{"id":40154,"date":"2020-01-31T20:49:33","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T17:49:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/intellekt-sposobnost-obekta-adaptirovat-svoe-povedenie-k-okruzhayushhej-srede-s-czelyu-svoego-sohraneniya-vyzhivaniya"},"modified":"2020-01-31T20:49:33","modified_gmt":"2020-01-31T17:49:33","slug":"intellekt-sposobnost-obekta-adaptirovat-svoe-povedenie-k-okruzhayushhej-srede-s-czelyu-svoego-sohraneniya-vyzhivaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/intellekt-sposobnost-obekta-adaptirovat-svoe-povedenie-k-okruzhayushhej-srede-s-czelyu-svoego-sohraneniya-vyzhivaniya","title":{"rendered":"Inteligencia je schopnos\u0165 objektu prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 svoje spr\u00e1vanie okolit\u00e9mu prostrediu s cie\u013eom zabezpe\u010di\u0165 svoju existenciu (pre\u017eitie)","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>Abstrakt<\/h4>\n<p>\nCel\u00fd svet len hovor\u00ed o umelej inteligencii, no tu je paradox! \u2013 dodnes neexistuje \u017eiadna v\u0161eobecne akceptovan\u00e1, zrozumite\u013en\u00e1, logicky \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e1 a hlbok\u00e1 defin\u00edcia \u201einteligencie\u201c (a to nielen umelej, ale aj v\u0161eobecne)! Pre\u010do by sme sa nemali odv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 a pok\u00fasi\u0165 sa n\u00e1js\u0165 a navrhn\u00fa\u0165 tak\u00fato defin\u00edciu? Ve\u010f defin\u00edcia je z\u00e1klad, na ktorom je postaven\u00e9 v\u0161etko ostatn\u00e9, nie? Ako m\u00f4\u017eeme vybudova\u0165 AI, ke\u010f ka\u017ed\u00fd vid\u00ed to, \u010do by malo by\u0165 jej z\u00e1kladom, inak? Po\u010fme na to...<\/p>\n<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 slov\u00e1: inteligencia, schopnos\u0165, vlastnos\u0165, objekt, adapt\u00e1cia, spr\u00e1vanie, prostredie, uchovanie, pre\u017eitie.<\/p>\n<p>Na op\u00edsanie existuj\u00facich defin\u00edci\u00ed inteligencie bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 \u010dl\u00e1nok \u201eA Collection of Definitions of Intelligence\u201c (S. Legg, M. Hutter. A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence (2007), <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0706.3639\">arxiv.org\/abs\/0706.3639<\/a><\/noindex>), cit\u00e1ty z ktor\u00e9ho s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 spolu s koment\u00e1rmi (<i>kurz\u00edva<\/i>).<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h4>\u00davod<\/h4>\n<p>\nTento \u010dl\u00e1nok (A Collection of\u2026) predstavuje preh\u013ead ve\u013ek\u00e9ho mno\u017estva (viac ako 70!) neofici\u00e1lnych defin\u00edci\u00ed pojmu \u201einteligencia\u201c, ktor\u00e9 autori zhroma\u017edili po\u010das mnoh\u00fdch rokov. Je samozrejm\u00e9, \u017ee zostavi\u0165 \u00fapln\u00fd zoznam by bolo nemo\u017en\u00e9, preto\u017ee mno\u017estvo defin\u00edci\u00ed inteligencie je hlboko skryt\u00e9 v \u010dl\u00e1nkoch a knih\u00e1ch. Napriek tomu, predstaven\u00e9 defin\u00edcie s\u00fa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou zbierkou, vybavenou podrobn\u00fdmi odkazmi...<\/p>\n<p>Napriek dlh\u00e9mu obdobiu v\u00fdskumu a diskusi\u00ed, dodnes neexistuje \u0161tandardn\u00e1 defin\u00edcia inteligencie. Niektor\u00ed sa domnievaj\u00fa, \u017ee inteligenciu je mo\u017en\u00e9 definova\u0165 iba pribli\u017ene, nie \u00faplne. Pova\u017eujeme tento podiel pesimizmu za pr\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00fd. Aj ke\u010f neexistuje jedin\u00e1 \u0161tandardn\u00e1 defin\u00edcia, ak sa pozrieme na mno\u017estvo navrhnut\u00fdch, r\u00fdchlo sa st\u00e1va zrejm\u00fdm siln\u00e9 podobnos\u0165 medzi mnoh\u00fdmi defin\u00edciami.<\/p>\n<h4>Defin\u00edcia inteligencie<\/p>\n<p>Defin\u00edcie z be\u017en\u00fdch zdrojov (slovn\u00edky, encyklop\u00e9dia a pod.)