{"id":42178,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/oshibka-vyzhivshego"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:00","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:00","slug":"oshibka-vyzhivshego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/oshibka-vyzhivshego","title":{"rendered":"Chybn\u00e9 pre\u017eitie","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eOchrana\u201c \u2013 dobr\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt pre zl\u00e9 \u010diny.
\nMilton Friedman \u201eSloboda v\u00fdberu\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n

Tento text vznikol anal\u00fdzou niektor\u00fdch koment\u00e1rov k \u010dl\u00e1nkom \u201eDefekty lajkov\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> a \u201eEkonomika a \u013eudsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1va\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

Pri interpret\u00e1cii ak\u00fdchko\u013evek \u00fadajov a vyvoden\u00ed z\u00e1verov niektor\u00ed koment\u00e1tori robili typick\u00fa \u201echybu pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faceho\u201c.<\/p>\n

\u010co je to \u201esyst\u00e9mov\u00e1 chyba pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faceho\u201c? To je zoh\u013eadnenie zn\u00e1meho a ignorovanie nezn\u00e1meho, ale existuj\u00faceho<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edkladom \u201en\u00e1kladov\u201c chyby pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faceho a pr\u00edkladom \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9ho prekonania tejto chyby je pr\u00e1ca ma\u010farsk\u00e9ho matematika Abrahama Walda, ktor\u00fd pracoval pre americk\u00fa arm\u00e1du po\u010das druhej svetovej vojny.<\/p>\n

Vedenie dalo Waldovi za \u00falohu analyzova\u0165 diery od gu\u013eiek a \u0161rapnelov na americk\u00fdch lietadl\u00e1ch a navrhn\u00fa\u0165 sp\u00f4sob pancierovania, aby piloti a lietadl\u00e1 nezhynuli. <\/p>\n

Celoplo\u0161n\u00e9 pancierovanie sa nedalo pou\u017ei\u0165 \u2013 lietadlo by bolo pr\u00edli\u0161 \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9. Bolo potrebn\u00e9 bu\u010f pancierova\u0165 miesta, kde boli po\u0161kodenia, kde zasiahli gu\u013eky, alebo miesta, kde po\u0161koden\u00ed neboli. Waldovi oponenti navrhovali pancierova\u0165 po\u0161koden\u00e9 miesta (na obr\u00e1zku s\u00fa ozna\u010den\u00e9 \u010derven\u00fdmi bodkami).<\/p>\n

\"Chybn\u00e9
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nWald oponoval. Hovoril, \u017ee lietadl\u00e1 s tak\u00fdmito po\u0161koden\u00edm sa dok\u00e1zali vr\u00e1ti\u0165, zatia\u013e \u010do lietadl\u00e1 s po\u0161koden\u00edm na in\u00fdch miestach sa vr\u00e1ti\u0165 nedok\u00e1zali. Waldov n\u00e1zor zv\u00ed\u0165azil. Lietadl\u00e1 boli pancierovan\u00e9 tam, kde u n\u00e1vratov\u00fdch strojov po\u0161kodenia neboli. Nakoniec sa v\u00fdrazne zv\u00fd\u0161il po\u010det pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich lietadiel. Pod\u013ea niektor\u00fdch \u00fadajov Wald takto zachr\u00e1nil \u017eivoty pribli\u017ene 30 % americk\u00fdch pilotov. (M\u00f4\u017eem sa m\u00fdli\u0165 v \u010d\u00edsle, ale efekt bol ve\u013emi v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. Wald zachr\u00e1nil stovky \u017eivotov).<\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm zobrazen\u00edm \u201echyby pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faceho\u201c je pr\u00edbeh Cicer\u00f3na o slov\u00e1ch Diagora Melosk\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd na argument v prospech pr\u00edsahy bohom, preto\u017ee existuje mno\u017estvo \u201eobr\u00e1zkov o z\u00e1chrane \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed sa dostali do b\u00farky a s\u013e\u00fabili bohom splni\u0165 nejak\u00fd z\u00e1v\u00e4zok\u201c, odpovedal, \u017ee \u201eav\u0161ak ch\u00fdbaj\u00fa ak\u00e9ko\u013evek obr\u00e1zky t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed zahynuli na mori v d\u00f4sledku lodnej katastrofy\u201c.<\/p>\n

