{"id":38858,"date":"2019-10-31T22:26:24","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:26:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/do-svadby-zazhivet-proliferatsiya-kletok-i-regenerativnye-sposobnosti-meduz\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:26:24","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:26:24","slug":"do-svadby-zazhivet-proliferatsiya-kletok-i-regenerativnye-sposobnosti-meduz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/do-svadby-zazhivet-proliferatsiya-kletok-i-regenerativnye-sposobnosti-meduz","title":{"rendered":"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/283754a183ddc1773497c3269611f497.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u010co maj\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00e9 Wolverine, Deadpool a med\u00faza? V\u0161etci maj\u00fa \u00fa\u017easn\u00fa vlastnos\u0165 \u2013 regener\u00e1ciu. Samozrejme, v komixoch a filmoch je t\u00e1to schopnos\u0165, roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 medzi ve\u013emi obmedzen\u00fdm po\u010dtom re\u00e1lnych \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov, mierne (a niekedy aj zna\u010dne) prehnan\u00e1, av\u0161ak zost\u00e1va celkom re\u00e1lnou. A to, \u010do je re\u00e1lne, sa d\u00e1 vysvetli\u0165, \u010d\u00edm sa rozhodli zaobera\u0165 vo svojom novom v\u00fdskume vedci z univerzity Tohoku (Japonsko). Ak\u00e9 bunkov\u00e9 procesy v tele med\u00fazy s\u00favisia s regener\u00e1ciou, ako prebieha tento proces a ak\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie super-schopnosti maj\u00fa tieto \u017eelat\u00ednov\u00e9 bytosti? O tom n\u00e1m povie predn\u00e1\u0161ka v\u00fdskumnej skupiny. Po\u010fme na to.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1klad v\u00fdskumu<\/h3>\n<p>\nPredov\u0161etk\u00fdm vedci vysvet\u013euj\u00fa, pre\u010do sa rozhodli s\u00fastredi\u0165 svoju pozornos\u0165 pr\u00e1ve na med\u00fazy. Faktom je, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina v\u00fdskumov v oblasti biol\u00f3gie sa kon\u00e1 za \u00fa\u010dasti takzvan\u00fdch modelov\u00fdch organizmov: my\u0161\u00ed, ovocn\u00fdch mu\u0161k\u00e1ch, \u010dervoch, ryb\u00e1ch a pod. No na na\u0161ej plan\u00e9te \u017eije mili\u00f3ny druhov, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00e9 jedine\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti. Preto nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 plne zhodnoti\u0165 proces bunkovej regener\u00e1cie, ak sa \u0161tuduje len jeden druh a predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee sk\u00faman\u00fd mechanizmus bude spolo\u010dn\u00fd pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch existuj\u00facich na Zemi. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/237bf651cd69f76c4bed60f90b316024.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPokia\u013e ide o med\u00fazy, tieto bytosti svoj\u00edm vzh\u013eadom u\u017e d\u00e1vno nazna\u010duj\u00fa svoju jedine\u010dnos\u0165, \u010do mus\u00ed pritiahnu\u0165 pozornos\u0165 vedcov. Preto, sk\u00f4r ako sa pust\u00edm do podrobnost\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu, zozn\u00e1mil som sa s jeho hlavn\u00fdm hrdinom.<\/p>\n<p>Slovom \u201emed\u00faza\u201c, ktor\u00fdm sme zvyknut\u00ed ozna\u010dova\u0165 tieto bytosti ako tak\u00e9, sa vlastne naz\u00fdva len \u0161t\u00e1dium \u017eivotn\u00e9ho cyklu \u017eih\u013eavca z podtypu <i>Medusozoa<\/i>. \u017dih\u013eavce dostali toto nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9 meno kv\u00f4li pr\u00edtomnosti v ich organizme \u017eih\u013eav\u00fdch buniek (cnidocyty), ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na lov a sebaobranu. Jednoducho povedan\u00e9, ke\u010f v\u00e1s bodla med\u00faza, m\u00f4\u017eete za boles\u0165 a utrpenie po\u010fakova\u0165 pr\u00e1ve t\u00fdmto bunk\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p>Cnidocyty obsahuj\u00fa cnidocyst \u2014 intracelul\u00e1rnu organelu zodpovedn\u00fa za \u201ebodaj\u00faci\u201c efekt. Pod\u013ea vzh\u013eadu a