<\/h4>\n<p>\n<i>(uveden\u00e9 s\u00fa 3 najlep\u0161ie defin\u00edcie inteligencie z 18, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v tejto \u010dasti origin\u00e1lu \u010dl\u00e1nku. V\u00fdber bol uroben\u00fd na z\u00e1klade krit\u00e9ria \u2013 \u0161\u00edrka a h\u013abka pokrytia vlastnost\u00ed \u2013 schopnost\u00ed, charakterist\u00edk, parametrov a pod., uveden\u00fdch v defin\u00edcii)<\/i>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Schopnos\u0165 efekt\u00edvne sa prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 prostrediu, bu\u010f zmenou seba sam\u00e9ho, zmenou prostredia, alebo h\u013eadan\u00edm nov\u00e9ho\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Inteligencia nie je len jeden psychick\u00fd proces, ale sk\u00f4r kombin\u00e1cia mnoh\u00fdch psychick\u00fdch procesov zameran\u00fdch na efekt\u00edvnu adapt\u00e1ciu na okolit\u00fd svet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Adapt\u00e1cia je v\u00fdsledkom prejavovania mnoh\u00fdch nevysloven\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 tvoria inteligenciu. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee je uveden\u00e9 okolie \u2014 existuj\u00face alebo dokonca nov\u00e9.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Schopnos\u0165 u\u010di\u0165 sa a rozumie\u0165, alebo zaobera\u0165 sa nov\u00fdmi alebo zlo\u017eit\u00fdmi situ\u00e1ciami;<\/li>\n<li>Zru\u010dn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvanie rozumu;<\/li>\n<li>Schopnos\u0165 aplikova\u0165 znalosti na ovplyv\u0148ovanie okolia, alebo schopnos\u0165 myslie\u0165 abstraktne, ako je t\u00e1to schopnos\u0165 meran\u00e1 objekt\u00edvnymi krit\u00e9riami (pri testovan\u00ed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee je uveden\u00e9 okolie! Nedostatky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prostredn\u00edctvom spojenia \u201ealebo\u201c s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 kvalitat\u00edvne r\u00f4zne kateg\u00f3rie: \u201eschopnos\u0165 u\u010di\u0165 sa\u201c a \u201ezaobera\u0165 sa nov\u00fdmi situ\u00e1ciami\u201c.<\/li>\n<li>A \u201ezru\u010dn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvanie rozumu\u201c v\u00f4bec nie je vhodn\u00e9 na definovanie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u013dudia sa od seba l\u00ed\u0161ia svojimi schopnos\u0165ami rozumie\u0165 zlo\u017eit\u00fdm my\u0161lienkam, efekt\u00edvnos\u0165ou adapt\u00e1cie na okolie, u\u010den\u00edm na vlastn\u00fdch sk\u00fasenostiach, zapojen\u00edm do r\u00f4znych foriem uva\u017eovania a prekon\u00e1van\u00edm prek\u00e1\u017eok pomocou prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eania.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>No, aspo\u0148 s\u00fa uveden\u00ed \u013eudia, t. j. \u010dlovek, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 schopnosti! Uveden\u00e1 je efektivita adapt\u00e1cie \u2014 to je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, ale samotn\u00e1 adapt\u00e1cia nie je v zozname! Prekon\u00e1vanie prek\u00e1\u017eok je v podstate rie\u0161en\u00edm probl\u00e9mov.<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Opisy poskytnut\u00e9 psychol\u00f3gmi (uveden\u00e9 3 najlep\u0161ie z 35 defin\u00edci\u00ed)<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Preferujem naz\u00fdva\u0165 inteligenciu \u201e\u00faspe\u0161nou inteligenciou\u201c. D\u00f4vodom je, \u017ee d\u00f4raz sa kladie na vyu\u017eitie inteligencie na dosiahnutie \u00faspechu v \u017eivote. Preto definujem inteligenciu ako zru\u010dnos\u0165 dosiahnu\u0165 to, \u010do chceme dosiahnu\u0165 v \u017eivote v sociokult\u00farnom kontexte, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u013eudia maj\u00fa r\u00f4zne ciele: pre niekoho je to dosiahnutie ve\u013emi dobr\u00fdch zn\u00e1mok v \u0161kole a \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie testov, pre niekoho in\u00e9ho to mo\u017eno znamen\u00e1 sta\u0165 sa ve\u013emi dobr\u00fdm basketbalistom, alebo here\u010dkou, alebo hudobn\u00edkom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Cie\u013e je jasne v priebehu \u2014 dosiahnu\u0165 \u00faspech v \u017eivote, ale na tomto to kon\u010d\u00ed\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Z naj\u0161ir\u0161ieho h\u013eadiska je inteligencia pr\u00edtomn\u00e1 tam, kde si jednotliv\u00e9 zviera alebo \u010dlovek, nech u\u017e len nejasne, uvedomuje relevantnos\u0165 svojho spr\u00e1vania vo vz\u0165ahu k cie\u013eu. Z mnoh\u00fdch defin\u00edci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 psychol\u00f3govia navrhli na ur\u010denie toho, \u010do je neur\u010dit\u00e9, s\u00fa viac \u010di menej prijate\u013en\u00e9:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>schopnos\u0165 reagova\u0165 na nov\u00e9 situ\u00e1cie alebo sa nau\u010di\u0165 to