby pravda, \u017ee nen\u00e1vistn\u00e9 vyjadrenia a falo\u0161n\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy sa m\u00f4\u017eu ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo \u0161\u00edri\u0165 na soci\u00e1lnych sie\u0165ach a messengerov\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Jedn\u00fdm zo sp\u00f4sobov, ako \u00farady zabra\u0148uj\u00fa \u0161\u00edreniu tak\u00fdchto inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, je obmedzenie pr\u00edstupu k sieti.
\nV minulom roku, napr\u00edklad, tok lyn\u010dovania v Indii<\/a><\/noindex> bol vyvolan\u00fd klebetami \u0161\u00edren\u00fdmi cez WhatsApp, \u010do viedlo k ohromuj\u00facim 46 vra\u017ed\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Napriek tomu, v skupine na ochranu digit\u00e1lnych pr\u00e1v Access Now<\/a><\/noindex> pova\u017euj\u00fa, \u017ee \u0161\u00edrenie falo\u0161n\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed \u010dasto sl\u00fa\u017ei len ako z\u00e1mienka pre do\u010dasn\u00e9 vypnutia. Napr\u00edklad, v\u00fdskum<\/a><\/noindex> vypnut\u00ed internetu v S\u00fdrii uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee zvy\u010dajne koresponduj\u00fa so zna\u010dne vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi \u00farov\u0148ami n\u00e1silia zo strany vl\u00e1dnych s\u00edl.<\/p>\n

\"Ak\u00fd
\nOfici\u00e1lne VS skuto\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00ed\u010diny vypnut\u00ed internetu v 2018 pod\u013ea \u00fadajov Access Now<\/a><\/noindex><\/i>.<\/p>\n

Geografia vypnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n

\nV roku 2018 Access Now<\/a><\/noindex> bolo zaznamenan\u00fdch 196 v\u00fdpadkov internetu na celom svete. Rovnako ako v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich rokoch, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina v\u00fdpadkov bola v Indii, 67% zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch zaznamenan\u00fdch na svete.<\/p>\n

Zvy\u0161n\u00fdch 33 % v r\u00f4znych krajin\u00e1ch: Al\u017e\u00edrsko, Banglad\u00e9\u0161, Kamerun, \u010cad, Pobre\u017eie Slonoviny, Demokratick\u00e1 republika Kongo, Eti\u00f3pia, Indon\u00e9zia, Irak, Kazachstan, Mali, Nikaragua, Nig\u00e9ria, Pakistan, Filip\u00edny a Rusko.<\/p>\n

\"Ak\u00fd
\n<\/p>\n

Dopad v\u00fdpadkov<\/h2>\n

\nZauj\u00edmav\u00fd v\u00fdskum<\/a><\/noindex> bol publikovan\u00fd vo febru\u00e1ri 2019, jeho autor Jan Rydzak zo Stanfordovej univerzity sa zaober\u00e1 v\u00fdskumom v\u00fdpadkov internetu a ich efektov u\u017e pribli\u017ene 5 rokov.<\/p>\n

Jan Rydzak sk\u00famal Indiu, kde bolo viac v\u00fdpadkov internetu ne\u017e kdeko\u013evek inde na svete. D\u00f4vody mnoh\u00fdch z nich neboli vysvetlen\u00e9, ale tie, ktor\u00e9 boli ofici\u00e1lne uznan\u00e9, sa spravidla vysvet\u013eovali potrebou potla\u010di\u0165 r\u00f4zne n\u00e1siln\u00e9 kolekt\u00edvne akcie.<\/p>\n

Celkovo Rydzak analyzoval 22 891 protestov v Indii v obdob\u00ed od 2016 do 2017. Jeho v\u00fdskum ukazuje, \u017ee obmedzenia pr\u00edstupu k internetu, ako aj k soci\u00e1lnym sie\u0165am, sa zjavne neved\u00fa k zn\u00ed\u017eeniu \u00farovne eskal\u00e1cie. <\/p>\n