A prv\u00e1 \u201echyba pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faceho\u201c v koment\u00e1roch k \u010dl\u00e1nku \u201eDefekty lajkov\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00fdka sa toho, \u017ee nevieme, ko\u013eko dobr\u00fdch, u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdch, geni\u00e1lnych n\u00e1padov, diel, vyn\u00e1lezov, vedeck\u00fdch pr\u00e1cbolo zatvoren\u00fdch r\u00f4znymi \"dislajkami\", \"ignorovan\u00edm\" a \"banmi\".<\/p>\n

Vytiahnem formul\u00e1ciu p\u00e1na @S-e-n<\/a><\/noindex>: \"Nikto nevie, ko\u013eko dobr\u00fdch n\u00e1padov bolo vymazan\u00fdch, nezverejnen\u00fdch, nevyvinut\u00fdch zo strachu z banu. Ko\u013eko pokusov, ktor\u00e9 ticho skon\u010dili banom autora, bolo tie\u017e. To, \u010do je teraz vidno \u2014 ko\u013eko \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fdch n\u00e1padov bolo uznan\u00fdch okam\u017eite alebo so oneskoren\u00edm, ko\u013eko ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00fdch nebolo uznan\u00fdch. Ak sa spoliehame iba na to, \u010do vid\u00edme \u2014 tak \u00e1no, v\u0161etko je v poriadku.\"<\/b><\/p>\n

Toto plat\u00ed pre ak\u00fdko\u013evek hodnotiaci syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd je zalo\u017een\u00fd na preferenci\u00e1ch v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny. Nech je to veda, soci\u00e1lne siete, vyh\u013ead\u00e1va\u010de, pravek\u00e9 kmene, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 skupiny alebo in\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 spolo\u010denstv\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\"Nie v\u017edy s\u00fa 'ban' a 'dislajk' v\u00fdsledkom 'zl\u00e9ho \u00famyslu'. Reakcia 'pohor\u0161enia' na nie\u010do nov\u00e9 a nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9 je rutinn\u00e1 fyziologick\u00e1 a psychologick\u00e1 reakcia, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 m\u00f3dnym slovom 'kognit\u00edvna disonancia' \u2014 je to jednoducho vlastnos\u0165 cel\u00e9ho druhu Homo Sapiens, a nie vlastnos\u0165 nejakej konkr\u00e9tnej skupiny. A podnety pre ka\u017ed\u00fa skupinu m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 r\u00f4zne. A \u010d\u00edm 'nov\u0161ie' a 'nezvy\u010dajnej\u0161ie', t\u00fdm silnej\u0161ie pohor\u0161enie, silnej\u0161\u00ed disonancia. A treba ve\u013emi dobre ovl\u00e1da\u0165 svoju psychol\u00f3giu, aby ste sa nenahnevali na 'pohor\u0161ovate\u013ea pokoja'. To v\u0161ak nijako neospravedl\u0148uje agresora. 'Pohor\u0161ovate\u013e' len 'pohor\u0161uje', zatia\u013e \u010do \u010diny agresora s\u00fa zameran\u00e9 na zni\u010denie.\"<\/p>\n

Chyba pre\u017eit\u00e9ho sa objavuje aj v koment\u00e1roch k \u010dl\u00e1nku \u201eEkonomika a \u013eudsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1va\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>. A t\u00fdka sa certifik\u00e1cie liekov.<\/p>\n