robi\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom nov\u00fdch adapta\u010dn\u00fdch reakci\u00ed, a<\/li>\n<li>schopnos\u0165 vykon\u00e1va\u0165 testy alebo rie\u0161i\u0165 \u00falohy, zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00faca uchopenie vz\u0165ahov, pri\u010dom \u00farove\u0148 inteligencie je \u00famern\u00e1 zlo\u017eitosti alebo abstraktnosti, alebo oboj\u00edm spolu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n<i>Tak sa objavila hierarchia: \u201eZ najv\u0161eobecnej\u0161ieho h\u013eadiska\u2026\u201c, to u\u017e je dobr\u00e9. Ale na tomto v\u0161etkom dobr\u00e9 kon\u010d\u00ed\u2026<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Tauto\u0301logia: reagova\u0165\u2026 prostredn\u00edctvom nov\u00fdch adapta\u010dn\u00fdch reakci\u00ed. Nie je rozdiel \u2014 prostredn\u00edctvom star\u00fdch alebo nov\u00fdch reakci\u00ed, hlavn\u00e9 je reagova\u0165!<\/li>\n<li>Teraz k testom\u2026 Uchopenie vz\u0165ahov \u2014 to nie je zl\u00e9, ale \u010faleko od dostato\u010dn\u00e9ho!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inteligencia nie je jedin\u00e1 schopnos\u0165, ale zlo\u017een\u00e1, pozost\u00e1vaj\u00faca z nieko\u013ek\u00fdch funkci\u00ed. Znamen\u00e1 to kombin\u00e1ciu schopnost\u00ed potrebn\u00fdch na pre\u017eitie a rozvoj v r\u00e1mci danej kult\u00fary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>\u00d3, kone\u010dne je uveden\u00e9 pre\u017eitie prostredn\u00edctvom inteligencie! Ale pritom stratilo v\u0161etko ostatn\u00e9\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Opisy, ktor\u00e9 podali v\u00fdskumn\u00edci AI (3 najlep\u0161ie z 18)<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inteligentn\u00fd agent rob\u00ed to, \u010do] zodpoved\u00e1 jeho okolnostiam a jeho cie\u013eu; je flexibiln\u00fd vo vz\u0165ahu k meniacim sa podmienkam a k meniacim sa cie\u013eom, u\u010d\u00ed sa zo svojich sk\u00fasenost\u00ed a rob\u00ed zodpovedaj\u00faci v\u00fdber, podmienen\u00fd obmedzeniami vn\u00edmania a mo\u017enos\u0165ami spracovania.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Sn\u00e1\u010f najlep\u0161ia (zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch tu predlo\u017een\u00fdch) defin\u00edcia inteligencie.<br \/>\nCie\u013e \u2014 je ozna\u010den\u00fd, pravda, ale nie konkretizovan\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Adaptabilita \u2014 a pod\u013ea podmienok, aj pod\u013ea cie\u013eu. Posledn\u00e9 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee neexistuje pojem o najhlavnej\u0161om cieli!<\/p>\n<p>U\u010denie \u2014 odha\u013eovanie (pravda, jasne nie je uveden\u00e9) vlastnost\u00ed prostredia, zapam\u00e4tanie, vyu\u017e\u00edvanie.<br \/>\nV\u00fdber \u2014 to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa predpokladaj\u00fa krit\u00e9ri\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Obmedzenia \u2014 pod\u013ea vn\u00edmania a pod\u013ea p\u00f4sobenia.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201eSchopnos\u0165 u\u010di\u0165 sa je z\u00e1kladn\u00e1, v odbore nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 zru\u010dnos\u0165 potrebn\u00e1 na nadobudnutie \u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra predmetne orientovan\u00fdch vedomost\u00ed. Dosiahnutie tohto \u201eV\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho AI\u201c vy\u017eaduje vysoko adapt\u00edvny, univerz\u00e1lny syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd sa m\u00f4\u017ee samostatne u\u010di\u0165 mimoriadne \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum \u0161pecifick\u00fdch vedomost\u00ed a zru\u010dnost\u00ed a m\u00f4\u017ee zlep\u0161ova\u0165 svoje vlastn\u00e9 kognit\u00edvne schopnosti prostredn\u00edctvom seba-vzdel\u00e1vania.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee tu je schopnos\u0165 nau\u010di\u0165 sa nie\u010domu kone\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom\u2026 A z toho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa vlastnosti V\u0161eobecnej AI \u2014 vysok\u00e1 prisp\u00f4sobivos\u0165, univerz\u00e1lnos\u0165\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inteligentn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my by mali fungova\u0165 a fungova\u0165 dobre v mnoh\u00fdch r\u00f4znych prostrediach. Ich inteligentnos\u0165 im umo\u017e\u0148uje maximalizova\u0165 pravdepodobnos\u0165 \u00faspechu, aj ke\u010f nemaj\u00fa \u00fapln\u00e9 poznanie situ\u00e1cie. Fungovanie inteligentn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov nemo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165 za oddelen\u00e9 od okolia a konkr\u00e9tnej situ\u00e1cie, vr\u00e1tane cie\u013ea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>\u010co znamen\u00e1 \u201efungova\u0165 dobre\u201c? V \u010dom spo\u010d\u00edva \u00faspech?