{"id":37275,"date":"2019-10-31T22:16:42","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/tanchiki-na-paskale-kak-uchili-detej-programmirovaniyu-v-90-h-i-chto-s-etim-bylo-ne-tak\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:16:42","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:42","slug":"tanchiki-na-paskale-kak-uchili-detej-programmirovaniyu-v-90-h-i-chto-s-etim-bylo-ne-tak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/tanchiki-na-paskale-kak-uchili-detej-programmirovaniyu-v-90-h-i-chto-s-etim-bylo-ne-tak","title":{"rendered":"Tanky na Pascale: ako u\u010dili deti programova\u0165 v 90. rokoch a \u010do s t\u00fdm nebolo v poriadku","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Trochu o tom, \u010do si predstavovala \u0161kolsk\u00e1 'informatika' v 90. rokoch a pre\u010do v\u0161etci program\u00e1tori boli vtedy v\u00fdhradne samoukovia.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Na \u010dom sa deti u\u010dili programova\u0165<\/h2>\n

\nNa za\u010diatku 90. rokov za\u010dali moskovsk\u00e9 \u0161koly selekt\u00edvne vybavova\u0165 triedy po\u010d\u00edta\u010dmi. V priestoroch sa zrazu objavili mre\u017ee na okn\u00e1ch a \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 \u017eelezn\u00e9 dvere. Odtia\u013e sa vynoril u\u010dite\u013e informatiky (vyzeral ako najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed kamar\u00e1t po riadite\u013eovi), ktor\u00e9ho hlavnou \u00falohou bolo dohliada\u0165, aby nikto ni\u010d nedot\u00fdkal. Naozaj ni\u010d. Ani vchodov\u00e9 dvere.
\nV triedach sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie dali stretn\u00fa\u0165 syst\u00e9my BK-0010 (v jeho variantoch) a BK-0011M.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\nFoto prevzat\u00e9 odtia\u013eto<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

De\u0165om hovorili o z\u00e1kladnej kon\u0161trukcii, ako aj o desiatich pr\u00edkazoch 'Baiska', aby mohli nakresli\u0165 na obrazovke \u010diary a kruhy. Pre mlad\u0161ie a stredn\u00e9 triedy to asi bolo dostato\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

S ukladan\u00edm svojich v\u00fdtvorov (programov) vtedy boli osobitn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa po\u010d\u00edta\u010de pomocou monokan\u00e1lov\u00fdch ovl\u00e1da\u010dov sp\u00e1jali do siete s topol\u00f3giou 'spolo\u010dn\u00e1 zbernica' a r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou prenosu 57600 bodov. Disketa bola zvy\u010dajne jedna a \u010dasto s \u0148ou bolo probl\u00e9m. Niekedy fungovala, niekedy nie, raz sa sie\u0165 zasekla, inokedy disketa nebola \u010ditate\u013en\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Vtedy som so sebou nosil toto dielo s kapacitou 360 kB.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\n\u0160ance, \u017ee z nej znovu vytiahnem svoj program, boli asi 50-70%.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom v\u0161etk\u00fdch t\u00fdchto pr\u00edbehov s po\u010d\u00edta\u010dmi 'BK' v\u0161ak boli nekone\u010dn\u00e9 zadr\u017eiavania.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

To sa mohlo sta\u0165 v akomko\u013evek okamihu, \u010di u\u017e pri p\u00edsan\u00ed k\u00f3du alebo vykon\u00e1van\u00ed programu. Zadrhnut\u00fd syst\u00e9m znamenal, \u017ee 45 min\u00fat \u010dasu si str\u00e1vil zbyto\u010dne, preto\u017ee si musel robi\u0165 v\u0161etko odznova, ale \u010das zost\u00e1vaj\u00facej lekcie u\u017e na to nesta\u010dil.<\/p>\n

K\u00fdm sa bl\u00ed\u017eil rok 1993, v niektor\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a gymn\u00e1zi\u00e1ch sa objavili norm\u00e1lne triedy s 286-ckami, a na niektor\u00fdch miestach st\u00e1li aj 'trojky'. \u010co sa t\u00fdka programovac\u00edch jazykov, mali sme dva varianty: tam, kde kon\u010dil 'Baisk', za\u010d\u00ednal 'Turbo Pascal'.<\/p>\n

