{"id":37512,"date":"2019-10-31T22:18:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-24-protokol-ipv6\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:18:05","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:18:05","slug":"trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-24-protokol-ipv6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-24-protokol-ipv6","title":{"rendered":"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dnes sa budeme zaobera\u0165 protokolom IPv6. Predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faca verzia kurzu CCNA nevy\u017eadovala podrobn\u00e9 obozn\u00e1menie s t\u00fdmto protokolom, av\u0161ak v tretej verzii 200-125 je jeho h\u013abkov\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadium povinn\u00e9 na zlo\u017eenie sk\u00fa\u0161ky. Protokol IPv6 bol vyvinut\u00fd u\u017e pomerne d\u00e1vno, av\u0161ak dlh\u00fd \u010das sa \u0161iroko nepou\u017e\u00edval. Je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd pre \u010fal\u0161\u00ed rozvoj internetu, preto\u017ee sl\u00fa\u017ei na odstr\u00e1nenie nedostatkov v\u0161ade roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9ho protokolu IPv4. <\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee protokol IPv6 je dos\u0165 rozsiahla t\u00e9ma, rozdelil som ju na dva videokurzy: De\u0148 24 a De\u0148 25. Prv\u00fd de\u0148 sa zameriame na z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pojmy, a v druh\u00fd presk\u00famame nastavenie IP adries pod\u013ea protokolu IPv6 pre zariadenia Cisco. Dnes, ako zvy\u010dajne, sa pozrieme na tri t\u00e9my: potreba IPv6, form\u00e1t adries IPv6 a typy adries IPv6.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/6cffb996f09121719b0312b205e9119e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDoteraz sme vo na\u0161ich lekci\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edvali IP adresy pod\u013ea protokolu v4 a u\u017e ste si zvykli na to, \u017ee vyzeraj\u00fa dos\u0165 jednoducho. Ke\u010f ste videli adresu zobrazen\u00fa na tomto sn\u00edmku, presne ste ch\u00e1pali, o \u010dom je re\u010d. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Av\u0161ak IP adresy v6 vyzeraj\u00fa \u00faplne inak. Ak nie ste obozn\u00e1men\u00fd s princ\u00edpom vytv\u00e1rania adries v tejto verzii internetov\u00e9ho protokolu, najprv v\u00e1s prekvap\u00ed, \u017ee IP adresa tohto typu zaber\u00e1 ve\u013emi ve\u013ea miesta. V \u0161tvrtej verzii protokolu sme mali len 4 desatinn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edsla, a s nimi to bolo jednoduch\u00e9, ale predstavte si, \u017ee budete musie\u0165 poveda\u0165 nejak\u00e9mu p\u00e1novi X jeho nov\u00fa IP adresu typu 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/1b7637dc964a389023a1cc150f982a44.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAle nebojte sa \u2013 na konci tohto videokurzu budeme v ove\u013ea lep\u0161ej poz\u00edcii. Po\u010fme sa najprv pozrie\u0165, pre\u010do vznikla potreba pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 IPv6.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/51c89e8d30ab250573ad26d5e5c54db2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDnes v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edva IPv4 a je s n\u00edm celkom spokojn\u00e1. Pre\u010do teda prech\u00e1dza\u0165 na nov\u00fa verziu? Po prv\u00e9, IP adresy \u0161tvrtej verzie pozost\u00e1vaj\u00fa z 32 bitov. To umo\u017e\u0148uje vytvori\u0165 na internete pribli\u017ene 4 miliardy adries, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee presn\u00fd po\u010det IP adries je 2^32. Pri vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed IPv4 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri verili, \u017ee tak\u00e9 mno\u017estvo adries je viac ne\u017e dostato\u010dn\u00e9. Ak si pam\u00e4t\u00e1te, adresy tejto verzie s\u00fa rozdelen\u00e9 do 5 tried: akt\u00edvne triedy A, B, C a rezervn\u00e9 triedy D (multicast) a E (v\u00fdskum). T\u00fdm p\u00e1dom, hoci po\u010det akt\u00edvnych IP adries tvoril len 75% zo \u0161tyroch mili\u00e1rd, tvorcovia protokolu boli presved\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee ich bude dos\u0165 pre cel\u00e9 \u013eudstvo. Av\u0161ak v s\u00favislosti s r\u00fdchlym rozvojom internetu sa s ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokom za\u010dal prejavova\u0165 nedostatok vo\u013en\u00fdch IP adries, a keby nebolo technol\u00f3gie NAT, vo\u013en\u00e9 adresy IPv4 by d\u00e1vno do\u0161li. Fakticky sa NAT stal z\u00e1chrancom tohto internetov\u00e9ho protokolu. Preto vznikla potreba vytvori\u0165 nov\u00fa verziu internetov\u00e9ho protokolu, ktor\u00e1 by bola zbaven\u00e1 nedostatkov \u0161tvrtej verzie. M\u00f4\u017eete sa op\u00fdta\u0165, pre\u010do sa pre\u0161lo z \u0161tvrtej verzie hne\u010f na \u0161iestu. To s\u00favis\u00ed s t\u00fdm, \u017ee verzia 5, rovnako ako verzie 1, 2 a 3, bola experiment\u00e1lna. <\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee IP adresy v6 maj\u00fa 128-bitov\u00fd adresn\u00fd priestor. Ako si mysl\u00edte, ko\u013ekokr\u00e1t sa zv\u00fd\u0161il po\u010det mo\u017en\u00fdch IP adries? Pravdepodobne poviete: \u201e4-kr\u00e1t!\u201c. Ale nie je to tak, preto\u017ee 234 je u\u017e 4-kr\u00e1t viac ako 232. Tak\u017ee hodnota 2128 je neuverite\u013ene ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u2013 je rovn\u00e1 340282366920938463463374607431768211456. To\u013eko IP adries je k dispoz\u00edcii prostredn\u00edctvom protokolu IPv6. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017eete priradi\u0165 IP adresu \u010domuko\u013evek, \u010do si, \u017eel\u00e1te: va\u0161emu autu, telef\u00f3nu, inteligentn\u00fdm hodink\u00e1m. Modern\u00fd \u010dlovek m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 laptop, nieko\u013eko smartf\u00f3nov, inteligentn\u00e9 hodinky, inteligentn\u00fd dom \u2013 telev\u00edzor pripojen\u00fd k internetu, pr\u00e1\u010dku pripojen\u00fa k internetu, cel\u00fd dom pripojen\u00fd k sieti Internet. Toto mno\u017estvo adries umo\u017e\u0148uje uskuto\u010dni\u0165 koncept \u201einternet vec\u00ed\u201c, ktor\u00fd podporuje Cisco. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vo va\u0161om \u017eivote s\u00fa v\u0161etky veci pripojen\u00e9 k internetu a v\u0161etk\u00fdm potrebujete svoju IP adresu. S IPv6 je to mo\u017en\u00e9! Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlovek na Zemi m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 mili\u00f3ny adries tejto verzie pre svoje zariadenia a aj tak zostane pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea vo\u013en\u00fdch. Nem\u00f4\u017eeme predpoveda\u0165, ako sa bud\u00fa technol\u00f3gie vyv\u00edja\u0165, av\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017eeme d\u00fafa\u0165, \u017ee \u013eudstvo ned\u00f4jde do doby, ke\u010f na Zemi zostane iba 1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. M\u00f4\u017eeme predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee IPv6 bude existova\u0165 e\u0161te ve\u013emi, ve\u013emi dlho. Po\u010fme sa pozrie\u0165, \u010do predstavuje form\u00e1t IP adresy \u0161iestej verzie. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/21db6ffd5bca17108d364a204ccf422c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTieto adresy sa zobrazuj\u00fa ako 8 skup\u00edn hexadecim\u00e1lnych \u010d\u00edsel. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 znaky adresy m\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eku 4 bity, tak\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 skupina zo 4 tak\u00fdchto znakov pozost\u00e1va zo 16 bitov, zatia\u013e \u010do cel\u00fd adresa m\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eku 128 bitov. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 skupina zo 4 znakov je oddelen\u00e1 od nasleduj\u00facej skupiny dvojbodkou, na rozdiel od adries IPv4, kde sa skupiny odde\u013eovali bodkami, preto\u017ee bodka je desiatkovou formou reprezent\u00e1cie \u010d\u00edsel. Ke\u010f\u017ee zapam\u00e4ta\u0165 si tak\u00fa adresu nie je \u013eahk\u00e9, existuje nieko\u013eko pravidiel, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa jej skr\u00e1tenie. Prv\u00e9 pravidlo hovor\u00ed, \u017ee skupiny, ktor\u00e9 sa skladaj\u00fa iba z n\u00fal, m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 nahraden\u00e9 zdvojenou dvojbodkou. Tak\u00fato oper\u00e1ciu je mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 nad ka\u017edou IP adresou iba 1-kr\u00e1t. Pozrime sa, \u010do to znamen\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Ako vid\u00edte, v uvedenom pr\u00edklade adresy s\u00fa tri skupiny po 4 nuly. Celkov\u00fd po\u010det dvojbodiek, ktor\u00e9 odde\u013euj\u00fa tieto skupiny 0000:0000:0000, je 2. Tak\u017ee ak pou\u017eijete dvojit\u00e9 dvojbodky ::, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na tomto mieste adresy s\u00fa skupiny n\u00fal. Ako teda zisti\u0165, ko\u013eko skup\u00edn n\u00fal predstavuje toto dvojit\u00e9 dvojbodky? Ak sa pozriete na skr\u00e1ten\u00fa formu adresy, po\u010d\u00edtajte 5 skup\u00edn po 4 znaky. Ale ke\u010f\u017ee vieme, \u017ee pln\u00e1 adresa sa sklad\u00e1 z 8 skup\u00edn, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee dvojit\u00e9 dvojbodky predstavuj\u00fa 3 skupiny po 4 nuly. Toto je prv\u00e9 pravidlo skr\u00e1tenej formy adresy.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/0b82b0a1c62282fc9ad02bf71888c6af.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDruh\u00e9 pravidlo hovor\u00ed, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017eete ignorova\u0165 po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 nuly v ka\u017edej skupine znakov. Napr\u00edklad 6. skupina plnej formy adresy vyzer\u00e1 ako 04FF, a jej skr\u00e1ten\u00e1 forma bude vyzera\u0165 ako 4FF, preto\u017ee sme ignorovali po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fa nulu. Takto z\u00e1pis 4FF neznamen\u00e1 ni\u010d in\u00e9 ako 04FF. <\/p>\n<p>Pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm t\u00fdchto pravidiel m\u00f4\u017eete skr\u00e1ti\u0165 ak\u00fako\u013evek IP adresu. Av\u0161ak aj po skr\u00e1ten\u00ed t\u00e1to adresa st\u00e1le nevyzer\u00e1 naozaj kr\u00e1tka. Nesk\u00f4r sa pozrieme na to, \u010do s t\u00fdm m\u00f4\u017eeme urobi\u0165, zatia\u013e si len zapam\u00e4tajte tieto 2 pravidl\u00e1. <\/p>\n<p>Pozrime sa, \u010do predstavuj\u00fa hlavi\u010dky adries verzie IPv4 a IPv6.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/581c7977df91e78685ffe57fd71063bb.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTento obr\u00e1zok, ktor\u00fd som vzal z internetu, ve\u013emi dobre vysvet\u013euje rozdiel medzi oboma hlavi\u010dkami. Ako vid\u00edte, hlavi\u010dka adresy IPv4 je ove\u013ea zlo\u017eitej\u0161ia a obsahuje viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed ne\u017e hlavi\u010dka IPv6. Ak je hlavi\u010dka zlo\u017eit\u00e1, smerova\u010d str\u00e1ca viac \u010dasu na jej spracovanie na prijatie rozhodnutia o smerovan\u00ed, preto pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed jednoduch\u0161\u00edch IP adries \u0161iestej verzie smerova\u010de funguj\u00fa efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie. Preto je IPv6 omnoho lep\u0161ie ako IPv4. <\/p>\n<p>D\u013a\u017eka hlavi\u010dky IPv4 od 0 do 31 bitov zaber\u00e1 32 bitov. Bez oh\u013eadu na posledn\u00fd riadok Mo\u017enosti a Padding IP adresa verzie 4 predstavuje 20-bajtov\u00fa adresu, teda jej minim\u00e1lna ve\u013ekos\u0165 je 20 bajtov. D\u013a\u017eka adresy \u0161iestej verzie nem\u00e1 minim\u00e1lnu ve\u013ekos\u0165, a t\u00e1to adresa m\u00e1 pevn\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku 40 bajtov.<\/p>\n<p>V hlavi\u010dke IPv4 najprv ide verzia, potom sa uv\u00e1dza d\u013a\u017eka hlavi\u010dky IHL. Predvolene je to 20 bajtov, ale ak sa v hlavi\u010dke uv\u00e1dza dodato\u010dn\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia Options, m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu d\u013a\u017eku. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed Wiresharku je mo\u017en\u00e9 pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 hodnotu Version, ktor\u00e1 je rovn\u00e1 4, a hodnotu IHL, ktor\u00e1 je rovn\u00e1 5, \u010do znamen\u00e1 p\u00e4\u0165 vertik\u00e1lnych blokov po 4 bajty (32 bitov) v ka\u017edom, bez zoh\u013eadnenia bloku Options. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/6cf553e26394bd20311db8c9b24fb3b0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTyp slu\u017eby Type of Service ur\u010duje charakter paketu \u2013 napr\u00edklad hlasov\u00fd paket alebo d\u00e1tov\u00fd paket, preto\u017ee hlasov\u00fd prenos m\u00e1 prednos\u0165 pred ostatn\u00fdmi druhmi prenosu. Jednoducho povedan\u00e9, toto pole ur\u010duje prioritu prenosu. Celkov\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eka Total Length predstavuje s\u00fa\u010det d\u013a\u017eky hlavi\u010dky 20 bajtov a d\u013a\u017eky payloadu, ktor\u00e1 predstavuje pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 \u00fadaje. Ak je to 50 bajtov, celkov\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eka bude ma\u0165 hodnotu 70 bajtov. Identifik\u00e1cia paketu Identification sl\u00fa\u017ei na overenie integrity paketu, pomocou parametra kontroln\u00e9ho s\u00fa\u010dtu hlavi\u010dky Header Checksum. Ak je paket fragmentovan\u00fd na 5 \u010dast\u00ed, ka\u017ed\u00e1 z nich mus\u00ed ma\u0165 rovnak\u00e9 identifika\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo \u2013 posunutie fragmentu Fragment Offset, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 hodnotu od 0 do 4, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00fd fragment paketu mus\u00ed ma\u0165 rovnak\u00fa hodnotu posunu. Pr\u00edznaky ukazuj\u00fa, \u010di je povolen\u00e9 posunutie fragmentov. Ak nechcete, aby k fragment\u00e1cii \u00fadajov do\u0161lo, nastav\u00edte pr\u00edznak DF \u2013 don\u2019t fragment. Existuje pr\u00edznak MF \u2013 more fragment. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ak je prv\u00fd paket fragmentovan\u00fd na 5 \u010dast\u00ed, pre druh\u00fd paket bude nastaven\u00e9 0, \u010do znamen\u00e1 \u2013 \u017eiadne \u010fal\u0161ie fragmenty! V tomto pr\u00edpade bude posledn\u00fd fragment prv\u00e9ho paketu ozna\u010den\u00fd 4, tak\u017ee prij\u00edmaj\u00face zariadenie bude m\u00f4c\u0165 \u013eahko dekomponova\u0165 paket, t.j. aplikova\u0165 defragment\u00e1ciu. <\/p>\n<p>V\u0161imnite si farby pou\u017eit\u00e9 na tomto sn\u00edmku. \u010cervenou farbou s\u00fa ozna\u010den\u00e9 polia, ktor\u00e9 boli vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00e9 z hlavi\u010dky IPv6. Modrou farbou s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 parametre, ktor\u00e9 pre\u0161li z tretej do \u0161iestej verzie protokolu v pozmenenej podobe. \u017dlt\u00e9 polia zostali bez zmien v oboch verzi\u00e1ch. Zelenou farbou je zobrazen\u00e9 pole, ktor\u00e9 sa objavilo prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t iba v IPv6.<\/p>\n<p>Polia Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset a Header Checksum boli vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00e9 z d\u00f4vodu, \u017ee v s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch podmienkach prenosu d\u00e1t nedoch\u00e1dza k fragment\u00e1cii a kontrola s\u00fa\u010dtu nie je potrebn\u00e1. Pred mnoh\u00fdmi rokmi, pri pomalom prenose d\u00e1t, bola fragment\u00e1cia pomerne be\u017en\u00fdm javom, ale dnes sa v\u0161eobecne pou\u017e\u00edva Ethernet \u0161tandardu IEEE 802.3 s MTU ve\u013ekos\u0165ou 1500 bajtov, a fragment\u00e1cia sa u\u017e nevyskytuje.<\/p>\n<p>TTL, alebo \u010das \u017eivota paketu, predstavuje \u010d\u00edta\u010d s odpo\u010d\u00edtavan\u00edm \u2013 ke\u010f \u010das \u017eivota dosiahne 0, paket sa vyhod\u00ed. V skuto\u010dnosti ide o maxim\u00e1lny po\u010det skokov, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 v tejto sieti. Pole Protocol ukazuje, ktor\u00fd protokol, TCP alebo UDP, sa pou\u017e\u00edva v sieti.<\/p>\n<p>Header Checksum je zastaran\u00fd parameter, preto bol vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00fd z novej verzie protokolu. \u010ealej sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa polia 32-bitovej adresy zdroja a 32-bitovej adresy cie\u013ea. Ak m\u00e1me nejak\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie v riadku Options, hodnota IHL sa men\u00ed z 5 na 6, \u010do ukazuje, \u017ee v hlavi\u010dke je dodato\u010dn\u00e9 pole. <br \/>\nV hlavi\u010dke IPv6 sa tie\u017e pou\u017e\u00edva verzia Version, a trieda prev\u00e1dzky Traffic Class zodpoved\u00e1 po\u013eu Type of Service v hlavi\u010dke IPv4. Ozna\u010denie toku Flow Label je podobn\u00e9 Traffic Class a sl\u00fa\u017ei na zjednodu\u0161enie smerovania