<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Mo\u017enos\u0165 zhrnutia opisu<\/h4>\n<p>\nAk z prejedn\u00e1van\u00fdch defin\u00edci\u00ed \u201evytiahneme\u201c \u010dasto sa vyskytuj\u00face funkcie (vlastnosti, charakteristiky at\u010f.), zist\u00edme, \u017ee inteligencia:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Je to vlastnos\u0165, ktor\u00fa individu\u00e1lny agent m\u00e1 pri interakcii s okol\u00edm\/mi.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00e1to vlastnos\u0165 sa vz\u0165ahuje na schopnos\u0165 agenta dosahova\u0165 \u00faspech alebo prospech v s\u00favislosti s nejak\u00fdm cie\u013eom alebo \u00falohou.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00e1to vlastnos\u0165 z\u00e1vis\u00ed od toho, ako je agent schopn\u00fd a mal by sa prisp\u00f4sobova\u0165 r\u00f4znym cie\u013eom a prostrediu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSpolo\u010dn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie t\u00fdchto k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch atrib\u00fatov poskytuje na\u0161e neform\u00e1lne definovanie inteligencie: Inteligencia sa meria schopnos\u0165ou agenta dosahova\u0165 ciele v \u0161irokom spektre podmienok.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Ale po\u010dkajte, potrebujeme odpove\u010f na ot\u00e1zku: \u010do je inteligencia, a nie ako (alebo \u010d\u00edm) sa meria (hodnot\u00ed).<\/b>! M\u00f4\u017eeme ospravedlni\u0165 autorov \u010dl\u00e1nku t\u00fdm, \u017ee tieto defin\u00edcie s\u00fa takmer trin\u00e1s\u0165ro\u010dn\u00e9 a o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, \u017ee v priebehu rokov sa nie\u010do zmenilo \u2014 ve\u010f IT oblas\u0165 sa vyv\u00edja ve\u013ekou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou... Ale ni\u017e\u0161ie je pr\u00edklad z \u010dl\u00e1nku z roku 2012 (M.Hutter, One Decade of Universal Artificial Intelligence, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hutter1.net\/publ\/uaigentle.pdf\">www.hutter1.net\/publ\/uaigentle.pdf<\/a><\/noindex>) kde sa v defin\u00edcii inteligencie prakticky ni\u010d nezmenilo.<\/i>:<\/p>\n<p>\u00davahy, kreat\u00edvnos\u0165, asoci\u00e1cie, generaliz\u00e1cie, rozpozn\u00e1vanie vzorov, rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov, zapam\u00e4tanie, pl\u00e1novanie, dosahovanie cie\u013eov, u\u010denie, optimaliz\u00e1cia, sebaochrana, videnie, spracovanie jazyka, klasifik\u00e1cia, indukcia a dedukcia, z\u00edskavanie a spracovanie poznatkov\u2026 Presn\u00e9 definovanie inteligencie, ktor\u00e9 by pokrylo ka\u017ed\u00fd jej aspekt, sa zd\u00e1 by\u0165 \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><i>Op\u00e4\u0165 tie ist\u00e9 probl\u00e9my (ba dokonca \u2014 e\u0161te viac) s definovan\u00edm, ako pred 8 rokmi: znovu s\u00fa dan\u00e9 prejavy inteligencie vo forme ne\u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e9ho zoznamu charakterist\u00edk!<br \/>\n<\/i><br \/>\nDefin\u00edcia inteligencie na Wikip\u00e9dii (pr\u00edstup 22. m\u00e1ja 2016):<br \/>\n\u201eInteligencia (z lat. intellectus \u2014 pocit, vn\u00edmanie, ch\u00e1panie, koncepcia, rozum) \u2014 kvalita psychiky, ktor\u00e1 pozost\u00e1va zo schopnosti prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 sa nov\u00fdm situ\u00e1ci\u00e1m, schopnosti u\u010di\u0165 sa zo sk\u00fasenost\u00ed, porozumie\u0165 a aplikova\u0165 abstraktn\u00e9 koncepty a vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 svoje vedomosti na ovl\u00e1danie okolia. V\u0161eobecn\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 pozn\u00e1va\u0165 a rie\u0161i\u0165 \u0165a\u017ekosti, ktor\u00e1 sp\u00e1ja v\u0161etky kognit\u00edvne schopnosti \u010dloveka: pocit, vn\u00edmanie, pam\u00e4\u0165, predstavivos\u0165, myslenie, predstavivos\u0165.