{"id":38214,"date":"2019-10-31T22:22:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:22:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-43-protokoly-marshrutizatsii-distance-vector-i-link-state\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:22:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:22:20","slug":"trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-43-protokoly-marshrutizatsii-distance-vector-i-link-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-43-protokoly-marshrutizatsii-distance-vector-i-link-state","title":{"rendered":"\u0160kolenie Cisco 200-125 CCNA v3.0. De\u0148 43. Protokoly smerovania Distance Vector a Link State","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Dne\u0161n\u00fd video kurz o protokoloch smerovania Distance Vector a Link State predch\u00e1dza jednej z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch t\u00e9m kurzu CCNA \u2013 protokolom smerovania OSPF a EIGRP. T\u00e1to t\u00e9ma zaberie 4 alebo dokonca 6 nasleduj\u00facich video kurzov. Preto dnes stru\u010dne predstav\u00edm nieko\u013eko konceptov, ktor\u00e9 je potrebn\u00e9 pozna\u0165 predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e za\u010dneme \u0161tudova\u0165 OSPF a EIGRP.<\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolenie
\n
\nNa minulom kurze sme presk\u00famali \u010das\u0165 2.1 t\u00e9my ICND2, a dnes sa pozrieme na \u010dasti 2.2 \u201ePodobnos\u0165 a rozdiely medzi protokolmi Distance Vector (DV) a protokolmi Link State (LS)\u201c a 2.3 \u201ePodobnos\u0165 a rozdiely medzi vn\u00fatorn\u00fdmi a vonkaj\u0161\u00edmi protokolmi smerovania\u201c. <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Ako som povedal, v nasleduj\u00facich 4 alebo 6 vide\u00e1ch sa zameriame na k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky cel\u00e9ho kurzu \u2013 protokoly OSPFv2 pre IPv4, OSPFv3 pre IPv6, EIGRP pre IPv4 a EIGRP pre IPv6. \u0160tudenti sa ma \u010dasto p\u00fdtaj\u00fa, \u010do je to protokol smerovania a ak\u00fd je jeho rozdiel oproti smerovate\u013en\u00e9mu protokolu. <\/p>\n

Protokol smerovania sa pou\u017e\u00edva routerom, ako napr\u00edklad protokoly RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP a \u010fal\u0161ie. Protokol smerovania je sp\u00f4sobom, ako sa routery medzi sebou komunikuj\u00fa, pri\u010dom si vymie\u0148aj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie o sieti a nap\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa tieto inform\u00e1cie do svojich smerovac\u00edch tabuliek. Na z\u00e1klade t\u00fdchto tabuliek prij\u00edmaj\u00fa rozhodnutia o smerovan\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Akon\u00e1hle si routery \u201epos\u0165a\u017eovali\u201c navz\u00e1jom a naplnili smerovacie tabu\u013eky, vykonali toto v\u0161etko pomocou protokolu smerovania, prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa k rozhodnutiam o odosielan\u00ed prev\u00e1dzky do in\u00fdch siet\u00ed. Pri tom sa pou\u017e\u00edva smerovate\u013en\u00fd protokol, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje routerom presmerova\u0165 alebo smerova\u0165 prev\u00e1dzku. Tieto protokoly zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa IPv4 a IPv6. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolenie
\n
\nTak\u017ee protokol smerovania zabezpe\u010duje naplnenie smerovac\u00edch tabuliek inform\u00e1ciami, zatia\u013e \u010do smerovate\u013en\u00fd protokol zabezpe\u010duje smerovanie prev\u00e1dzky pod\u013ea inform\u00e1ci\u00ed t\u00fdchto tabuliek. V\u010faka IPv4 alebo IPv6 pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 d\u00e1ta s\u00fa enkapsulovan\u00e9 a vybaven\u00e9 IP hlavi\u010dkami, o \u010dom hovoria samotn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy t\u00fdchto protokolov \u2013 IP. <\/p>\n