met\u00f3dy aplik\u00e1cie rozli\u0161ujeme nieko\u013eko typov cnidocytov, medzi ktor\u00fdmi m\u00f4\u017eeme vyzdvihn\u00fa\u0165: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>penetranty \u2014 vl\u00e1kna so \u0161picat\u00fdmi koncami, ktor\u00e9 sa zabod\u00e1vaj\u00fa do tela obete alebo agresora ako kopije a vp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa neurotox\u00edny;<\/li>\n<li>glut\u00ednanty \u2014 lepkav\u00e9 a dlh\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, ktor\u00e9 obklopuj\u00fa obe\u0165 (nie s\u00fa to pr\u00e1ve najpr\u00edjemnej\u0161ie objatia); <\/li>\n<li>volventy \u2014 kr\u00e1tke vl\u00e1kna, v ktor\u00fdch sa obe\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee \u013eahko zamota\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTento ne\u0161tandardn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob zbrojenia sa vysvet\u013euje t\u00fdm, \u017ee med\u00fazy, hoci s\u00fa p\u00f4vabn\u00e9, nie s\u00fa pr\u00e1ve najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie tvory. Neurotox\u00edn, ktor\u00fd sa dostane do tela koristi, okam\u017eite ju paralyzuje, \u010do med\u00faze poskytuje dostatok \u010dasu na obed\u0148aj\u0161iu prest\u00e1vku.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/e6c7316641ceb921512d2c02107b2144.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Med\u00faza po \u00faspe\u0161nom love.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Okrem nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9ho sp\u00f4sobu lovu a obrany maj\u00fa med\u00fazy ve\u013emi netradi\u010dn\u00e9 rozmno\u017eovanie. Samce produkuj\u00fa spermie, zatia\u013e \u010do samice \u2014 vaj\u00ed\u010dka, po ich zl\u00fa\u010den\u00ed sa formuj\u00fa planuly (larvy), ktor\u00e9 sa us\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na dne. Po \u010dase z larvy vyrast\u00e1 polyp, z ktor\u00e9ho sa pri dosiahnut\u00ed zrelosti doslova odtrhn\u00fa mlad\u00e9 med\u00fazy (v skuto\u010dnosti ide o klonovanie). Tak\u017ee existuje nieko\u013eko \u0161t\u00e1di\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00e9ho cyklu, jedn\u00fdm z nich je aj med\u00faza alebo meduzoidn\u00e1 gener\u00e1cia.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/eecb504757979ba8ef4719fbc374e6dc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Chlpat\u00e1 cyanea, tie\u017e zn\u00e1ma ako \u201elevia hriava\u201c.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Keby sa chlpat\u00e1 cyanea op\u00fdtala, ako zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 lovu, odpovedala by \u2014 viacej chapadiel. Celkovo ich je pribli\u017ene 60 (klastre z 15 chapadiel na ka\u017edom rohu kupoly). Okrem toho sa tento druh med\u00faz pova\u017euje za najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed, ke\u010f\u017ee priemer kupoly m\u00f4\u017ee dosiahnu\u0165 2 metre, a chapadl\u00e1 sa po\u010das lovu m\u00f4\u017eu natiahnu\u0165 a\u017e na 20 metrov. Na\u0161\u0165astie tento druh sa nevyzna\u010duje zvl\u00e1\u0161tnou \u201ejedovatos\u0165ou\u201c, a preto nie je smrte\u013en\u00fd pre \u010dloveka. <\/p>\n<p>Med\u00faza morska, na druhej strane, by k po\u010dtu pridala aj kvalitu. Tento druh med\u00faz m\u00e1 tie\u017e 15 chapadiel (3 m dlh\u00fdch) na ka\u017ed\u00fd z \u0161tyroch rohov kupoly, ale ich jed je mnohon\u00e1sobne silnej\u0161\u00ed ako u ich ve\u013ek\u00e9ho pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho. Predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee neurotox\u00edn v tele med\u00fazy morska by mohol zabi\u0165 60 \u013eud\u00ed za 3 min\u00faty. Tento hrozn\u00fd pred\u00e1tor mor\u00ed ob\u00fdva pobre\u017en\u00fa z\u00f3nu severnej Austr\u00e1lie a Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu. Pod\u013ea \u00fadajov z obdobia medzi 1884 a 1996 zomrelo v Austr\u00e1lii 63 \u013eud\u00ed, av\u0161ak tieto \u00fadaje m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 nepresn\u00e9 a po\u010det smrte\u013en\u00fdch stretov \u010dloveka s med\u00fazou morska m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ove\u013ea vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Pod\u013ea \u00fadajov z rokov 1991-2004 v\u0161ak len 8 % z 225 pr\u00edpadov postihnut\u00fdch muselo by\u0165 hospitalizovan\u00fdch, pri\u010dom medzi nimi bol jeden smrte\u013en\u00fd v\u00fdsledok (trojro\u010dn\u00e9 die\u0165a). <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/4e7495cbea692ea2600dcefccc037aef.