Programovanie v 'Turbo Pascale' na pr\u00edklade 'tankov'<\/h2>\n

\nNa \u201ePascal\u201c sa deti u\u010dili stava\u0165 cykly, vykres\u013eova\u0165 r\u00f4zne funkcie a pracova\u0165 s po\u013eami. V fyzicko-matematickej triede, kde som nejak\u00fd \u010das \u201epre\u017e\u00edval\u201c, sa na informatiku vy\u010dlenila jedna hodina t\u00fd\u017edenne. A dva roky tam bola t\u00e1to nuda. Samozrejme, chceli sme robi\u0165 nie\u010do seri\u00f3znej\u0161ie, ako len vypisova\u0165 na obrazovku hodnoty po\u013ea alebo nejak\u00e9 s\u00ednusoidy.<\/p>\n

Tanky<\/h3>\n

\nBattle City bola jednou z najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161\u00edch hier na konzol\u00e1ch klonoch NES (Dendy a in\u00e9). <\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\nV 1996 bola popularita 8-bitov\u00fdch hier na \u00fastupe, d\u00e1vno sa pova\u013eovali v skriniach, a zdalo sa mi zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 urobi\u0165 presne klon \u201eTankov\u201c pre PC. \u010ealej sa bude hovori\u0165 o tom, ako bolo treba vtedy improvizova\u0165, aby sa na \u201ePascale\u201c vytvorilo nie\u010do s grafikou, my\u0161ou a zvukom.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n<\/p>\n

Rysova\u0165 sa daj\u00fa len pali\u010dky a kr\u00fa\u017eky<\/h3>\n

\nZa\u010dneme s grafikou.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\nV z\u00e1kladnej verzii \u201ePascal\u201c umo\u017e\u0148oval vykres\u013eova\u0165 niektor\u00e9 tvary, farbi\u0165 a ur\u010dova\u0165 farby bodov. Najpokro\u010dilej\u0161ie proced\u00fary v module Graph, pribli\u017euj\u00face n\u00e1s k spritom, s\u00fa GetImage a PutImage. S ich pomocou sa dal zachyti\u0165 do vopred rezervovanej oblasti pam\u00e4te \u00fasek obrazovky a potom ho pou\u017ei\u0165 ako rastrov\u00fd obr\u00e1zok. In\u00fdmi slovami, ak chcete viackr\u00e1t pou\u017ei\u0165 na obrazovke nejak\u00e9 prvky alebo obr\u00e1zky, najprv ich vykresl\u00edte, skop\u00edrujete do pam\u00e4te, vyma\u017eete obrazovku, vykresl\u00edte nasleduj\u00faci a tak \u010falej, k\u00fdm nevytvor\u00edte v pam\u00e4ti potrebn\u00fa kni\u017enicu. Ke\u010f\u017ee v\u0161etko prebieha r\u00fdchlo, pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e t\u00fdchto trikov si ich nev\u0161imne.<\/p>\n

Prv\u00fd modul, kde sa pou\u017eili sprity \u2013 editor m\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\nV \u0148om bolo vyzna\u010den\u00e9 hern\u00e9 pole. Kliknutie my\u0161ou vyvolalo menu, kde si mohol vybra\u0165 jednu zo \u0161tyroch mo\u017enost\u00ed prek\u00e1\u017eok. Mimochodom, o my\u0161i\u2026<\/p>\n

My\u0161 \u2013 to u\u017e je koniec 90-tych rokov<\/h3>\n

\nMy\u0161i, samozrejme, mali v\u0161etci, ale do polovice 90-tych rokov sa s nimi pracovalo len vo Windows 3.11, grafick\u00fdch bal\u00edkoch a e\u0161te v malom po\u010dte hier. V Wolfovi a Doome sa hralo len s kl\u00e1vesnicou. A v DOS prostred\u00ed my\u0161 ani ve\u013emi potrebn\u00e1 nebola. Preto v Borland u\u017e modul pr\u00e1ce s my\u0161ou nebol zahrnut\u00fd v \u0161tandardnej ponuke. Muselo sa h\u013eada\u0165 medzi zn\u00e1mymi, ktor\u00ed len kr\u010dili plecami a v odpovedi hovorili \u201ea na\u010do ti je?\u201c.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1js\u0165 modul na sledovanie my\u0161i je len polovica \u00faspechu. Aby mohla my\u0161 klikn\u00fa\u0165 na tla\u010didl\u00e1 na obrazovke, museli sa nakresli\u0165. A to v dvoch variantoch (stla\u010den\u00e9 a nestla\u010den\u00e9). Svetl\u00fd vrch je pri nestla\u010denom tla\u010didle, zatia\u013e \u010do pod n\u00edm je tiene. Pri stla\u010denom je to naopak. A nakresli\u0165 to n\u00e1sledne na obrazovke trikr\u00e1t (nestla\u010den\u00e9, stla\u010den\u00e9, potom znova nestla\u010den\u00e9). Plus nezabudn\u00fa\u0165 prida\u0165 oneskorenia na zobrazenie a skry\u0165 kurzor.<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n
\nSpracovanie hlavn\u00e9ho menu v k\u00f3de vyzeralo takto:<\/p>\n