Nasleduj\u00faca ot\u00e1zka sa t\u00fdka rozdielov medzi protokolmi vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho smerovania Interior Gateway Protocol a protokolmi vonkaj\u0161ieho smerovania Exterior Gateway Protocol. Nenechajte sa zmias\u0165 slovom \u201esmerova\u010d\u201c. Zvy\u010dajne sa smerova\u010de pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v auton\u00f3mnych syst\u00e9moch. Predpokladajme, \u017ee va\u0161a spolo\u010dnos\u0165 m\u00e1 50 smerova\u010dov, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ak\u00fdko\u013evek IP protokol. V\u0161etky vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa auton\u00f3mny syst\u00e9m, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ich pou\u017e\u00edva a spravuje jedna spolo\u010dnos\u0165, jedna organiz\u00e1cia. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolenie
\n
\nProtokoly, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na zabezpe\u010denie smerovania v r\u00e1mci tohto auton\u00f3mneho syst\u00e9mu, sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa protokoly vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho smerovania, zatia\u013e \u010do protokoly na vykon\u00e1vanie smerovania mimo syst\u00e9mu s\u00fa protokoly vonkaj\u0161ieho smerovania. Protokol vonkaj\u0161ieho smerovania zabezpe\u010duje smerovanie medzi r\u00f4znymi auton\u00f3mnymi syst\u00e9mami. Jedn\u00fdm z tak\u00fdchto syst\u00e9mov m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v\u00e1\u0161 poskytovate\u013e ISP, a jeho syst\u00e9m m\u00f4\u017ee pozost\u00e1va\u0165 z 200 smerova\u010dov. Na vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa komunik\u00e1ciu auton\u00f3mne syst\u00e9my pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa protokol vonkaj\u0161ieho smerovania. <\/p>\n

Protokoly vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho smerovania s\u00fa RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, a ako protokol vonkaj\u0161ieho smerovania sa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edva jeden protokol \u2013 BGP. <\/p>\n

Nasleduj\u00face dve defin\u00edcie, ktor\u00fdmi by ste sa mali zaobera\u0165, s\u00fa Distance Vector a Link State. Tieto dva typy s\u00fa protokoly na vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 smerovanie. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolenie
\n
\nPredpokladajme, \u017ee m\u00e1me 3 smerova\u010de, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vz\u00e1jomne prepojen\u00e9 a pripojen\u00e9 k sieti 192.168.10.0\/24. Ozna\u010dme ich A, B a C. Z kurzu ICND1 vieme, \u010do sa deje pri pou\u017eit\u00ed RIP. <\/p>\n

Ke\u010f\u017ee smerova\u010d B je najbli\u017e\u0161ie k sieti 192.168.10.0\/24, ako prv\u00fd posiela ozn\u00e1menie o tejto sieti smerova\u010du A a smerova\u010du C. Smerova\u010d C tie\u017e pren\u00e1\u0161a toto ozn\u00e1menie smerova\u010du A. Smerova\u010d A dost\u00e1va inform\u00e1cie o sieti 192.168.10.0\/24 prostredn\u00edctvom dvoch svojich rozhran\u00ed \u2013 f0\/0 a f0\/1. Ke\u010f\u017ee protokol RIPv2 pou\u017e\u00edva met\u00f3du Hop Count, povie smerova\u010du, \u017ee optim\u00e1lnym sp\u00f4sobom, ako sa dosta\u0165 do tejto siete, je cesta cez smerova\u010d B, preto\u017ee sa k sieti d\u00e1 dosta\u0165 na jeden skok. Ak by sa na pripojenie so sie\u0165ou 192.168.10.0\/24 pou\u017eilo rozhranie f0\/1, bolo by potrebn\u00fdch 2 hops. Tak\u017ee z poh\u013eadu smerova\u010da A bude optim\u00e1lne pou\u017ei\u0165 rozhranie f0\/0. Tak\u00e9to rozhodnutie A prij\u00edma, preto\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edva RIP, ktor\u00fd je protokolom zalo\u017een\u00fdm na vzdialenosti vektorov. <\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea zobrazen\u00e9ho sch\u00e9matu vid\u00edme, \u017ee toto je spr\u00e1vne rie\u0161enie, preto\u017ee vzdialenos\u0165 medzi A a B je najkrat\u0161ia. Ale \u010do ak poviem, \u017ee medzi A a B je veden\u00e1 linka s prenosovou kapacitou 64 kbit\/s, zatia\u013e \u010do medzi C a B je veden\u00e1 linka s 100 Mbit\/s a rovnak\u00e1 linka je aj medzi C a A? <\/p>\n

Ak\u00e1 trasa bude za t\u00fdchto podmienok najoptim\u00e1lnej\u0161ia? <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolenie
\n
\nSamozrejme, linka s prenosovou kapacitou 100 megabitov za sekundu je ove\u013ea lep\u0161ia ako linka so 64 kilobitmi za sekundu, aj keby trasa cez \u0148u mala dva skoky namiesto jedn\u00e9ho. Av\u0161ak, vzdialenostne-vektorov\u00fd protokol RIP nezoh\u013ead\u0148uje r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prenosu d\u00e1t, preto\u017ee pri v\u00fdbere optim\u00e1lnej trasy sa riadi minim\u00e1lnym po\u010dtom skokov. V takomto pr\u00edpade je lep\u0161ie pou\u017ei\u0165 protokol stavu siete, ako je OSPF. Tento protokol kontroluje n\u00e1klady na trasy a po n\u00e1jden\u00ed najlacnej\u0161ej trasy posiela d\u00e1ta po ceste router A \u2013 router C \u2013 router B. <\/p>\n