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Med\u00faza morska<\/i><\/p>\n<p>A teraz sa vr\u00e1\u0165me k dnes sk\u00faman\u00e9mu v\u00fdskumu.<\/p>\n<p>Z poh\u013eadu buniek je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm procesom cel\u00e9ho \u017eivota ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek organizmu bunkov\u00e1 prolifer\u00e1cia \u2014 proces rastu tkan\u00edv organizmu prostredn\u00edctvom delenia buniek. Po\u010das rastu organizmu tento proces reguluje zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovanie rozmerov tela. A ke\u010f je organizmus \u00faplne vyvinut\u00fd, proliferuj\u00face bunky reguluj\u00fa fyziologick\u00fd metabolizmus buniek a nahr\u00e1dzaj\u00fa po\u0161koden\u00e9 nov\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Cnid\u00e1ry, ako pr\u00edbuzn\u00e1 skupina bilater\u00e1lnych a ran\u00fdch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch vetiev mnohobunkov\u00fdch organizmov, sa u\u017e mnoho rokov pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na \u0161t\u00fadium evolu\u010dn\u00fdch procesov. Cnid\u00e1ry teda nie s\u00fa v\u00fdnimkou v aspektu prolifer\u00e1cie. Napr\u00edklad po\u010das embryon\u00e1lneho v\u00fdvoja morskej anem\u00f3ny <i>Nematostella vectensis<\/i> sa prolifer\u00e1cia buniek koordinuje s organiz\u00e1ciou epitelu a podie\u013ea sa na v\u00fdvoji chapadiel.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/19086a982c74e5dec5db8641d75040c2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Nematostella vectensis<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Okrem in\u00e9ho, cnid\u00e1ry, ako u\u017e vieme, s\u00fa zn\u00e1me svojimi regenera\u010dn\u00fdmi schopnos\u0165ami. Medzi v\u00fdskumn\u00edkmi s\u00fa u\u017e cel\u00e9 storo\u010dia najob\u013e\u00fabenej\u0161ie polypy hydry (rod sladkovodn\u00fdch sedav\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov z triedy hydroidn\u00fdch). Prolifer\u00e1cia, aktivovan\u00e1 umieraj\u00facimi bunkami, sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a proces regener\u00e1cie baz\u00e1lnej hlavy hydry. Samotn\u00fd n\u00e1zov tohto tvora odkazuje na mytologick\u00e9 stvorenie zn\u00e1me svojou regener\u00e1ciou \u2014 Lernejska hydra, nad ktorou zv\u00ed\u0165azil Herkules.<\/p>\n<p>Hoci sa regenerat\u00edvne schopnosti podarilo priradi\u0165 k prolifer\u00e1cii, zost\u00e1va nejasn\u00e9, ako presne tento bunkov\u00fd proces prebieha v norm\u00e1lnych podmienkach v r\u00f4znych f\u00e1zach v\u00fdvoja organizmu.<\/p>\n<p>Med\u00fazy, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00fd cyklus pozost\u00e1vaj\u00faci z dvoch f\u00e1z rozmno\u017eovania (vegetat\u00edvna a pohlavn\u00e1), s\u00fa v\u00fdborn\u00fdm modelom na \u0161t\u00fadium prolifer\u00e1cie. <\/p>\n<p>V tomto diele zohr\u00e1va \u00falohu hlavn\u00e9ho sk\u00faman\u00e9ho druhu med\u00faza druhu Cladonema pacificum. Tento druh ob\u00fdva brehy Japonska. P\u00f4vodne m\u00e1 t\u00e1to med\u00faza 9 hlavn\u00fdch chapadiel, ktor\u00e9 sa po\u010das v\u00fdvoja na dospel\u00fa osobu za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa vetvi\u0165 a zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ova\u0165 na ve\u013ekosti (rovnako ako cel\u00e9 telo). T\u00e1to vlastnos\u0165 umo\u017e\u0148uje podrobne presk\u00fama\u0165 v\u0161etky mechanizmy, ktor\u00e9 sa na tomto procese z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uj\u00fa. <\/p>\n<p>Okrem <i>Cladonema pacificum<\/i> v \u0161t\u00fadii boli sk\u00faman\u00e9 aj in\u00e9 druhy med\u00faz: <i>Cytaeis uchidae <\/i>a <i>Rathkea octopunctata<\/i>.