{"id":38687,"date":"2019-10-31T22:25:19","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:25:19","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:25:19","slug":"mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost","title":{"rendered":"Je mo\u017en\u00e9 naprogramova\u0165 n\u00e1hodnos\u0165?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi \u010dlovekom a programom<\/h3>\n

\nNeur\u00f3nov\u00e9 siete, ktor\u00e9 dnes tvoria prakticky cel\u00fa oblas\u0165 umelej inteligencie, m\u00f4\u017eu pri rozhodovan\u00ed zoh\u013eadni\u0165 omnoho viac faktorov ako \u010dlovek, robi\u0165 to r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov presnej\u0161ie. Av\u0161ak programy konaj\u00fa len tak, ako ich naprogramovali alebo nau\u010dili. M\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 ve\u013emi zlo\u017eit\u00e9, zoh\u013ead\u0148ova\u0165 mno\u017estvo faktorov a kona\u0165 ve\u013emi variabilne, no st\u00e1le nem\u00f4\u017eu nahradi\u0165 \u010dloveka v procese rozhodovania. \u010c\u00edm sa teda \u010dlovek l\u00ed\u0161i od tak\u00e9hoto programu? Tu je potrebn\u00e9 uvies\u0165 tri k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 rozdiely, z ktor\u00fdch vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u010clovek m\u00e1 obraz sveta, ktor\u00fd mu umo\u017e\u0148uje dop\u013a\u0148a\u0165 inform\u00e1cie o svete o d\u00e1ta, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa predp\u00edsan\u00e9 v programe. Okrem toho je obraz sveta \u0161truktur\u00e1lne usporiadan\u00fd tak, \u017ee n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje ma\u0165 aspo\u0148 nejak\u00fa predstavu o v\u0161etkom. Aj ke\u010f ide o nie\u010do okr\u00fahle a svieti v nebi (UFO). Zvy\u010dajne sa pre tento \u00fa\u010del vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa ontol\u00f3gie, no ontol\u00f3gie nemaj\u00fa tak\u00fa \u00faplnos\u0165, zle zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fa mnohozna\u010dnos\u0165 pojmov, ich vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148ovanie a zatia\u013e s\u00fa pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 len v pr\u00edsne obmedzen\u00fdch t\u00e9mach.<\/li>\n
  2. \u010clovek m\u00e1 logiku, ktor\u00e1 zoh\u013ead\u0148uje tento obraz sveta, \u010do naz\u00fdvame zdrav\u00fdm rozumom alebo common sense. Ak\u00e9ko\u013evek tvrdenie m\u00e1 zmysel a zoh\u013ead\u0148uje skryt\u00e9 nepodlo\u017een\u00e9 vedomosti. Napriek tomu, \u017ee logick\u00e9 z\u00e1kony existuj\u00fa u\u017e stovky rokov, nikto doteraz nevie, ako funguje be\u017en\u00e1, nematematick\u00e1 logika \u00favah. V podstate nevieme, ako naprogramova\u0165 ani be\u017en\u00e9 syllogizmy. <\/li>\n
  3. Svojvo\u013enos\u0165. Programy nemaj\u00fa svojvo\u013enos\u0165. Toto je sn\u00e1\u010f najzlo\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed z v\u0161etk\u00fdch troch rozdielov. \u010co naz\u00fdvame svojvo\u013enos\u0165ou? Mo\u017enos\u0165 vytvori\u0165 nov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie, odli\u0161n\u00e9 od toho, \u010do sme robili za rovnak\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed predt\u00fdm, alebo vybudova\u0165 spr\u00e1vanie v nov\u00fdch, predt\u00fdm nevyskytuj\u00facich sa okolnostiach. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v podstate ide o vytvorenie novej programovej spr\u00e1vania na po\u010dkanie, bez pokusov a omylov, s oh\u013eadom na nov\u00e9, vr\u00e1tane vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch, okolnosti. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/a><\/noindex>
    \nN\u00e1hodnos\u0165 je zatia\u013e nepreb\u00e1danou oblastou pre v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov. Genetick\u00e9 algoritmy, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu vytvori\u0165 nov\u00fd program spr\u00e1vania inteligentn\u00fdch agentov, nie s\u00fa rie\u0161en\u00edm, preto\u017ee generuj\u00fa odpove\u010f nelogicky, prostredn\u00edctvom 'mut\u00e1ci\u00ed', a rie\u0161enie sa nach\u00e1dza 'n\u00e1hodne' prostredn\u00edctvom v\u00fdberu t\u00fdchto mut\u00e1ci\u00ed, teda sk\u00fa\u0161ania a omylov. \u010clovek n\u00e1jde rie\u0161enie okam\u017eite, kon\u0161truuje ho logicky. \u010clovek dokonca m\u00f4\u017ee vysvetli\u0165, pre\u010do si vybral tak\u00e9to rie\u0161enie. Genetick\u00fd algoritmus nem\u00e1 argumenty.<\/p>\n