\"Tanky
\n<\/p>\n

Zvuk \u2013 iba p\u00edskanie PC reproduktora<\/h3>\n

\nSamostatn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh je so zvukom. Na za\u010diatku dev\u00e4\u0165desiatych rokov sa klony Sound Blaster len pripravovali na svoje v\u00ed\u0165azn\u00e9 \u0165a\u017eenie a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed fungovala iba so zabudovan\u00fdm reproduktorom. Maxim\u00e1lne mo\u017enosti jeho vyu\u017eitia \u2013 je s\u00fabe\u017en\u00e9 prehr\u00e1vanie iba jedn\u00e9ho t\u00f3nu. A pr\u00e1ve to umo\u017e\u0148oval Turbo Pascal. Prostredn\u00edctvom proced\u00fary sound sa dalo \u201ep\u00edska\u0165\u201c r\u00f4znymi frekvenciami, \u010do sta\u010dilo na zvuky v\u00fdstrelov a expl\u00f3zi\u00ed, ale pre hudobn\u00fa znelku, \u010do bolo vtedy popul\u00e1rne, to v\u00f4bec nevyhovovalo. Nakoniec sa na\u0161lo ve\u013emi pref\u00edkan\u00e9 rie\u0161enie: v vlastnom arch\u00edve softv\u00e9ru sa objavil \u201eexe s\u00fabor\u201c, niekedy stiahnut\u00fd z nejakej BBS. Vedel robi\u0165 z\u00e1zraky \u2013 prehr\u00e1va\u0165 nekomprimovan\u00e9 wav s\u00fabory cez PC reproduktor, pri\u010dom to robil z pr\u00edkazov\u00e9ho riadku a nemal \u017eiadne rozhranie. V\u0161etko, \u010do bolo potrebn\u00e9, bolo zavola\u0165 ho cez Pascalovu proced\u00faru exec a dba\u0165 na to, aby t\u00e1to kon\u0161trukcia neskolabovala. <\/p>\n

Nakoniec sa na \u00favodnej obrazovke objavila chyt\u013eav\u00e1 hudba, ale vznikol s t\u00fdm vtipn\u00fd probl\u00e9m. V roku 1996 som mal syst\u00e9m na Pentium 75, prehnanom na 90. Na \u0148om v\u0161etko fungovalo v\u00fdborne. Na vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch v\u0161ak, kde n\u00e1m na druh\u00fd semester povolili Pascal, malo vzdel\u00e1vacie triedy videli lep\u0161ie \u201etrojky\u201c. Na dohodu s u\u010dite\u013eom som si vzal na druh\u00fa hodinu tieto tanky, aby som dostal z\u00e1po\u010det a u\u017e tam nechodil. A ke\u010f som to spustil, z reproduktora sa ozval hlasn\u00fd rev v zmie\u0161an\u00ed s bur\u00e1caj\u00facimi hltanov\u00fdmi zvukmi. V skratke, 33-megahertzov\u00e1 \u201etrojka\u201c DX to nedok\u00e1zala norm\u00e1lne prehra\u0165 ten \u201eexe s\u00fabor\u201c. Ale inak bolo v\u0161etko v poriadku. Samozrejme, bez spomalen\u00e9ho sledovania kl\u00e1vesnice, ktor\u00e9 kazilo cel\u00fd hern\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitok bez oh\u013eadu na v\u00fdkon PC.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Prehrajte\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Ale hlavn\u00fd probl\u00e9m nie je v \u201ePascale\u201c<\/h2>\n