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdsledky \u0161t\u00fadie<\/h3>\n<p>\nAby sa pochopila priestorov\u00e1 z\u00e1konnos\u0165 prolifer\u00e1cie buniek v Cladonema med\u00faze, vedci aplikovali farbenie 5-\u00e9tinyl-2\u2019-deoxyurid\u00ednom (EdU), ktor\u00e9 ozna\u010duje bunky v <i>S-f\u00e1ze*<\/i> alebo bunky, ktor\u00e9 ju u\u017e prekonali.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>S-f\u00e1za*<\/b> \u2014 f\u00e1za bunkov\u00e9ho cyklu, v ktorej doch\u00e1dza k replik\u00e1cii DNA.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fac, \u017ee <i>Cladonema<\/i> ostro rastie na ve\u013ekosti a prezentuje rozvetvenie chapadiel po\u010das v\u00fdvoja (<b>1A<\/b>\u2014<b>1C<\/b>), m\u00f4\u017ee sa rozdelenie proliferuj\u00facich buniek meni\u0165 po\u010das cel\u00e9ho zrenia.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/12306fb29a897579c61cceffeea7f722.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zok \u010d. 1: vlastnosti bunkovej prolifer\u00e1cie u mlad\u00fdch Cladonema.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V\u010faka tejto vlastnosti sa podarilo presk\u00fama\u0165 mechanizmus prolifer\u00e1cie buniek u mlad\u00fdch (1. de\u0148) aj pohlavne zrel\u00fdch (45. de\u0148) med\u00faz.<\/p>\n<p>U mlad\u00fdch med\u00faz boli EdU-pozit\u00edvne bunky zisten\u00e9 v ve\u013ekom po\u010dte po celom tele, vr\u00e1tane z\u00e1stavy, manubria (podporn\u00fd org\u00e1n \u00fastnej dutiny u med\u00faz) a chapadiel, bez oh\u013eadu na \u010das expoz\u00edcie EdU (<b>1D<\/b>\u2013<b>1K<\/b> a <b>1N<\/b>\u2013<b>1O<\/b>, EdU: 20 \u00b5M (mikromol\u00e1r) po 24 hodin\u00e1ch).<\/p>\n<p>V manubriu bolo zisten\u00e9 pomerne m\u00e1lo EdU-pozit\u00edvnych buniek (<b>1F<\/b> a <b>1G<\/b>), zatia\u013e \u010do v z\u00e1stave bolo ich rozdelenie ve\u013emi rovnomern\u00e9, najm\u00e4 vo vonkaj\u0161ej vrstve z\u00e1stavy (<i>exumbrella<\/i>, <b>1H<\/b>\u2014<b>1K<\/b>). V chapadl\u00e1ch boli EdU-pozit\u00edvne bunky silne zhlukovan\u00e9 (<b>1N<\/b>). Pou\u017eitie mitotick\u00e9ho markera (protil\u00e1tky PH3) umo\u017enilo potvrdi\u0165, \u017ee EdU-pozit\u00edvne bunky s\u00fa skuto\u010dne proliferuj\u00face bunky. PH3-pozit\u00edvne bunky boli zisten\u00e9 ako v d\u00e1\u017ednike, tak aj v cibuli chapadla (<b>1L<\/b> a <b>1P<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>V chapadl\u00e1ch boli mitotick\u00e9 bunky preva\u017ene zisten\u00e9 v ektoderm (<b>1P<\/b>), zatia\u013e \u010do v d\u00e1\u017ednike sa proliferuj\u00face bunky nach\u00e1dzali v povrchovej vrstve (<b>1M<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/757520bbe6df822e8df7763407b166a4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zok \u010d. 2: zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti bunkovej prolifer\u00e1cie u dospel\u00fdch Cladonema.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Rovnak\u00e9 ako u mlad\u00fdch jedincov, aj u dospel\u00fdch boli EdU-pozit\u00edvne bunky vo ve\u013ekom po\u010dte zisten\u00e9 po celom tele. V d\u00e1\u017ednike boli EdU-pozit\u00edvne bunky \u010dastej\u0161ie v povrchovej vrstve ne\u017e v dolnej, \u010do je podobn\u00e9 pozorovaniam u mlad\u00fdch jedincov (<b>2A<\/b>\u2014<b>2D<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>A v chapadl\u00e1ch bola situ\u00e1cia trochu in\u00e1. EdU-pozit\u00edvne bunky sa hromadili pri z\u00e1klade chapadla (cibuli), kde boli zisten\u00e9 dva klastry na oboch stran\u00e1ch cibule (<b>2E<\/b> a <b>2F<\/b>). U mlad\u00fdch jedincov sa podobn\u00e9 hromadenia tie\u017e pozorovali (<b>1N<\/b>), t.j. cibule chapadiel m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 hlavn\u00fdm oblastom prolifer\u00e1cie po cel\u00fa jellov\u00fa f\u00e1zu. Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee v manubriu dospel\u00fdch jedincov bolo v\u00fdrazne viac EdU-pozit\u00edvnych buniek ako u mlad\u00fdch (<b>2G<\/b> a <b>2H<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Medzi kone\u010dn\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledkami je, \u017ee prolifer\u00e1cia buniek m\u00f4\u017ee prebieha\u0165 rovnomerne v d\u00e1\u017ednike med\u00fazy, zatia\u013e \u010do v chapadl\u00e1ch je tento proces ve\u013emi lokalizovan\u00fd. Preto sa m\u00f4\u017ee predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee rovnomern\u00e1 prolifer\u00e1cia buniek m\u00f4\u017ee kontrolova\u0165 rast tela a homeost\u00e1zu tkan\u00edv, zatia\u013e \u010do hromadenia proliferuj\u00facich buniek pri cibuliach chapadiel sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa na morfogen\u00e9ze chapadiel.<\/p>\n<p>Z h\u013eadiska v\u00fdvoja tela ako tak\u00e9ho, prolifer\u00e1cia zohr\u00e1va d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu v raste tela.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16e9263fefd476548addcde85f6f16e2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zok \u010d. 3: d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 prolifer\u00e1cie v procese rastu tela med\u00fazy.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Aby to vedci overili v praxi, sledovali rast tela med\u00faz, po\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fac mlad\u00fdmi jedincami. Ur\u010di\u0165 ve\u013ekosti tela med\u00fazy je naj\u013eah\u0161ie pod\u013ea jej kupoly, preto\u017ee rastie rovnomerne a priamo \u00famerne cel\u00e9mu telu. <\/p>\n<p>Pri norm\u00e1lnom k\u0155men\u00ed v laborat\u00f3rnych podmienkach sa ve\u013ekos\u0165 kupoly prudko zv\u00fd\u0161ila o 54,8% po\u010das prv\u00fdch 24 hod\u00edn \u2014 z 0,62 \u00b1 0,02 mm2 na 0,96 \u00b1 0,02 mm2. Po\u010das nasleduj\u00facich 5 dn\u00ed pozorovania sa ve\u013ekos\u0165 pomaly a plynule zvy\u0161ovala na 0,98 \u00b1 0,03 mm2 (<b>3A<\/b>\u2014<b>3C<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Med\u00fazy z inej skupiny, ktor\u00e9 boli zbaven\u00e9 potravy, ner\u00e1stli, ale zmen\u0161ovali sa (\u010derven\u00e1 l\u00ednia na grafe <b>3C<\/b>). Anal\u00fdza buniek hladuj\u00facich med\u00faz uk\u00e1zala pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 ve\u013emi mal\u00e9ho po\u010dtu EdU buniek: 1240,6 \u00b1 214,3 u med\u00faz z kontrolnej skupiny a 433,6 \u00b1 133 u hladuj\u00facich (<b>3D<\/b>\u2014<b>3H<\/b>). Toto pozorovanie m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 priamym d\u00f4kazom toho, \u017ee v\u00fd\u017eiva priamo ovplyv\u0148uje proces prolifera\u010dn\u00e9ho rastu.<\/p>\n<p>Aby vedci overili t\u00fato hypot\u00e9zu, uskuto\u010dnili farmakologick\u00fa anal\u00fdzu, po\u010das ktorej blokovali progresiu bunkov\u00e9ho cyklu pomocou hydroxikarbamidu (CH4N2O2) \u2014 inhib\u00edtora bunkov\u00e9ho cyklu, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobuje zastavenie G1. V d\u00f4sledku tohto z\u00e1sahu S-f\u00e1zov\u00e9 bunky, ktor\u00e9 boli predt\u00fdm zisten\u00e9 pomocou EdU, zmizli (<b>3I<\/b>\u2014<b>3L<\/b>). Tak\u017ee med\u00fazy, ktor\u00e9 boli vystaven\u00e9 CH4N2O2, neprejavili rast tela, na rozdiel od kontrolnej skupiny (<b>3M<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm krokom v\u00fdskumu bolo podrobn\u00e9 sk\u00famanie rozvetven\u00fdch chapadiel med\u00faz, aby sa potvrdilo predpoklad, \u017ee lok\u00e1lna prolifer\u00e1cia buniek v chapadl\u00e1ch prispieva k ich morfogen\u00e9ze.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/78f364bbb19c83bb5a6b9b9b0c56c832.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zok \u010d. 4: vplyv lok\u00e1lnej prolifer\u00e1cie na rast a rozvetvenie chapadiel med\u00faz.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Chapadl\u00e1 mlad\u00fdch med\u00faz maj\u00fa jednu vetvu, ale \u010dasom sa ich po\u010det zvy\u0161uje. V laborat\u00f3rnych podmienkach sa rozvetvenie zv\u00fd\u0161ilo 3-kr\u00e1t na deviaty de\u0148 pozorovan\u00ed (<b>4A<\/b> a <b>4C<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Op\u00e4\u0165, pri pou\u017eit\u00ed CH4N2O2 sa rozvetvenie chapadiel nepozorovalo, bola pr\u00edtomn\u00e1 iba jedna vetva (<b>4B<\/b> a <b>4C<\/b>). Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee odstr\u00e1nenie CH4N2O2 z tela med\u00faz obnovilo proces rozvetvenia chapadiel, \u010do nazna\u010duje reversibilitu farmakologick\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu. Tieto pozorovania jasne nazna\u010duj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 prolifer\u00e1cie pre v\u00fdvoj chapadiel. <\/p>\n<p>Med\u00fazy by neboli med\u00fazami bez nematocitov (kniodocyt, t.j. \u017eih\u013eav\u00e9 bunky). U med\u00fazy druhu Clytia hemisphaerica kme\u0148ov\u00e9 bunky v cibu\u013ek\u00e1ch chapadiel dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa nematocysty na kon\u010deky chapadiel pr\u00e1ve prostredn\u00edctvom prolifer\u00e1cie buniek. Samozrejme, vedci sa rozhodli overi\u0165 aj toto tvrdenie.<\/p>\n<p>Na zistenie ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek spojenia medzi nematocystami a prolifer\u00e1ciou bol pou\u017eit\u00fd farbiaci jadrov\u00fd farbivo, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee ozna\u010dova\u0165 poly-\u03b3-glutam\u00e1t, syntetizovan\u00fd v stene nematocysty (DAPI, t.j. 4\u2019,6-diamidino-2-fenylindol).<\/p>\n<p>Farbenie poly-\u03b3-glutam\u00e1tu umo\u017enilo oceni\u0165 ve\u013ekos\u0165 nematocitov, ktor\u00e1 sa pohybovala od 2 do 110 \u00b5m\u00b2 (<b>4D<\/b>\u2014<b>4G<\/b>). Tie\u017e bolo zisten\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estvo pr\u00e1zdnych nematocitov, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee tak\u00e9to nematocity boli vy\u010derpan\u00e9 (<b>4D<\/b>\u2014<b>4G<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Aktivita prolifer\u00e1cie v chapadl\u00e1ch med\u00faz bola overen\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadiom pr\u00e1zdnoty v nematocitoch po blokovan\u00ed bunkov\u00e9ho cyklu pomocou CH4N2O2. Podiel pr\u00e1zdnych nematocitov u med\u00faz po farmakologickej intervencii bol vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ako u kontrolnej skupiny: 11,4 % \u00b1 2,0 % u med\u00faz z kontrolnej skupiny a 19,7 % \u00b1 2,0 % u med\u00faz s CH4N2O2 (<b>4D<\/b>\u2014<b>4G<\/b> a <b>4H<\/b>). Preto, aj po vy\u010derpan\u00ed, nematocity na\u010falej akt\u00edvne zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa bunkami-predchodcami prolifer\u00e1ciu, \u010do potvrdzuje vplyv tohto procesu nielen na v\u00fdvoj chapadiel, ale aj na nematogen\u00e9zu v nich.<\/p>\n<p>Najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edm bol v\u0161ak krok sk\u00famania regenera\u010dn\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed med\u00faz. Zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fac vysok\u00fa koncentr\u00e1ciu proliferat\u00edvnych buniek v cibu\u013eke chapadla u dospel\u00fdch med\u00faz, <i>Cladonema<\/i>, vedci sa rozhodli sk\u00fama\u0165 regener\u00e1ciu pr\u00e1ve chapadiel.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/8659bf8a7b1e94731654e17f52656ca7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zok \u010d. 5: vplyv prolifer\u00e1cie na regener\u00e1ciu chapadiel.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Po vykonan\u00ed disek\u010dne chapadiel pri z\u00e1klade bol pozorovan\u00fd proces regener\u00e1cie (<b>5A<\/b>\u2013<b>5D<\/b>). V priebehu prv\u00fdch 24 hod\u00edn prebiehalo hojenie v oblasti rezu (<b>5B<\/b>). Na druh\u00fd de\u0148 pozorovania sa koniec za\u010dal predl\u017eova\u0165 a objavili sa rozvetvenia (<b>5C<\/b>). Na piaty de\u0148 bolo chapadlo \u00faplne rozvetven\u00e9 (<b>5D<\/b>), tak\u017ee regener\u00e1cia chapadla m\u00f4\u017ee sledova\u0165 norm\u00e1lny morfogen\u00e9zu chapadla po pred\u013a\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Aby odborn\u00edci lep\u0161ie presk\u00famali po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fa f\u00e1zu regener\u00e1cie, analyzovali rozlo\u017eenie proliferuj\u00facich buniek s vyu\u017eit\u00edm farbenia PH3 na vizualiz\u00e1ciu mitotick\u00fdch buniek. <\/p>\n<p>Zatia\u013e \u010do delite\u013en\u00e9 bunky boli \u010dasto pozorovan\u00e9 v bl\u00edzkosti amputovanej oblasti, mitotick\u00e9 bunky boli dispergovan\u00e9 v nepo\u0161koden\u00fdch kontroln\u00fdch cibuliach s