    Je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161ie je zviera na evolu\u010dnej stupnici, t\u00fdm viac n\u00e1hodn\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 jeho prejav spr\u00e1vania. A najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1hodnos\u0165 prejavuje pr\u00e1ve u \u010dloveka, preto\u017ee \u010dlovek m\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 zoh\u013eadni\u0165 nielen vonkaj\u0161ie okolnosti a svoje nau\u010den\u00e9 zru\u010dnosti, ale aj skryt\u00e9 okolnosti - osobn\u00e9 motivy, predt\u00fdm poskytnut\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, v\u00fdsledky konania v podobn\u00fdch okolnostiach. To v\u00fdrazne zvy\u0161uje variabilitu spr\u00e1vania \u010dloveka, a pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru je na tom zodpovedn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ve vedomie. Ale o tom nesk\u00f4r.<\/p>\n

    Vedomie a n\u00e1hodnos\u0165<\/h3>\n

    \nAk\u00fd to m\u00e1 s\u00favis s vedom\u00edm? V psychol\u00f3gii spr\u00e1vania je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee zvy\u010dajn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti vykon\u00e1vame automaticky, strojovo, teda bez \u00fa\u010dasti vedomia. To je pozoruhodn\u00fd fakt, ktor\u00fd znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vedomie je zodpovedn\u00e9 za vytv\u00e1ranie nov\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania, spojen\u00e9 so orienta\u010dn\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm. To tie\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vedomie sa zap\u00e1ja pr\u00e1ve vtedy, ke\u010f je potrebn\u00e9 zmeni\u0165 zvy\u010dajn\u00fd vzor spr\u00e1vania, napr\u00edklad reagova\u0165 na nov\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky s oh\u013eadom na nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti. Niektor\u00ed vedci, ako Dawkins alebo Metzinger, uviedli, \u017ee vedomie je nejako spojen\u00e9 s existenciou obrazu seba u \u013eud\u00ed, a \u017ee model sveta zah\u0155\u0148a aj model samotn\u00e9ho subjektu. Ako by potom mala vyzera\u0165 samotn\u00e1 s\u00fastava, ktor\u00e1 by mala tak\u00fa n\u00e1hodnos\u0165? Ak\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru by mala ma\u0165, aby mohla vytvori\u0165 nov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie na rie\u0161enie \u00falohy v s\u00falade s nov\u00fdmi okolnos\u0165ami?<\/p>\n