homog\u00e9nnych tokov paketov. Payload Length znamen\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eku u\u017eito\u010dnej z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee alebo ve\u013ekos\u0165 po\u013ea d\u00e1t, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa pod hlavi\u010dkou. D\u013a\u017eka samotnej hlavi\u010dky 40 bajtov je kon\u0161tantn\u00e1 a preto nie je nikde spomenut\u00e1. <\/p>\n<p>Pole \u201e\u010fal\u0161ia hlavi\u010dka\u201c, Next Header, ukazuje, ak\u00fd typ hlavi\u010dky bude ma\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00ed paket. Je to ve\u013emi u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 funkcia, ktor\u00e1 ur\u010duje typ nasleduj\u00faceho transportn\u00e9ho protokolu \u2013 TCP, UDP at\u010f., a ktor\u00e1 bude ve\u013emi \u017eiadan\u00e1 v bud\u00facich technol\u00f3gi\u00e1ch prenosu d\u00e1t. Aj ke\u010f pou\u017e\u00edvate vlastn\u00fd protokol, budete vedie\u0165, ak\u00fd protokol bude nasleduj\u00faci. <\/p>\n<p>Maxim\u00e1lny po\u010det skokov, alebo Hop Limit, je anal\u00f3g TTL v hlavi\u010dke IPv4, je to mechanizmus na prevenciu cyklick\u00e9ho smerovania. \u010ealej sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa polia 128-bitovej adresy zdroja a 128-bitovej adresy cie\u013ea. Cel\u00e1 hlavi\u010dka m\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 40 bajtov. Ako som povedal, IPv6 je ove\u013ea jednoduch\u0161ie ne\u017e IPv4 a \u010faleko efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie na prij\u00edmanie rozhodnut\u00ed smerovania smerova\u010dom.<br \/>\nPozrime sa na typy adries IPv6. Vieme, \u017ee unicast je zameran\u00fd prenos, ke\u010f je jedno zariadenie priamo spojen\u00e9 s in\u00fdm a obe zariadenia m\u00f4\u017eu komunikova\u0165 len navz\u00e1jom. Multicast predstavuje vysielanie a znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nieko\u013eko zariaden\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasne komunikova\u0165 s jedn\u00fdm zariaden\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee z\u00e1rove\u0148 udr\u017eiava\u0165 komunik\u00e1ciu s viacer\u00fdmi zariadeniami. V tomto zmysle je multicast podobn\u00fd r\u00e1diovej stanici, ktorej sign\u00e1ly sa \u0161\u00edria v\u0161etk\u00fdmi smermi. Ak chcete po\u010du\u0165 konkr\u00e9tny kan\u00e1l, mus\u00edte nastavi\u0165 svoje r\u00e1dio na konkr\u00e9tnu frekvenciu. Ak si pam\u00e4t\u00e1te video lekciu o protokole RIP, viete, \u017ee tento protokol na rozosielanie aktualiz\u00e1ci\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edva vysielac\u00ed dom\u00e9n 255.255.255.255, ku ktor\u00e9mu s\u00fa pripojen\u00e9 v\u0161etky podsiete. Ale tieto aktualiz\u00e1cie dostan\u00fa len tie zariadenia, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa protokol RIP. <\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00ed typ vysielania, ktor\u00fd sa nevyskytoval v IPv4, sa naz\u00fdva Anycast. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa vtedy, ke\u010f m\u00e1te mno\u017estvo zariaden\u00ed s rovnakou IP adresou a umo\u017e\u0148uje posiela\u0165 pakety najbli\u017e\u0161iemu adres\u00e1tovi z skupiny pr\u00edjemcov. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/38d5a6855532aaaa6de39ed66906b4b4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nV pr\u00edpade internetu, kde m\u00e1me CDN siete, m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 pr\u00edklad slu\u017eby YouTube. Tento slu\u017ebu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia v r\u00f4znych \u010dastiach sveta, ale to neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa v\u0161etci pripojuj\u00fa priamo k serveru spolo\u010dnosti v Kalifornii. Slu\u017eba YouTube m\u00e1 mno\u017estvo serverov po celom svete, napr\u00edklad server m\u00f4jho indick\u00e9ho YouTube sa nach\u00e1dza v Singapure. Podobne protokol IPv6 m\u00e1 zabudovan\u00fd mechanizmus na vykon\u00e1vanie prenosu pomocou technol\u00f3gie CDN prostredn\u00edctvom geograficky distribuovanej \u0161trukt\u00fary siete, teda pou\u017e\u00edva Anycast.