Vo pr\u00edpadoch, ke\u010f boli protesty spojen\u00e9 s n\u00e1sil\u00edm, zistil, \u017ee v\u00fdpadky internetu boli zvy\u010dajne spojen\u00e9 s jeho eskal\u00e1ciou. Ka\u017ed\u00fd nasleduj\u00faci de\u0148 po v\u00fdpadku internetu viedol k v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iemu n\u00e1siliu, ne\u017e ke\u010f sa akcia konala s trval\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom na internet.<\/p>\n

Medzit\u00fdm sa po\u010das v\u00fdpadkov internetu na pokojn\u00edch akci\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 pravdepodobne viac z\u00e1visia od d\u00f4kladnej koordin\u00e1cie prostredn\u00edctvom digit\u00e1lnych kan\u00e1lov, nepreuk\u00e1zal \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad v\u00fdpadkov.<\/p>\n

Okrem toho z\u00edskan\u00e9 \u00fadaje nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch v\u00fdpadky pr\u00edstupu k sieti viedli k nahradeniu nen\u00e1silnej taktiky n\u00e1silnou, ktor\u00e1 zjavne v men\u0161ej miere z\u00e1vis\u00ed od efekt\u00edvnej komunik\u00e1cie a koordin\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n

Cena v\u00fdpadkov<\/h2>\n

\nNapriek tomu, \u017ee v\u00fdpadok pr\u00edstupu k internetu sa st\u00e1va \u010doraz ob\u013e\u00fabenej\u0161ou opatren\u00edm pre mnoh\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, netreba zab\u00fada\u0165, \u017ee to nie je bezplatn\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165.<\/p>\n

Sk\u00faman\u00edm vplyvu 81 kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdch obmedzen\u00ed pr\u00edstupu k internetu<\/a><\/noindex> v 19 krajin\u00e1ch od j\u00fala 2015 do j\u00fana 2016, Darrell West z Brookingsk\u00e9ho in\u0161tit\u00fatu zistil, \u017ee celkov\u00e1 strata HDP sa odhaduje na 2,4 miliardy dol\u00e1rov.<\/p>\n

\"Ak\u00fd
\nZoznam kraj\u00edn s najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi stratami z v\u00fdpadku internetu.<\/i><\/p>\n

Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee Darrell West zva\u017eoval iba ekonomick\u00fd dopad v\u00fdpadkov na hrub\u00fd dom\u00e1ci produkt<\/a><\/noindex>. Nehodnotil straty z nevybran\u00fdch da\u0148ov\u00fdch pr\u00edjmov, vplyv na produktivitu pr\u00e1ce alebo stratu d\u00f4very investorov v d\u00f4sledku v\u00fdpadkov.
\nTak\u017ee \u010d\u00edslo 2,4 miliardy dol\u00e1rov je konzervat\u00edvnym odhadom, ktor\u00fd pravdepodobne zni\u017euje skuto\u010dn\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161kody.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n

\nOt\u00e1zka si bezpochyby zasl\u00fa\u017ei \u010fal\u0161ie sk\u00famanie. Napr\u00edklad odpove\u010f na ot\u00e1zku, do akej miery mo\u017eno sk\u00famanie v\u00fdpadkov v Indii projektova\u0165 na in\u00e9 krajiny, je minim\u00e1lne nejasn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa zd\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00fdpadok internetu je v najlep\u0161om pr\u00edpade zle funguj\u00facim n\u00e1strojom s vysok\u00fdmi n\u00e1kladmi na pou\u017eitie. Jeho vyu\u017eitie m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k negat\u00edvnym n\u00e1sledkom.<\/p>\n

A mo\u017eno aj in\u00fdm rizik\u00e1m, napr\u00edklad obmedzeniam medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo s\u00fadov, zhor\u0161eniu investi\u010dn\u00e9ho prostredia. Pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee k nim d\u00f4jde, zatia\u013e nebola presk\u00faman\u00e1.<\/p>\n

A ak \u00e1no, tak pre\u010do?
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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