    Na to, aby sme to mohli urobi\u0165, si najprv mus\u00edme pripomen\u00fa\u0165 a objasni\u0165 niektor\u00e9 zn\u00e1me fakty. V\u0161etky zvierat\u00e1 s nervov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom obsahuj\u00fa vo svojom vn\u00fatri model prostredia, ktor\u00fd je integrovan\u00fd s arsen\u00e1lom svojich akci\u00ed v \u0148om. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ide nielen o model prostredia, ako to p\u00ed\u0161u niektor\u00ed vedci, ale aj o model mo\u017en\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania v ur\u010ditej situ\u00e1cii. A s\u00fa\u010dasne to je model predpovedania zmien v prostred\u00ed v reakcii na ak\u00e9ko\u013evek akcie zviera\u0165a. Kognit\u00edvni vedci to nie v\u017edy zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fa, hoci na to priamo poukazuj\u00fa otvoren\u00e9 zrkadlov\u00e9 neur\u00f3ny v premotorickej k\u00f4re, ako aj v\u00fdskumy aktiv\u00e1cie neur\u00f3nov makakov, v reakcii na vn\u00edmanie ban\u00e1nu, pri ktor\u00fdch sa aktivuj\u00fa nielen oblasti ban\u00e1nu v zrakovej a tempor\u00e1lnej k\u00f4re, ale aj ruky v somatosenzorickej k\u00f4re, preto\u017ee model ban\u00e1nu je priamo spojen\u00fd s rukou, ke\u010f\u017ee opici z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed len na tom ovoc\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee uchopi\u0165 a zjes\u0165. Len zab\u00fadame, \u017ee nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m nevznikol na to, aby odr\u00e1\u017eal svet zvierat. Nie s\u00fa sofistami, jednoducho chc\u00fa jes\u0165, preto ich model je sk\u00f4r model spr\u00e1vania ako odr\u00e1\u017eania prostredia.<\/p>\n

    Tak\u00fdto model u\u017e m\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fa mieru vo\u013enosti, ktor\u00e1 sa vyjadruje vo variabilnosti spr\u00e1vania v podobn\u00fdch okolnostiach. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zvierat\u00e1 maj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00fd arsen\u00e1l mo\u017en\u00fdch akci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu uskuto\u010dni\u0165 v z\u00e1vislosti od situ\u00e1cie. M\u00f4\u017eu \u00eds\u0165 o zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie \u010dasov\u00e9 vzorce (podmiene\u010dne-reflexn\u00e9), ne\u017e je okam\u017eit\u00e1 reakcia na udalosti. Ale aj tak to nie je \u00faplne vo\u013en\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie, \u010do n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje cvi\u010di\u0165 zvierat\u00e1, ale nie \u013eud\u00ed. <\/p>\n

    A tu je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd aspekt, ktor\u00fd mus\u00edme zoh\u013eadni\u0165 \u2013 \u010d\u00edm zn\u00e1mej\u0161ie okolnosti nast\u00e1vaj\u00fa, t\u00fdm menej variabilne sa spr\u00e1vanie prejavuje, preto\u017ee mozog m\u00e1 na dan\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu rie\u0161enie. A naopak, \u010d\u00edm nov\u0161ie s\u00fa okolnosti, t\u00fdm viac mo\u017enost\u00ed spr\u00e1vania je mo\u017en\u00e9. A cel\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka spo\u010d\u00edva v ich selekcii a kombin\u00e1cii. Zvierat\u00e1 to robia, jednoducho prejavuj\u00fa cel\u00fd svoj arsen\u00e1l mo\u017en\u00fdch akci\u00ed, ako u\u017e vo svojich experimentoch uk\u00e1zal Skinner.<\/p>\n

    Nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 poveda\u0165, \u017ee n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie je \u00faplne nov\u00e9; pozost\u00e1va z predt\u00fdm nau\u010den\u00fdch modelov spr\u00e1vania. Je to ich rekombin\u00e1cia, iniciovan\u00e1 nov\u00fdmi okolnos\u0165ami, ktor\u00e9 sa \u00faplne nezhoduj\u00fa s t\u00fdmi, na ktor\u00e9 u\u017e existuje pripraven\u00fd model. A v tom spo\u010d\u00edva rozdiel medzi n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm a mechanick\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm. <\/p>\n