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e1 ist\u00e1 Wikip\u00e9dia, ale u\u017e v najnov\u0161ej verzii k 24. janu\u00e1ru 2020: <br \/>\n\u201eIntellegencia (z lat. intellectus \u201evn\u00edmanie\u201c, \u201ech\u00e1panie\u201c, \u201eporozumenie\u201c, \u201epojem\u201c, \u201erozum\u201c) alebo myse\u013e \u2014 kvalita psychiky, ktor\u00e1 pozost\u00e1va zo schopnosti prisp\u00f4sobova\u0165 sa nov\u00fdm situ\u00e1ci\u00e1m, schopnosti u\u010di\u0165 sa a pam\u00e4ta\u0165 si na z\u00e1klade sk\u00fasenost\u00ed, porozumie\u0165 a aplikova\u0165 abstraktn\u00e9 koncepty a vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 svoje vedomosti na ovl\u00e1danie okolia \u010dloveka. V\u0161eobecn\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 pozn\u00e1va\u0165 a rie\u0161i\u0165 probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00e1 sp\u00e1ja kognit\u00edvne schopnosti: pocit, vn\u00edmanie, pam\u00e4\u0165, predstavivos\u0165, myslenie, predstavivos\u0165, ako aj pozornos\u0165, v\u00f4\u013eu a reflexiu.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>U\u017e uplynulo to\u013eko rokov, ale vid\u00edme st\u00e1le to ist\u00e9 \u2014 s\u00fabor charakterist\u00edk bez akejko\u013evek \u0161trukt\u00fary\u2026 A s uveden\u00edm \u010dloveka \u2014 nosite\u013ea inteligencie, len na konci textu. T. j. vykona\u0165 v\u00fdmenu: \u201eabstraktn\u00fd Objekt s inteligenciou \u2014&gt; \u010clovek s inteligenciou\u201c s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm zis\u0165ovan\u00edm v tejto defin\u00edcii: \u201e\u010co potrebuje \u010clovek k tomu, aby sa stal inteligentn\u00fdm?\u201c, sa nezd\u00e1 mo\u017en\u00e9. Alebo t\u00e1to v\u00fdmena vedie k ban\u00e1lnym prianiam: \u010clovek, aby sa stal inteligentn\u00fdm, potrebuje nadobudn\u00fa\u0165 schopnos\u0165 prisp\u00f4sobova\u0165 sa nov\u00fdm situ\u00e1ci\u00e1m, u\u010di\u0165 sa na z\u00e1klade sk\u00fasenost\u00ed, rozumie\u0165 a aplikova\u0165 abstraktn\u00e9 koncepcie a vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 svoje znalosti na riadenie okolia at\u010f. In\u00fdmi slovami, takto sa d\u00e1 sta\u0165 m\u00fadrym a nezosta\u0165 hl\u00fapym\u2026<\/p>\n<p><b>A tak, na z\u00e1klade uveden\u00e9ho, navrhujeme nasleduj\u00facu defin\u00edciu viazan\u00fa na Objekt, preto\u017ee inteligencia nem\u00f4\u017ee \u201evisie\u0165 vo vzduchu\u201c, to s\u00fa nevyhnutne nie\u010d\u00ed schopnosti. To ist\u00e9 plat\u00ed aj pre spr\u00e1vanie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 iba niekto alebo nie\u010do:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Inteligencia Objektu \u2014 to je s\u00fabor schopnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pri:<br \/>\n(1) Identifik\u00e1cii, formaliz\u00e1cii a zapam\u00e4tan\u00ed (vo forme modelu) z\u00e1konov stavu a \/ alebo spr\u00e1vania:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.1) Okolia, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.2) Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho prostredia Objektu.<br \/>\n(2) Predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom modelovan\u00ed stavov a \/ alebo variantov spr\u00e1vania:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.1) v Okol\u00ed, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.2) Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho prostredia Objektu.<br \/>\n(3) Vytvoren\u00ed opisu stavu a \/ alebo realiz\u00e1cie spr\u00e1vania Objektu, prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9ho:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.1) k Okoliu, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.2) k Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9mu prostrediu Objektu<br \/>\ns podmienkou maximaliz\u00e1cie pomeru Spr\u00e1vanie Objektu \/ N\u00e1klady na spr\u00e1vanie<br \/>\nObjektu s cie\u013eom zachovania (existencie, trvania, bytia) Objektu v Okol\u00ed.<br \/>\nTakto to vyzer\u00e1 na sch\u00e9me:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Teraz o aplik\u00e1cii defin\u00edcie\u2026 Pravda, ako sa hovor\u00ed, je v\u017edy konkr\u00e9tna. Preto, aby sme overili logiku defin\u00edcie, je potrebn\u00e9 nahradi\u0165 Objekt za nejak\u00fd \u0161iroko zn\u00e1my a pochopite\u013en\u00fd konkr\u00e9tny syst\u00e9m, napr\u00edklad\u2026 Auto. A tak\u2026<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Inteligencia je schopnos\u0165 objektu prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 svoje spr\u00e1vanie okolit\u00e9mu prostrediu s cie\u013eom zabezpe\u010di\u0165 svoju existenciu (pre\u017eitie)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/129374b299b164f44092cecb0111e81a.