V porovnan\u00ed s RIP je protokol OSPF ove\u013ea zlo\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed, zoh\u013ead\u0148uje mno\u017estvo faktorov pri ur\u010dovan\u00ed optim\u00e1lnej trasy a nach\u00e1dza najkrat\u0161iu cestu z poh\u013eadu metriky.
\nEIGRP bol kedysi propriet\u00e1rny protokol smerovania Cisco, teraz je otvoren\u00fd \u0161tandard. Ide o kombin\u00e1ciu najlep\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed vzdialenostne-vektorov\u00e9ho protokolu a protokolu stavu siete. Zoh\u013ead\u0148uje ako prenosov\u00fa kapacitu, tak aj oneskorenia siete. Ako je zn\u00e1me, \u010d\u00edm dlh\u0161ia je trasa, t.j. \u010d\u00edm viac skokov, t\u00fdm dlh\u0161ie s\u00fa oneskorenia. Preto protokol EIGRP vyber\u00e1 trasu s maxim\u00e1lnou prenosovou kapacitou a minim\u00e1lnym s\u00fahrnn\u00fdm oneskoren\u00edm, porovn\u00e1va metriky tr\u00e1s. Prenosov\u00e9 kapacity a oneskorenia s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou vzorca, na ktor\u00e9ho z\u00e1klade sa prij\u00edma rozhodnutie o smerovan\u00ed.
\nTu je rozdiel medzi protokolmi Distance Vector a Link State. Vzdialenostne-vektorov\u00e9 protokoly zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fa len vzdialenos\u0165 trasy, zatia\u013e \u010do protokoly Link State zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fa stav siete na ceste trasy, ako r\u00fdchlos\u0165 a prenosov\u00fa kapacitu.
\nEIGRP je hybridn\u00fd smerovac\u00ed protokol, preto\u017ee kombinuje prvky oboch vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fdch protokolov. Z poh\u013eadu Cisco je to najlep\u0161\u00ed smerovac\u00ed protokol, preto ho preferuj\u00fa v\u0161etci in\u017einieri spolo\u010dnosti. Napriek tomu najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161\u00edm protokolom na svete je OSPF. D\u00f4vodom je, \u017ee EIGRP sa len ned\u00e1vno stal otvoren\u00fdm \u0161tandardom, a preto tret\u00ed v\u00fdrobcovia si nie s\u00fa ist\u00ed jeho kompatibilitou s ich sie\u0165ov\u00fdm vybaven\u00edm. <\/p>\n

Pozrime sa na to, \u010do znamen\u00e1 d\u00f4veryhodnos\u0165 protokolu. Ke\u010f router A prijme informa\u010dn\u00e9 smerovanie z dvoch r\u00f4znych zdrojov, pou\u017e\u00edva vzorec na rozhodovanie, ktor\u00fd z dvoch smerov vlo\u017ei\u0165 do smerovacej tabu\u013eky. Je to jednoduch\u00e9, preto\u017ee sa pozer\u00e1 na parametre smeru B-A a A-C-B, porovn\u00e1va ich a rob\u00ed optim\u00e1lne rozhodnutie. Samozrejme, OSPF tie\u017e vyva\u017euje z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ak s\u00fa dva smerovania rovnak\u00e9 n\u00e1kladom, vykon\u00e1 vyv\u00e1\u017eenie za\u0165a\u017eenia. Podrobne sa o tejto t\u00e9me budeme zaobera\u0165 v nasleduj\u00facich vide\u00e1ch, dnes chcem, aby ste o tom jednoducho vedeli. <\/p>\n