O nie\u010do ni\u017e\u0161ie uvediem ve\u013ek\u00fd cit\u00e1t z knihy \u201eSloboda vybera\u0165\u201d nobelistu v ekonomike Miltona Friedmana, a zatia\u013e iba poznamen\u00e1m, \u017ee obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo klinick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed, certifik\u00e1tov a in\u00e9ho akosi nepresvied\u010da v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, aby sa o\u010dkovali, brali predp\u00edsan\u00e9 antibiotik\u00e1 a horm\u00f3ny. T.j. licencovanie a certifik\u00e1cia v tomto pr\u00edpade \u201enefunguj\u00fa\u201d. Napriek tomu je dos\u0165 ve\u013ea \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa doplnky stravy alebo homeopatiu, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa vystaven\u00e9 (jemne povedan\u00e9) tak\u00e9mu pr\u00edsnemu dohovoru ako lieky. Mnoho \u013eud\u00ed d\u00e1va prednos\u0165 tomu, aby sa obr\u00e1tili na bylink\u00e1rov a \u013eudov\u00fdch lie\u010dite\u013eov, namiesto toho, aby i\u0161li k doktorovi a brali \u201ech\u00e9mii\u201d, na ktor\u00fa existuj\u00fa licencie, certifik\u00e1ty a ktor\u00e1 pre\u0161la mno\u017estvom kontrol a sk\u00fa\u0161ok.<\/p>\n

Cena tak\u00e9ho rozhodnutia m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 neuverite\u013ene vysok\u00e1 \u2014 od invalidity po smr\u0165. R\u00fdchlu smr\u0165. \u010cas, ktor\u00fd pacient tr\u00e1vi lie\u010den\u00edm s doplnkami stravy, zanedb\u00e1vaj\u00fac ch\u00e9miu a n\u00e1v\u0161tevu lek\u00e1ra, sa premieta do zme\u0161kan\u00fdch pr\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed na vylie\u010denie choroby v rannom \u0161t\u00e1diu, v tzv. \u201esvetlom obdob\u00ed\u201d. <\/p>\n

Pri tom je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pochopi\u0165, \u017ee sk\u00f4r ne\u017e liek bude poslan\u00fd na \u201ecertifik\u00e1ciu\u201d, farmaceutick\u00e1 firma vykon\u00e1va mno\u017estvo vlastn\u00fdch testov a kontrol, vr\u00e1tane na \u013eu\u010foch. <\/p>\n

Certifik\u00e1cia iba duplikuje tento postup. A v ka\u017edej krajine sa to opakuje, \u010do nakoniec zvy\u0161uje n\u00e1klady na liek pre spotrebite\u013ea. <\/p>\n

\"Chybn\u00e9
\n
\nToto bolo mal\u00e9 odbo\u010denie od t\u00e9my. Teraz, v skr\u00e1tenej forme, citujem Miltona Friedmana. <\/p>\n

\u00abNa organiz\u00e1ciu vz\u00e1jomnej prospe\u0161nej \u010dinnosti \u013eud\u00ed nie je potrebn\u00e9 z\u00e1sah vonkaj\u0161\u00edch s\u00edl, n\u00fatenie alebo obmedzenie slobody\u2026<\/b> V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti existuj\u00fa zna\u010dn\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy o tom, \u017ee regula\u010dn\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165 \u00daradu (FDA) je \u0161kodliv\u00e1, \u017ee priniesla viac po\u0161kodenia, brzdiac pokrok v v\u00fdrobe a \u0161\u00edren\u00ed u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdch liekov, ne\u017e prospechu, chr\u00e1niac trh pred \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi a ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdmi liekmi.
\nVplyv Spr\u00e1vy pre kontrolu potrav\u00edn a lie\u010div (FDA) na tempo zav\u00e1dzania nov\u00fdch liekov je ve\u013emi v\u00fdrazn\u00fd... v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je potrebn\u00e9 ove\u013ea viac \u010dasu na z\u00edskanie schv\u00e1lenia nov\u00e9ho lieku, a \u010diasto\u010dne v d\u00f4sledku toho sa n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch pr\u00edpravkov mnohon\u00e1sobne zv\u00fd\u0161ili... na zavedenie nov\u00e9ho produktu na trh je potrebn\u00e9 vynalo\u017ei\u0165 54 mili\u00f3nov dol\u00e1rov a pribli\u017ene 8 rokov, \u010do predstavuje desatin\u00e1sobn\u00fd n\u00e1rast n\u00e1kladov a \u0161tvorn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161enie \u010dasu v porovnan\u00ed s celkov\u00fdm dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00fdm n\u00e1rastom cien. V d\u00f4sledku toho u\u017e farmaceutick\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti v USA nie s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 vyv\u00edja\u0165 nov\u00e9 lieky na lie\u010dbu pacientov s raritn\u00fdmi ochoreniami. Navy\u0161e ani nem\u00f4\u017eeme plne vyu\u017ei\u0165 zahrani\u010dn\u00e9 \u00faspechy, preto\u017ee \u00darad neprij\u00edma d\u00f4kazy z in\u00fdch kraj\u00edn ako d\u00f4kaz \u00fa\u010dinnosti liekov.<\/p>\n