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Auto s inteligenciou \u2014 to je Auto so s\u00faborom schopnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pri:<\/p>\n<p>(1.1) Dopravnej situ\u00e1cii, a<br \/>\n(1) Identifik\u00e1cii, formaliz\u00e1cii a zapam\u00e4tan\u00ed (vo forme modelu) z\u00e1konov stavu a \/ alebo spr\u00e1vania:<br \/>\n (1.2) Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho prostredia Auta.<br \/>\n (2.1) v Dopravnej situ\u00e1cii, a<br \/>\n(2) Predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom modelovan\u00ed stavov a \/ alebo variantov spr\u00e1vania:<br \/>\n (2.2) Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho prostredia Auta.<br \/>\n (2.2) Intern\u00e9 prostredie vozidla<br \/>\n(3) Vytvorenie opisu stavu a \/ alebo implement\u00e1cie spr\u00e1vania Vozidla, prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9ho:<br \/>\n (3.1) cestn\u00fdm podmienkam, a<br \/>\n (3.2) vn\u00fatorn\u00e9mu prostrediu Vozidla<br \/>\nza podmienky maximaliz\u00e1cie pomeru (Spr\u00e1vanie Vozidla \/ N\u00e1klady na spr\u00e1vanie<br \/>\nVozidla) s cie\u013eom zachovania (existencie, trvania, bytia) Vozidla \u2014 ako v cestn\u00fdch podmienkach, tak aj vo vn\u00fatornom prostred\u00ed Vozidla.<\/p>\n<p>Len mne je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee Vozidlo s tak\u00fdmi schopnos\u0165ami naz\u00fdvame inteligentn\u00fdm? Potom e\u0161te ot\u00e1zka: v\u0161imli by ste si rozdiel medzi jazdou v vozidle, ktor\u00e9 riadi profesion\u00e1lny vodi\u010d, a jazdou v takom Inteligentnom Vozidle?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Inteligencia je schopnos\u0165 objektu prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 svoje spr\u00e1vanie okolit\u00e9mu prostrediu s cie\u013eom zabezpe\u010di\u0165 svoju existenciu (pre\u017eitie)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0e4fd2bdf68ca67323eab5def953c732.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nOdpove\u010f \u201eNIE\u201c znamen\u00e1:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Je dan\u00e9 spr\u00e1vne definovanie inteligencie: pri v\u00fdmene \u201eObjekt \u2014&gt; Automobil\u201c sa nevyskytn\u00fa logick\u00e9 chyby ani nezrovnalosti v opise.<\/li>\n<li>Vozidlo s tak\u00fdmi schopnos\u0165ami po\u010das jazdy akoby pre\u0161lo \"automobilov\u00fdm\" Turingov\u00fdm testom: pasa\u017eier po\u010das jazdy nezaznamenal \u017eiadny rozdiel medzi vozidlom s profesion\u00e1lnym vodi\u010dom a t\u00fdmto Vozidlom. Alebo pri presnom dodr\u017ean\u00ed formul\u00e1cie Turingovho testu: \u201eAk po\u010das nieko\u013ek\u00fdch j\u00e1zd pasa\u017eiera v bezpilotnom vozidle a v vozidle s profesion\u00e1lnym vodi\u010dom pasa\u017eier nebude schopn\u00fd uh\u00e1dnu\u0165, ktor\u00e9 vozidlo ho viezlo, potom na \u00farovni \u201emyslenia v cestn\u00fdch podmienkach\u201c sa bezpilotn\u00e9 vozidlo m\u00f4\u017ee pova\u017eova\u0165 za rovn\u00e9 vozidlu s profesion\u00e1lnym vodi\u010dom.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nZ\u00e1ujemcom sa pon\u00faka \u201epohra\u0165\u201c si s touto defin\u00edciou \u2014 dosadi\u0165 do nej namiesto anonymn\u00e9ho slova \u201eObjekt\u201c n\u00e1zov akejko\u013evek dobre zn\u00e1mej syst\u00e9mu (pr\u00edrodnej, spolo\u010denskej, v\u00fdrobnej, technickej) a samostatne si overi\u0165, t\u00fdmto, kompatibilitu. Nezabudnite sa podeli\u0165 o v\u00fdsledky a n\u00e1zory na v\u00fdsledky experimentu! <\/p>\n<h4>Defin\u00edcia inteligencie cez jej ciele<\/h4>\n<p>\n(A. \u017ddanov. \u201eAuton\u00f3mna Umel\u00e1 Inteligencia\u201c (2012), 3. vydanie, elektronick\u00e9, s. 49-50):<br \/>\nHlavn\u00fdmi cie\u013emi, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa nervov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom ka\u017ed\u00e9ho organizmu, s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pre\u017eitie organizmu;<\/li>\n<li>akumul\u00e1cia vedomost\u00ed jeho nervov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Tieto 2 body: pre\u017eitie a akumul\u00e1cia vedomost\u00ed \u2014 s\u00fa zhrnut\u00edm bodov 3 a 2 v pr\u00edslu\u0161nosti!