chapadlami (<b>5E<\/b> a <b>5F<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Kvantitat\u00edvne hodnotenie PH3-pozit\u00edvnych buniek pr\u00edtomn\u00fdch v cibu\u013ek\u00e1ch chapadiel umo\u017enilo zisti\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161enie PH3-pozit\u00edvnych buniek v cibu\u013ek\u00e1ch chapadiel u jedincov s amputovan\u00fdmi kon\u010datinami v porovnan\u00ed s kontrolnou skupinou (<b>5G<\/b>). Ako z\u00e1ver, po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 regenera\u010dn\u00e9 procesy s\u00fa sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e9 akt\u00edvnym n\u00e1rastom prolifer\u00e1cie buniek v cibu\u013ek\u00e1ch chapadiel.<\/p>\n<p>Skontrolova\u0165 vplyv prolifer\u00e1cie na regener\u00e1ciu umo\u017enilo blokovanie buniek pomocou CH4N2O2 po odrezan\u00ed chapadla. U kontrolnej skupiny sa pred\u013a\u017eenie chapadla po jeho amput\u00e1cii dialo norm\u00e1lne, ako sa o\u010dak\u00e1valo. Naproti tomu u skupiny, na ktorej bol aplikovan\u00fd CH4N2O2, pred\u013a\u017eenie nenastalo, aj ke\u010f do\u0161lo k norm\u00e1lnemu hojen\u00ed rany (<b>5H<\/b>). In\u00fdmi slovami, hojenie bude prebieha\u0165 v ka\u017edom pr\u00edpade, ale pre spr\u00e1vnu regener\u00e1ciu chapadla je potrebn\u00e1 prolifer\u00e1cia.<\/p>\n<p>Na z\u00e1ver sa vedci rozhodli presk\u00fama\u0165 prolifer\u00e1ciu u in\u00fdch druhov med\u00faz, konkr\u00e9tne u <i>Cytaeis<\/i> a <i>Rathkea<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pred svadbou sa zahoj\u00ed: prolifer\u00e1cia buniek a regenera\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti med\u00faz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/f9a4dd1bf1cf687a9a65dc43612b909c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Obr\u00e1zok \u010d. 6: porovnanie prolifer\u00e1cie u med\u00faz druhu Cytaeis (v\u013eavo) a Rathkea (vpravo).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>U <i>Cytaeis<\/i> med\u00fazy EdU-pozit\u00edvne bunky boli pozorovan\u00e9 v manubriu, ba\u0148k\u00e1ch chapadiel a v hornej \u010dasti d\u00e1\u017ednika (<b>6A<\/b> a <b>6B<\/b>). Umiestnenie zisten\u00fdch PH3-pozit\u00edvnych buniek u <i>Cytaeis<\/i> je ve\u013emi podobn\u00e9 <i>Cladonema<\/i>, av\u0161ak existuj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 rozdiely (<b>6C<\/b> a <b>6D<\/b>). Naproti tomu u <i>Rathkea<\/i> EdU-pozit\u00edvne a PH3-pozit\u00edvne bunky boli zisten\u00e9 takmer v\u00fdlu\u010dne v oblasti manubria a ba\u0148k\u00e1ch chapadiel (<b>6E<\/b>\u2014<b>6H<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je tie\u017e, \u017ee proliferuj\u00face bunky sa \u010dasto zis\u0165ovali v obli\u010dk\u00e1ch med\u00fazy <i>Rathkea<\/i> (<b>6E<\/b>\u2014<b>6G<\/b>), \u010do odr\u00e1\u017ea bezpohlavn\u00fd typ rozmno\u017eovania tohto druhu.<\/p>\n<p>S oh\u013eadom na z\u00edskan\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eeme predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee prolifer\u00e1cia buniek prebieha v ba\u0148k\u00e1ch chapadiel rozhodne nielen u jedn\u00e9ho druhu med\u00faz, hoci existuj\u00fa aj rozdiely dan\u00e9 odli\u0161nos\u0165ou vo fyziol\u00f3gii a morfol\u00f3gii.<\/p>\n<p>Pre podrobnej\u0161ie obozn\u00e1menie s nuansami v\u00fdskumu odpor\u00fa\u010dam pozrie\u0165 sa do <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/7579.pdf\">spr\u00e1vy vedcov<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h3>Epilog<\/h3>\n<p>\nJednou z mojich najob\u013e\u00fabenej\u0161\u00edch liter\u00e1rnych post\u00e1v je Hercule Poirot. Priezra\u010dn\u00fd detekt\u00edv v\u017edy venoval osobitn\u00fa pozornos\u0165 drobn\u00fdm detailom, ktor\u00e9 in\u00fdm pripadali nepodstatn\u00e9. Vedci v mnohom pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa detekt\u00edvske postavy, ktor\u00e9 zhroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00fa v\u0161etky stopy, ak\u00e9 len m\u00f4\u017eu n\u00e1js\u0165, aby odpovedali na v\u0161etky ot\u00e1zky vy\u0161etrovania a vyp\u00e1trali \"vinn\u00edka\". <\/p>\n<p>Ako by to mohlo znie\u0165 