\nPod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru s\u00fa \u201eTanky\u201c maximom, \u010do sa dalo vytiahnu\u0165 z Turbo Pascal bez assemblerov\u00fdch pr\u00eddavkov. Z jasn\u00fdch nev\u00fdhod fin\u00e1lneho produktu - pomal\u00e9 dotazovanie kl\u00e1vesnice a pomal\u00e9 vykres\u013eovanie grafiky. Situ\u00e1ciu zhor\u0161ovalo extr\u00e9mne n\u00edzke \u010d\u00edslo extern\u00fdch kni\u017en\u00edc a modulov. T\u00fdch sa dalo spo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 na prstoch jednej ruky.<\/p>\n

Najviac ma v\u0161ak znepokojoval pr\u00edstup v \u0161kolskom vzdel\u00e1van\u00ed. De\u0165om vtedy nikto nehovoril o v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch a mo\u017enostiach in\u00fdch jazykov. Na hodin\u00e1ch sa prakticky okam\u017eite za\u010dalo hovori\u0165 o begin, println a if, \u010do uzamklo \u0161tudentov vo vn\u00fatri paradigmy BASIC-Pascal. Obe tieto jazyky sa daj\u00fa pova\u017eova\u0165 v\u00fdlu\u010dne za vzdel\u00e1vacie. Ich \u201ebojov\u00e9\u201c uplatnenie - zriedkav\u00fd jav. <\/p>\n

Pre\u010do u\u010di\u0165 deti falo\u0161n\u00fdm jazykov\u00fdm form\u00e1m \u2013 to je pre m\u0148a z\u00e1hada. Nech s\u00fa aj viac n\u00e1zorn\u00e9. Nech sa niektor\u00e9 varianty \u201eBaisca\u201c pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na niektor\u00fdch miestach. Ale v ka\u017edom pr\u00edpade, ak sa \u010dlovek rozhodne spoji\u0165 svoje bud\u00face zamestnanie s programovan\u00edm, bude musie\u0165 odza\u010diatku \u0161tudova\u0165 in\u00e9 jazyky. Tak pre\u010do by de\u0165om nemali d\u00e1va\u0165 tie ist\u00e9 vzdel\u00e1vacie \u00falohy, ale u\u017e na norm\u00e1lnej platforme (jazyku), v r\u00e1mci ktorej by sa mohli \u010falej samostatne rozv\u00edja\u0165?<\/p>\n

Mimochodom, o \u00faloh\u00e1ch. V \u0161kole a na in\u0161tit\u00fate boli v\u017edy abstraktn\u00e9: vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 to-ono, postavi\u0165 funkciu, nakresli\u0165 nie\u010do. Nav\u0161tevoval som tri r\u00f4zne \u0161koly, navy\u0161e sme mali \u201ePascal\u201c na prvom ro\u010dn\u00edku in\u0161tit\u00fatu, a ani raz n\u00e1m u\u010ditelia nedali \u017eiadnu skuto\u010dne praktick\u00fa \u00falohu. Napr\u00edklad vytvori\u0165 z\u00e1pisn\u00edk alebo nie\u010do u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9. V\u0161etko bolo vymyslen\u00e9. A ke\u010f \u010dlovek mesiace rie\u0161i pr\u00e1zdne \u00falohy, ktor\u00e9 id\u00fa potom do ko\u0161a\u2026 Skr\u00e1tka, z in\u0161tit\u00fatu u\u017e \u013eudia vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa vy\u010derpan\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mimochodom, na tretom ro\u010dn\u00edku toho ist\u00e9ho vysok\u00e9ho \u0161koly n\u00e1m do programu zaradili \u201eplusy\u201c. Zdalo sa, \u017ee ide o dobr\u00fa vec, ale \u013eudia boli unaven\u00ed, pres\u00fdten\u00ed falo\u0161n\u00fdmi a \u201evzdel\u00e1vac\u00edmi\u201c \u00falohami. Nad\u0161enie, ako pri prvom pokuse, u\u017e nikto nepozoroval.<\/p>\n

P.S. H\u013eadal som inform\u00e1cie o tom, ak\u00e9 jazyky sa teraz u\u010dia v \u0161kol\u00e1ch na hodin\u00e1ch informatiky. V\u0161etko je ako pred 25 rokmi: Basic, Pascal. Jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdnimky predstavuje Python.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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