<\/p>\n<p>Ako ste si v\u0161imli, tu ch\u00fdba e\u0161te jeden typ vysielania, Broadcast, preto\u017ee protokol IPv6 ho nepou\u017e\u00edva. Ale Multicast v tomto protokole funguje podobne ako Broadcast v IPv4, iba ove\u013ea efekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom. <\/p>\n<p>\u0160iesty verzia protokolu pou\u017e\u00edva tri typy adries: Link Local, Unique Site Local a Global. Pam\u00e4t\u00e1me si, \u017ee v IPv4 m\u00e1 jedno rozhranie iba jednu IP adresu. Predpokladajme, \u017ee m\u00e1me dve smerova\u010de prepojen\u00e9 navz\u00e1jom, tak ka\u017ed\u00e9 z pripojen\u00fdch rozhran\u00ed bude ma\u0165 iba 1 IP adresu. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed IPv6 dost\u00e1va ka\u017ed\u00e9 rozhranie automaticky IP adresu typu Link Local. Tieto adresy za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa s FE80::\/64. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/a0cbbb8d7487a54ae104b53087454540.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTieto IP adresy sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa iba na miestne pripojenia. \u013dudia pracuj\u00faci s Windows poznaj\u00fa ve\u013emi podobn\u00e9 adresy vo forme 169.254.X.X \u2013 s\u00fa to adresy, ktor\u00e9 sa automaticky konfigruj\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom protokolu IPv4.<\/p>\n<p>Ak sa po\u010d\u00edta\u010d obracia na DHCP server o z\u00edskanie IP adresy, ale z nejak\u00e9ho d\u00f4vodu sa s n\u00edm nem\u00f4\u017ee spoji\u0165, na zariadeniach Microsoft existuje mechanizmus, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje po\u010d\u00edta\u010du priradi\u0165 IP adresu samo sebe. T\u00e1to adresa bude pribli\u017ene tak\u00e1: 169.254.1.1. Podobn\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia nastane, ak m\u00e1me po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, prep\u00edna\u010d a smerova\u010d. Predpokladajme, \u017ee smerova\u010d nedostal IP adresu od DHCP servera a automaticky si pridelil rovnak\u00fa IP adresu 169.254.1.1. Potom prostredn\u00edctvom prep\u00edna\u010da rozosleje po sieti vysielac\u00ed ARP dotaz, v ktorom sa op\u00fdta, \u010di nejak\u00e9 sie\u0165ov\u00e9 zariadenie nem\u00e1 t\u00fato adresu. Po prijat\u00ed dotazu po\u010d\u00edta\u010d odpovie: \u201e\u00c1no, m\u00e1m presne tak\u00fa ist\u00fa IP adresu!\u201c, po \u010dom si smerova\u010d pridel\u00ed nov\u00fa n\u00e1hodn\u00fa adresu, napr\u00edklad 169.254.10.10, a op\u00e4\u0165 rozosle po sieti ARP dotaz. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/e9a7ae41a7878853ee5a84c029b83802.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAk nikto neinformuje, \u017ee m\u00e1 rovnak\u00fa adresu, tak si adresu 169.254.10.10 ponech\u00e1. Takto zariadenia v miestnej sieti nemusia v\u00f4bec pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 DHCP server, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fac mechanizmus automatick\u00e9ho priradenia IP adries sami sebe, aby sa navz\u00e1jom spojili. To je podstata automatickej konfigur\u00e1cie IP adries, s ktorou sme sa stretli mnohokr\u00e1t, ale nikdy ju nepou\u017e\u00edvali. <\/p>\n<p>Podobn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom v protokole IPv6 existuje mechanizmus priradenia lok\u00e1lnych IP adries Link Local, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00facich s FE80::. Lom\u00edtko 64 znamen\u00e1 rozdelenie adries siete a adries hostite\u013ea. Prv\u00e9 64 znamen\u00e1 sie\u0165 a druh\u00e9 64 hostite\u013ea. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/87286c81f0121998c97af6bc018d1673.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nFE80:: znamen\u00e1 adresy typu FE80.0.0.0\/, kde po lomke je \u010das\u0165 adries hostite\u013ea. Tieto adresy nie s\u00fa rovnak\u00e9 pre na\u0161e zariadenie a s n\u00edm spojen\u00e9 rozhranie a konfiguruj\u00fa sa automaticky. Pri tom \u010das\u0165 hostite\u013ea pou\u017e\u00edva MAC-adresu. Ako je zn\u00e1me, MAC-adresa predstavuje 48-bitov\u00fa IP-adresu, pozost\u00e1vaj\u00facu z 6 blokov po 2 hexadecim\u00e1lne \u010d\u00edsla. Tak\u00fdto syst\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edva Microsoft, zatia\u013e \u010do Cisco pou\u017e\u00edva 3 bloky po 4 hexadecim\u00e1lne \u010d\u00edsla. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/6aa44ae4b0fad29a734de89ee887c305.