o\u010dividne, regener\u00e1cia buniek med\u00faz je priamo spojen\u00e1 s prolifer\u00e1ciou \u2014 neoddelite\u013en\u00fdm procesom vo v\u00fdvoji buniek, tkan\u00edv a, ako n\u00e1sledok, cel\u00e9ho organizmu. Podrobnej\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fadium tohto komplexn\u00e9ho procesu n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed lep\u0161ie porozumie\u0165 molekul\u00e1rnym mechanizmom, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa jeho z\u00e1kladom, \u010do n\u00e1m zase umo\u017en\u00ed roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 nielen spektrum na\u0161ich vedomost\u00ed, ale aj priamo ovplyvni\u0165 n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot. <\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Petkov offtop:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"-dMcUH2rMnY\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/-dMcUH2rMnY\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Prehrajte video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Pochod med\u00faz druhu aurelija, naru\u0161en\u00fd pred\u00e1torom s nezvy\u010dajn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvom \u201efried egg jellyfish\u201c, teda med\u00faza-omeleta (Plan\u00e9ta Zem, rozpr\u00e1va David Attenborough).<\/i><\/p>\n<p><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"u7QXdlSBGGY\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/u7QXdlSBGGY\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Prehrajte video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Nie je to med\u00faza, ale tohto hlbokomorsk\u00e9ho tvora (pelik\u00e1novit\u00fd ve\u013ekop\u013e\u00facnik) sa nepodarilo zachyti\u0165 tak \u010dasto (reakcia vedcov je jednoducho rozko\u0161n\u00e1).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u010eakujem za pozornos\u0165, zosta\u0148te zvedav\u00ed a prajem v\u0161etk\u00fdm skvel\u00fd v\u00edkend, kamar\u00e1ti! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>\n\u010eakujeme, \u017ee ost\u00e1vate s nami. P\u00e1\u010dia sa v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vidie\u0165 viac zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov? Podporte n\u00e1s, vytvoren\u00edm objedn\u00e1vky alebo odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00edm zn\u00e1mym, <b>30% z\u013eava pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov Chabra na unik\u00e1tny ekvivalent entry-level serverov, ktor\u00fd sme pre v\u00e1s vytvorili:<\/b> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/347386\/\">V\u0161etky pravdy o VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 jadier) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps od 20 dol\u00e1rov alebo ako spr\u00e1vne rozdeli\u0165 server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispoz\u00edcii varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jadier a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n<p><b>Dell R730xd za polovicu?<\/b> Len u n\u00e1s <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ua-hosting.company\/serversnl\">2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 dol\u00e1rov<\/a><\/noindex> v Holandsku! <b>Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 dol\u00e1rov!<\/b><\/b> Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si o tom <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/329618\/\">Ako vybudova\u0165 infra\u0161trukt\u00faru korpor\u00e1tneho typu s pou\u017eit\u00edm serverov Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 s cenou 9000 eur za zlomok ceny?<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/470934\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0439, \u0414\u044d\u0434\u043f\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0439? \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":29148,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/do-svadby-zazhivet-proliferatsiya-kletok-i-regenerativnye-sposobnosti-meduz\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<meta 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