Po\u010fme sa pozrie\u0165 na nasleduj\u00facu tabu\u013eku. Na dne op\u00e4\u0165 nakresl\u00edm routre A, B a C, ktor\u00e9 tvoria auton\u00f3mny sie\u0165ov\u00fd syst\u00e9m vo va\u0161ej spolo\u010dnosti. Predpokladajme, \u017ee va\u0161a spolo\u010dnos\u0165 k\u00fapi in\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 u\u017e m\u00e1 syst\u00e9m s routre A1, B1 a C1. Tak\u017ee teraz m\u00e1te dve spolo\u010dnosti, ka\u017ed\u00fa so svojou vlastnou sie\u0165ou. Predpokladajme, \u017ee prv\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edva protokol EIGRP a druh\u00e1 OSPF. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolenie
\n
\nSamozrejme, m\u00f4\u017eete prekonfigurova\u0165 va\u0161u sie\u0165 na pou\u017eitie OSPF, alebo previes\u0165 sie\u0165 prevzatej spolo\u010dnosti na protokol EIGRP, ale to je ve\u013ea administrat\u00edvnej pr\u00e1ce. Pre mal\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 je to e\u0161te zvl\u00e1dnute\u013en\u00e9, ale ak je spolo\u010dnos\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e1, ide o obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo pr\u00e1ce. V takom pr\u00edpade je mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 redistrib\u00faciu, \u010do znamen\u00e1 zobra\u0165 trasy EIGRP a rozdistribuova\u0165 ich cez OSPF, a trasy OSPF redistribuova\u0165 cez EIGRP. To je celkom mo\u017en\u00e9. Na to mus\u00ed jeden z routerov va\u0161ej spolo\u010dnosti pracova\u0165 na dvoch protokoloch \u2013 EIGRP a OSPF, predpokladajme, \u017ee to bude router B. Ten bude obsahova\u0165 smerovaciu tabu\u013eku, kde \u010das\u0165 tr\u00e1s poch\u00e1dza z EIGRP a \u010das\u0165 z OSPF. Predpokladajme, \u017ee m\u00e1me e\u0161te jednu sie\u0165, s ktorou s\u00fa obidve spolo\u010dnosti prepojen\u00e9. Prv\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 bude pre komunik\u00e1ciu s \u0148ou pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 trasy z tabu\u013eky EIGRP, zatia\u013e \u010do druh\u00e1 \u2013 trasy z protokolu OSPF, a zos\u00faladi\u0165 tieto trasy, z\u00edskan\u00e9 z r\u00f4znych zdrojov, bude ve\u013emi \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9, preto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 z nich vyber\u00e1 optim\u00e1lnu trasu na z\u00e1klade svojich vlastn\u00fdch metr\u00edk. <\/p>\n

\"\u0160kolenie
\n
\nV tomto pr\u00edpade sa pou\u017e\u00edva pojem administrat\u00edvna vzdialenos\u0165. Pom\u00e1ha routeru vybra\u0165 najoptim\u00e1lnej\u0161iu trasu z viacer\u00fdch tr\u00e1s z\u00edskan\u00fdch z r\u00f4znych smerovac\u00edch protokolov. Napr\u00edklad, ak je router B priamo prepojen\u00fd s routerom C, administrat\u00edvna vzdialenos\u0165 bude rovn\u00e1 0, a to je najd\u00f4veryhodnej\u0161ia trasa. Predpokladajme, \u017ee A informuje B, \u017ee m\u00e1 tie\u017e pr\u00edstup k C, v tomto pr\u00edpade router B odpovie: \u201e\u010fakujem za va\u0161u inform\u00e1ciu, ale router C je priamo spojen\u00fd so mnou, preto si vyber\u00e1m variant s men\u0161ou administrat\u00edvnou vzdialenos\u0165ou, a nie variant prepojenia cez v\u00e1s\u201c. <\/p>\n

Administrat\u00edvna vzdialenos\u0165 ukazuje stupe\u0148 d\u00f4very k protokolu. \u010c\u00edm je hodnota administrat\u00edvnej vzdialenosti ni\u017e\u0161ia, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia d\u00f4vera. Najd\u00f4veryhodnej\u0161\u00edm variantom po priamom spojen\u00ed je statick\u00e9 spojenie s administrat\u00edvnou vzdialenos\u0165ou rovnou 1. Stupe\u0148 d\u00f4very k protokolu EIGRP charakterizuje hodnota administrat\u00edvnej vzdialenosti 90, k protokolu OSPF \u2013 110 a k protokolu RIP \u2013 120. <\/p>\n

Ak je EIGRP a OSPF navrhnut\u00fd pre t\u00fa ist\u00fa sie\u0165, smerova\u010d d\u00f4veruje inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m o tras\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 dostal od EIGRP, preto\u017ee tento protokol m\u00e1 administrat\u00edvnu vzdialenos\u0165 90, \u010do je menej ako m\u00e1 OSPF.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Prehrajte\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\n\u010eakujeme, \u017ee s nami zost\u00e1vate. P\u00e1\u010dia sa v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vidie\u0165 viac zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov? Podporte n\u00e1s objednan\u00edm alebo odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00edm priate\u013eom, 30% z\u013eava pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov Chabra na unik\u00e1tny ekvivalent entry-level serverov, ktor\u00fd sme pre v\u00e1s vytvorili:<\/b> V\u0161etky pravdy o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jadier) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 dol\u00e1rov alebo ako spr\u00e1vne rozdeli\u0165 server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispoz\u00edcii varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jadier a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd za polovicu?<\/b> Len u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 dol\u00e1rov<\/a><\/noindex> v Holandsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 dol\u00e1rov!<\/b><\/b> Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si o tom Ako vybudova\u0165 infra\u0161trukt\u00faru korpor\u00e1tneho typu s pou\u017eit\u00edm serverov Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 s cenou 9000 eur za zlomok ceny?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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