    Modelovanie n\u00e1hodnosti<\/h3>\n

    \nVytvorenie programu n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania, schopn\u00e9ho zoh\u013eadni\u0165 nov\u00e9 okolnosti, by umo\u017enilo vytvori\u0165 univerz\u00e1lny \u201eprogram v\u0161etk\u00e9ho\u201c (podobne ako \u201ete\u00f3ria v\u0161etk\u00e9ho\u201c) aspo\u0148 pre ur\u010dit\u00e9 dom\u00e9ny<\/a> \u00falohy. <\/p>\n

    \u010co by im mohlo umo\u017eni\u0165 spr\u00e1va\u0165 sa n\u00e1hodnej\u0161ie, slobodnej\u0161ie? Moje experimenty uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee jedin\u00fdm v\u00fdchodiskom je zriadenie druh\u00e9ho modelu, ktor\u00fd modeluje prv\u00fd a m\u00f4\u017ee ho meni\u0165, to znamen\u00e1 kona\u0165 nie s prostred\u00edm ako prv\u00fd, ale s prv\u00fdm modelom, aby ho zmenil.<\/p>\n

    Prv\u00fd model reaguje na okolnosti prostredia. A ak sa aktivovan\u00fd vzor uk\u00e1zal ako nov\u00fd, je vyvolan\u00fd druh\u00fd model, ktor\u00fd je vytr\u00e9novan\u00fd na h\u013eadanie rie\u0161en\u00ed v prvom modeli, rozpozn\u00e1vaj\u00fac v\u0161etky mo\u017en\u00e9 varianty spr\u00e1vania v novej situ\u00e1cii. Pripom\u00ednam, \u017ee v novej situ\u00e1cii sa aktivuje viac variantov spr\u00e1vania, tak\u017ee ot\u00e1zka spo\u010d\u00edva pr\u00e1ve v ich v\u00fdbere alebo kombin\u00e1cii. To sa deje preto, lebo na rozdiel od zn\u00e1mej situ\u00e1cie sa v odpovedi na nov\u00e9 okolnosti neaktivuje len jeden vzor spr\u00e1vania, ale naraz nieko\u013eko. <\/p>\n