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nV na\u0161om pr\u00edklade budeme pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 sekvenciu Microsoftu vo forme 11:22:33:44:55:66. Ako sa prira\u010fuje MAC-adresa zariadenia? T\u00e1to sekvencia \u010d\u00edslic v adrese hostite\u013ea, ktor\u00e1 predstavuje MAC-adresu, sa rozdel\u00ed na dve \u010dasti: v\u013eavo s\u00fa tri skupiny 11:22:33, vpravo tri skupiny 44:55:66, a medzi nimi sa prid\u00e1va FF a FE. Takto vznik\u00e1 64-bitov\u00fd blok IP-adresy hostite\u013ea. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cisco \u0161kolenie 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 24. Protokol IPv6\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cb8c4d778057043c1c67e1110c8a8955.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAko je zn\u00e1me, sekvencia typu 11:22:33:44:55:66 predstavuje MAC-adresu, ktor\u00e1 je unik\u00e1tna pre ka\u017ed\u00e9 zariadenie. Nastaven\u00edm FF:FE medzi dvoma skupinami \u010d\u00edsiel MAC-adresy z\u00edskavame unik\u00e1tnu IP-adresu dan\u00e9ho zariadenia. Takto sa vytv\u00e1ra IP-adresa typu Local Link, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva iba na nadviazanie spojenia medzi susedmi bez \u0161peci\u00e1lnej konfigur\u00e1cie a \u0161peci\u00e1lnych serverov. Tak\u00e1to IP-adresa m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00e1 iba v r\u00e1mci jedn\u00e9ho segmentu siete a nem\u00f4\u017ee sa pou\u017ei\u0165 na extern\u00fa komunik\u00e1ciu mimo tohto segmentu. <\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm typom adresy je Unique Site Local Scope, ktor\u00e1 zodpoved\u00e1 vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm (private) IP adres\u00e1m protokolu IPv4 typu 10.0.0.0\/8, 172.16.0.0\/12 a 192.168.0.0\/16. D\u00f4vod, pre\u010do sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 private a vonkaj\u0161ie public IP adresy, spo\u010d\u00edva v technol\u00f3gii NAT, o ktorej sme hovorili v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich lekci\u00e1ch. Unique Site Local Scope je technol\u00f3gia, ktor\u00e1 vytv\u00e1ra vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 IP adresy. M\u00f4\u017eete poveda\u0165: \u201eImran, predsa si hovoril, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 zariadenie m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 svoju IP adresu, a preto sme pre\u0161li na IPv6,\u201c a budete \u00faplne pravdiv\u00ed. Ale niektor\u00ed \u013eudia uprednost\u0148uj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvanie konceptu vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch IP adries z bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov. V tomto pr\u00edpade sa NAT pou\u017e\u00edva ako firewall a vonkaj\u0161ie zariadenia nem\u00f4\u017eu vo\u013ene komunikova\u0165 so zariadeniami umiestnen\u00fdmi vn\u00fatri siete, preto\u017ee maj\u00fa lok\u00e1lne IP adresy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa nedostupn\u00e9 z vonkaj\u0161ej siete Internet. Av\u0161ak NAT vytv\u00e1ra mno\u017estvo probl\u00e9mov t\u00fdkaj\u00facich sa VPN, napr\u00edklad pre protokol ESP. Na zaistenie bezpe\u010dnosti protokol IPv4 pou\u017e\u00edval IPSec, ale v protokole IPv6 je zabudovan\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fd mechanizmus, tak\u017ee spojenie medzi vn\u00fatorn\u00fdmi a vonkaj\u0161\u00edmi IP adresami sa vytv\u00e1ra ve\u013emi jednoducho. <\/p>\n<p>Preto IPv6 m\u00e1 dva r\u00f4zne typy adries: ak adresy Unique Local zodpovedaj\u00fa vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm IP adres\u00e1m IPv4, adresy Global zodpovedaj\u00fa vonkaj\u0161\u00edm adres\u00e1m IPv4. Mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia uprednost\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00f4bec nepou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 adresy typu Unique Local, in\u00ed sa bez nich nezaob\u00eddu, tak\u017ee to je predmetom neust\u00e1lych diskusi\u00ed. Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee z\u00edskate omnoho viac v\u00fdhod, ak budete pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 iba vonkaj\u0161ie IP adresy, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm sa to t\u00fdka mobility. Napr\u00edklad moje zariadenie bude ma\u0165 rovnak\u00fa IP adresu bez oh\u013eadu na to, kde sa nach\u00e1dzam \u2013 v Bangal\u00fare alebo New Yorku, tak\u017ee bez probl\u00e9mov m\u00f4\u017eem pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ak\u00e9ko\u013evek svoje zariadenie kdeko\u013evek na svete. <\/p>\n<p>Ako som u\u017e povedal, IPv6 m\u00e1 zabudovan\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fd mechanizmus, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje vytvori\u0165 bezpe\u010dn\u00fd VPN tunel medzi miestom, kde sa nach\u00e1dza v\u00e1\u0161 kancel\u00e1ria, a va\u0161imi zariadeniami. Predt\u00fdm sme potrebovali extern\u00fd mechanizmus na vytvorenie tak\u00e9ho VPN tunela, ale v IPv6 je to zabudovan\u00fd \u0161tandardn\u00fd mechanizmus. <\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee sme dnes prebrali dostatok t\u00e9m, ukon\u010dujem na\u0161u lekciu, aby sme pokra\u010dovali v diskusii o \u0161iestej verzii internetov\u00e9ho protokolu IP v nasleduj\u00facom videu. Ako dom\u00e1ce \u00falohy v\u00e1s pros\u00edm, aby ste si d\u00f4kladne na\u0161tudovali, \u010do predstavuje hexadecim\u00e1lny syst\u00e9m \u010d\u00edslovania, preto\u017ee pre pochopenie IPv6 je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 rozumie\u0165 konverzii medzi bin\u00e1rnym syst\u00e9mom a hexadecim\u00e1lnym syst\u00e9mom. Napr\u00edklad by ste mali vedie\u0165, \u017ee 1111 = F, a tak \u010falej, jednoducho sa pozrite na Google, aby ste to pochopili. V nasleduj\u00facej video lekcii sa pok\u00fasim s vami tr\u00e9nova\u0165 t\u00fato konverziu. Odpor\u00fa\u010dam v\u00e1m nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t si pozrie\u0165 dne\u0161n\u00fa video lekciu, aby ste nemali \u017eiadne ot\u00e1zky oh\u013eadom preberan\u00fdch t\u00e9m. <\/p>\n<p><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"DtjbdL6yDPw\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/DtjbdL6yDPw\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Prehrajte video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n\u010eakujeme, \u017ee s nami zost\u00e1vate. P\u00e1\u010dia sa v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vidie\u0165 viac zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov? Podporte n\u00e1s objednan\u00edm alebo odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00edm priate\u013eom, <b>30% z\u013eava pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov Chabra na unik\u00e1tny ekvivalent entry-level serverov, ktor\u00fd sme pre v\u00e1s vytvorili:<\/b> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/347386\/\">V\u0161etky pravdy o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jadier) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 dol\u00e1rov alebo ako spr\u00e1vne rozdeli\u0165 server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispoz\u00edcii varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jadier a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n<p><b>Dell R730xd za polovicu?<\/b> Len u n\u00e1s <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ua-hosting.company\/serversnl\">2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 dol\u00e1rov<\/a><\/noindex> v Holandsku! <b>Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 dol\u00e1rov!<\/b><\/b> Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si o tom <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/329618\/\">Ako vybudova\u0165 infra\u0161trukt\u00faru korpor\u00e1tneho typu s pou\u017eit\u00edm serverov Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 s cenou 9000 eur za zlomok ceny?<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/463585\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b IPv6. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 CCNA \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 200-125 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b IPv6 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":28150,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37512","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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