Ak presk\u00famate terapeutick\u00fd v\u00fdznam liekov, ktor\u00e9 sa neobjavili v USA, ale s\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 napr\u00edklad v Anglicku, naraz\u00edte na mno\u017estvo pr\u00edpadov, kedy pacienti trpeli z nedostatku liekov. Napr\u00edklad existuj\u00fa lieky naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 beta-blok\u00e1tory, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 smrti na infarkt \u2014 sekund\u00e1rna prevencia \u00famrtia na infarkt myokardu \u2014 ak by tieto lieky boli dostupn\u00e9 v USA, mohli by zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 pribli\u017ene desa\u0165tis\u00edc \u017eivotov ro\u010dne.<\/b>\u2026<\/p>\n

Nepriamym d\u00f4sledkom pre pacienta je fakt, \u017ee terapeutick\u00e9 rozhodnutia, ktor\u00e9 boli predt\u00fdm na uv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed lek\u00e1ra a pacienta, s\u00fa \u010doraz viac prij\u00edman\u00e9 na n\u00e1rodnej \u00farovni odborn\u00fdmi v\u00fdbormi. Pre \u00darad pre kontrolu potrav\u00edn a lie\u010div je najvy\u0161\u0161ou prioritou vyhn\u00fa\u0165 sa riziku, a preto m\u00e1me lieky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie, ale nie \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ie.<\/b>. <\/p>\n

Nie je n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee Spr\u00e1va pre kontrolu potrav\u00edn a lie\u010div, aj ke\u010f m\u00e1 najlep\u0161ie \u00famysly, svojimi \u010dinmi odr\u00e1dza od v\u00fdvoja a uvedenia na trh nov\u00fdch a potenci\u00e1lne u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdch liekov.<\/p>\n

Predstavte si, \u017ee ste \u00faradn\u00edkom \u00daradu, ktor\u00fd zodpoved\u00e1 za schv\u00e1lenie alebo zamietnutie nov\u00e9ho lieku. M\u00f4\u017eete urobi\u0165 dve chyby:<\/p>\n

1. Schv\u00e1li\u0165 liek.<\/b>, sp\u00f4sobuj\u00face neo\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e9 ved\u013eaj\u0161ie \u00fa\u010dinky, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k \u00famrtiu alebo v\u00e1\u017enemu zhor\u0161eniu zdravia u ve\u013ek\u00e9ho po\u010dtu \u013eud\u00ed. <\/p>\n

2. Odmietnu\u0165 schv\u00e1lenie lieku<\/b>, ktor\u00fd by mohol zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u017eivot mnoh\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom alebo zmierni\u0165 obrovsk\u00e9 utrpenie a nem\u00e1 nepriazniv\u00e9 ved\u013eaj\u0161ie \u00fa\u010dinky.<\/p>\n