<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>Na z\u00e1ver\u2026<\/b><br \/>\n\u201eVicarious u\u010d\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 fant\u00e1ziu\u201c <br \/>\n(\u201ePo\u010d\u00edta\u010d sa nau\u010dil agres\u00edvne riadenie\u201c <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/nplus1.ru\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi\">nplus1.sk\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi<\/a><\/noindex>)<br \/>\n\u201e\u017divot by bol dos\u0165 nudn\u00fd bez predstavivosti. Preto je pravdepodobne najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov to, \u017ee nemaj\u00fa skuto\u010dne \u017eiadnu predstavivos\u0165. Startup Vicarious vytv\u00e1ra nov\u00fd sp\u00f4sob spracovania d\u00e1t zalo\u017een\u00fd na tom, ako pravdepodobne inform\u00e1cie \u201epr\u00fadia\u201c cez mozog. Ved\u00faci spolo\u010dnosti tvrdia, \u017ee to d\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom nie\u010do podobn\u00e9 predstavivosti, a \u017ee to, ako d\u00fafaj\u00fa, pom\u00f4\u017ee urobi\u0165 stroje ove\u013ea m\u00fadrej\u0161\u00edmi. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 predstavila nov\u00fd typ neur\u00f3nov\u00e9ho algoritmu s vlastnos\u0165ami prevzat\u00fdmi z biol\u00f3gie. Jedna z nich je schopnos\u0165 predstavova\u0165 si, ako by mala vyzerat nau\u010den\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia v r\u00f4znych scen\u00e1roch - nie\u010do ako digit\u00e1lna predstavivos\u0165.\u201c <\/p>\n<p>Naozaj, ak\u00e9 zhodovanie! Presne p. (2) defin\u00edcie: predbe\u017en\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eanie - to je digit\u00e1lna predstavivos\u0165! <\/p>\n<p>St\u00e1va sa to zriedkavo, ale pozrite, \u010do nach\u00e1dzame na internete: <br \/>\n(\u201ePo\u010d\u00edta\u010d sa nau\u010dil agres\u00edvne riadenie\u201c <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/nplus1.ru\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi\">nplus1.sk\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi<\/a><\/noindex>)<br \/>\n\u201eOdborn\u00edci z Technologick\u00e9ho in\u0161tit\u00fatu v Georgii zostavili model bezpilotn\u00e9ho vozidla (ve\u013ekos\u0165 1:5 na z\u00e1klade s\u00e9riov\u00e9ho podvozku r\u00e1diovo riadenej modelu), schopn\u00fd prech\u00e1dza\u0165 z\u00e1kruty pomocou riaden\u00e9ho \u0161myku. Palubn\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d je vybaven\u00fd procesorom Intel Skylake Quad-core i7 a grafickou kartou Nvidia GTX 750ti GPU a spracov\u00e1va inform\u00e1cie zo gyroskopu, senzorov oto\u010denia kolies, GPS a dvoch predn\u00fdch kamier. Na z\u00e1klade \u00fadajov prich\u00e1dzaj\u00facich zo sn\u00edma\u010dov, riadiaci algoritmus formuje 2560 trajekt\u00f3ri\u00ed pohybu dopredu na nasleduj\u00face dve a pol sekundy.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Riadiaci algoritmus obsahuje \u201eobrazy sveta\u201c vozidla vo forme s\u00faboru mo\u017en\u00fdch trajekt\u00f3ri\u00ed pohybu po danej dr\u00e1he.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eZ 2560 trajekt\u00f3ri\u00ed algoritmus vyber\u00e1 najoptim\u00e1lnej\u0161iu a pod\u013ea nej koriguje polohu kolies a r\u00fdchlos\u0165. Pri tom sa vytv\u00e1ranie v\u0161etk\u00fdch 2560 trajekt\u00f3ri\u00ed a ich aktualiz\u00e1cia dej\u00fa 60-kr\u00e1t za sekundu.\u201c<\/p>\n<p><i>To je predbe\u017en\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eanie, umel\u00e1 kreativita alebo digit\u00e1lna predstavivos\u0165! V\u00fdber optim\u00e1lnej trajekt\u00f3rie z vopred 2560 generovan\u00fdch a korekcia polohy kolies a r\u00fdchlosti (adapt\u00e1cia!), aby ostali na dr\u00e1he. Cel\u00e9 to je pop\u00edsan\u00e9 predstavenou sch\u00e9mou inteligencie!<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201eCel\u00fd proces u\u010denia riadiaceho algoritmu trval nieko\u013eko min\u00fat jazdy po dr\u00e1he oper\u00e1torom s mal\u00fdmi sk\u00fasenos\u0165ami s riaden\u00edm\u201c<\/p>\n<p><i>Proces u\u010denia je vytv\u00e1ranie obrazu sveta!