    Ka\u017ed\u00fd raz, ke\u010f sa mozog stretne s nie\u010d\u00edm nov\u00fdm, vykon\u00e1va nie jeden, ale dva \u00fakony \u2013 rozpoznanie situ\u00e1cie v prvom modeli a rozpoznanie u\u017e vykonan\u00fdch alebo mo\u017en\u00fdch akci\u00ed druh\u00fdm modelom. A v tejto \u0161trukt\u00fare sa objavuje mno\u017estvo mo\u017enost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa podobn\u00e9 vedomiu.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. T\u00e1to dvojaktov\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara umo\u017e\u0148uje zoh\u013eadni\u0165 nielen vonkaj\u0161ie, ale aj vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 faktory \u2013 v druhom modeli si m\u00f4\u017eu pam\u00e4ta\u0165 a rozpozn\u00e1va\u0165 v\u00fdsledky predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej akcie, vzdialen\u00e9 motivy subjektu a podobne. <\/li>\n
    2. Tak\u00fdto syst\u00e9m m\u00f4\u017ee vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 nov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie okam\u017eite, bez dlh\u00e9ho u\u010denia, iniciovan\u00e9ho prostred\u00edm pod\u013ea evolu\u010dnej te\u00f3rie. Napr\u00edklad druh\u00fd model m\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 transferu rie\u0161en\u00ed z jedn\u00fdch podmodelov prv\u00e9ho modelu na in\u00e9 jeho \u010dasti a mnoho \u010fal\u0161\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed metamodelu.<\/li>\n
    3. Rozli\u0161ovac\u00edm znakom vedomia je prizna\u0165 si svoje konanie alebo autobiografick\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165, ako je uveden\u00e9 v \u010dl\u00e1nku (1). Navrhovan\u00e1 dvojaktov\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara m\u00e1 pr\u00e1ve t\u00fato schopnos\u0165 \u2013 druh\u00fd model m\u00f4\u017ee uchov\u00e1va\u0165 d\u00e1ta o \u010dinnostiach prv\u00e9ho (\u017eiadny model nem\u00f4\u017ee uchov\u00e1va\u0165 d\u00e1ta o vlastn\u00fdch \u010dinnostiach, preto\u017ee na to by mal obsahova\u0165 konzistentn\u00e9 modely svojich \u010dinnost\u00ed, a nie reakci\u00ed prostredia). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \nAle ako presne sa vytv\u00e1ra nov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie v dvojaktovej \u0161trukt\u00fare vedomia? Nem\u00e1me k dispoz\u00edcii mozog a ani jeho d\u00f4veryhodn\u00fd model. Za\u010dali sme experimentova\u0165 s verb\u00e1lnymi r\u00e1mcami ako prototypmi modelov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa obsiahnut\u00e9 v na\u0161om mozgu. R\u00e1mec predstavuje s\u00fabor variant aktantov slovesa na popis situ\u00e1cie, a kombin\u00e1cia r\u00e1mcov m\u00f4\u017ee sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 na opis zlo\u017eit\u00fdch spr\u00e1van\u00ed. R\u00e1mce opisuj\u00face situ\u00e1cie \u2013 to s\u00fa r\u00e1mce prv\u00e9ho modelu, r\u00e1mec opisuj\u00faci svoje vlastn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti v \u0148om \u2013 to je r\u00e1mec druh\u00e9ho modelu so slovesami osobn\u00fdch akci\u00ed. \u010casto ich m\u00e1me zmie\u0161an\u00e9, preto\u017ee aj jedno jedin\u00e9 vety je zmesou viacer\u00fdch aktov rozpoznania a konania (re\u010dov\u00e9ho aktu). A samotn\u00e9 zostavovanie dlh\u00fdch re\u010dov\u00fdch v\u00fdrazoch \u2013 to je najlep\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edklad svojvo\u013en\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania. <\/p>\n

      Ke\u010f prv\u00fd model syst\u00e9mu rozpozn\u00e1 nov\u00fd vzor, na ktor\u00fd nem\u00e1 naprogramovan\u00fa odpove\u010f, aktivuje druh\u00fd model. Druh\u00fd model zhroma\u017e\u010fuje aktivovan\u00e9 r\u00e1mce prv\u00e9ho a h\u013ead\u00e1 krat\u0161iu cestu v grafe s\u00favisiacich r\u00e1mcov, ktor\u00e1 najlep\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom akoby \u201euzavrie\u201c vzory novej situ\u00e1cie kombin\u00e1ciou r\u00e1mcov. Je to dos\u0165 zlo\u017eit\u00e1 oper\u00e1cia a e\u0161te sme v tomto nedosiahli v\u00fdsledok, ktor\u00fd by sa mohol nazva\u0165 \u201eprogramom v\u0161etk\u00e9ho\u201c, ale prv\u00e9 \u00faspechy s\u00fa povzbudzuj\u00face. <\/p>\n

      Experiment\u00e1lne v\u00fdskumy vedomia prostredn\u00edctvom modelovania a porovn\u00e1vania softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch rie\u0161en\u00ed s psychologick\u00fdmi \u00fadajmi poskytuj\u00fa zauj\u00edmav\u00fd materi\u00e1l pre \u010fal\u0161ie v\u00fdskumy a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa overi\u0165 niektor\u00e9 \u0165a\u017eko testovate\u013en\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy pri experimentoch na \u013eu\u010foch. Toto m\u00f4\u017eeme nazva\u0165 modelovac\u00edmi experimentmi. A je to iba prv\u00fd v\u00fdsledok v tomto smere v\u00fdskumu. <\/p>\n

      Bibliografia<\/b> <\/p>\n

      1. Dvojaktov\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara reflex\u00edvneho vedomia, A. Chomyakov, Academia.edu, 2019<\/a><\/noindex>.
      \n
      Zdroj:       habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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