<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201ePri tom, ako poznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00fdskumn\u00edci, po\u010das u\u010denia nebola pou\u017eit\u00e1 kontrolovan\u00e1 \u0161myk\u013eavos\u0165, po\u010d\u00edta\u010d ju \u201evynaliezol\u201c s\u00e1m. Po\u010das testovania automobil v auton\u00f3mnom re\u017eime pre\u0161iel trat\u00ed a sna\u017eil sa udr\u017ea\u0165 r\u00fdchlos\u0165, maxim\u00e1lne bl\u00edzku \u00f4smim metrom za sekundu.\u201c<\/p>\n<p><i>Kontrolovan\u00e1 \u0161myk\u013eavos\u0165 je prvkom optim\u00e1lnej strat\u00e9gie (to je t\u00e1 maximiz\u00e1cia vz\u0165ahu \u201eSpr\u00e1vanie objektu \/ N\u00e1klady na spr\u00e1vanie\u201c) samostatne vyvinutou autom.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201ePod\u013ea autorov m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u010denie algoritmov agres\u00edvneho riadenia u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 aj pre be\u017en\u00fa prev\u00e1dzku auton\u00f3mneho vozidla, presne tak isto, ako schopnos\u0165 ovl\u00e1da\u0165 \u0161myk m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 pre \u017eiv\u00e9ho vodi\u010da. V pr\u00edpade nepredv\u00eddanej situ\u00e1cie \u2014 napr\u00edklad na klzkom povrchu \u2014 auton\u00f3mne vozidlo dok\u00e1\u017ee samo vyst\u00fapi\u0165 zo \u0161myku a pred\u00eds\u0165 mo\u017enej dopravnej nehode.\u201c<\/p>\n<p><i>A toto je \u0161\u00edrenie sk\u00fasenosti vozidla\u2026 Nu\u017e, ako str\u00e1\u017eny vt\u00e1k (spom\u00edname na zn\u00e1my pr\u00edbeh), ktor\u00fd z\u00edska u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fa zru\u010dnos\u0165, t\u00fato zru\u010dnos\u0165 hne\u010f odovzd\u00e1va v\u0161etk\u00fdm ostatn\u00fdm.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>E\u0161te raz uvediem defin\u00edciu, ktor\u00e1 je navrhnut\u00e1 na pou\u017e\u00edvanie:<\/p>\n<p><b>Inteligencia Objektu \u2014 to je s\u00fabor schopnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pri:<\/p>\n<p>(1) Identifik\u00e1cii, formaliz\u00e1cii a zapam\u00e4tan\u00ed (vo forme modelu) z\u00e1konov stavu a \/ alebo spr\u00e1vania:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.1) Okolia, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.2) Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho prostredia Objektu.<br \/>\n(2) Predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom modelovan\u00ed stavov a \/ alebo variantov spr\u00e1vania:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.1) v Okol\u00ed, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.2) Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho prostredia Objektu.<br \/>\n(3) Vytvoren\u00ed opisu stavu a \/ alebo realiz\u00e1cie spr\u00e1vania Objektu, prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9ho:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.1) k Okoliu, a<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.2) k Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9mu prostrediu Objektu<br \/>\ns podmienkou maximaliz\u00e1cie pomeru Spr\u00e1vanie Objektu \/ N\u00e1klady na spr\u00e1vanie<br \/>\nObjektu s cie\u013eom zabezpe\u010di\u0165 (existenciu, pre\u017eitie, bytie) objektu v prostred\u00ed.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u010eakujem za pozornos\u0165. Koment\u00e1re, pripomienky \u2014 s\u00fa jednozna\u010dne v\u00edtan\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>P. S. A o \u201e\u2026 ve\u013emi prisp\u00f4sobivej, univerz\u00e1lnej syst\u00e9me, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 samostatne nadob\u00fada\u0165 mimoriadne \u0161irok\u00fd rozsah \u0161pecifick\u00fdch vedomost\u00ed a zru\u010dnost\u00ed\u201c a ktor\u00fd je potrebn\u00fd na vytvorenie OAI, m\u00f4\u017eeme hovori\u0165 samostatne \u2014 to je ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 t\u00e9ma. Ak teda bude z\u00e1ujem zo strany \u010ditate\u013eov. \ud83d\ude42<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/485744\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441! \u2014 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u00bb (\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435) \u2014 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u0442! \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435? \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":40155,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0410\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e 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