Ak urob\u00edte prv\u00fa chybu a schv\u00e1lite ho, va\u0161e meno sa objav\u00ed na prv\u00fdch str\u00e1nkach v\u0161etk\u00fdch nov\u00edn. Dostanete sa do tvrd\u00e9ho opovrhnutia. Ak urob\u00edte druh\u00fa chybu, kto sa o tom dozvie? Farmaceutick\u00e1 firma, ktor\u00e1 propaguje nov\u00fd liek, a od ktorej sa d\u00e1 odvr\u00e1ti\u0165 ako od reprezentantov chamtiv\u00fdch obchodn\u00edkov s kame\u0148mi srdcami? Nieko\u013eko nahnevan\u00fdch chemikov a lek\u00e1rov, ktor\u00ed sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa na v\u00fdvoji a testovan\u00ed nov\u00e9ho lieku?<\/p>\n

Pacienti, ktor\u00fdch \u017eivoty by sa mohli zachr\u00e1ni\u0165, u\u017e nebud\u00fa m\u00f4c\u0165 vyjadri\u0165 svoj protest. Ich rodiny ani nezistia, \u017ee ich milovan\u00ed pri\u0161li o \u017eivot kv\u00f4li \u201eopatrnosti\u201c nezn\u00e1meho \u00faradn\u00edka z \u00daradu pre kontrolu potrav\u00edn a liekov.<\/p>\n

Aj s najlep\u0161\u00edmi \u00famyslami by ste nevedomky zakazovali mnoh\u00e9 dobr\u00e9 lieky alebo odkladali ich schv\u00e1lenie, aby ste sa vyhli aj najmen\u0161ej mo\u017enosti pusti\u0165 na trh liek, ktor\u00fd by mohol ma\u0165 ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinok vo forme novinov\u00e9ho \u0161umu...
\n\u00da \u0161kody sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u010dinnos\u0165ou \u00daradu pre kontrolu potrav\u00edn a liekov nie s\u00fa d\u00f4sledkom nedostatkov \u013eud\u00ed na zodpovedn\u00fdch miestach. Mnoh\u00ed z nich s\u00fa schopn\u00ed a oddan\u00ed \u0161t\u00e1tni \u00faradn\u00edci. Napriek tomu spolo\u010densk\u00fd, politick\u00fd a ekonomick\u00fd tlak ur\u010duje spr\u00e1vanie \u013eud\u00ed zodpovedn\u00fdch za \u010dinnos\u0165 vl\u00e1dneho \u00faradu ove\u013ea viac, ako oni sami ur\u010duj\u00fa jeho konanie. Bezpochyby s\u00fa v\u00fdnimky, ale s\u00fa takmer tak\u00e9 vz\u00e1cne ako \u0161teka\u0165 ma\u010dky.<\/p>\n

Takto \u201echyba pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faceho\u201c v hodnoten\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010dinnosti regula\u010dn\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu stoj\u00ed \u013eudstvo 10 000 \u017eivotov ro\u010dne len za jeden liek v jednej krajine. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 celej nevidite\u013enej \u010dasti tohto \u201e\u013eadovca\u201c je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 odhadn\u00fa\u0165. A mo\u017eno aj desiv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Pacienti, ktor\u00fdch \u017eivoty by sa dali zachr\u00e1ni\u0165, u\u017e nebud\u00fa m\u00f4c\u0165 vyjadri\u0165 svoj protest. Ich rodiny si ani neuvedomia, \u017ee ich milovan\u00ed pri\u0161li o \u017eivot kv\u00f4li \u201eopatrnosti\u201c nezn\u00e1meho \u00faradn\u00edka.<\/b>\u017diadny nedbal\u00fd v\u00fdrobca nesp\u00f4sobil svojim spoluob\u010danom tak\u00fato \u0161kodu.<\/p>\n

\"Chybn\u00e9
\n
\nOkrem in\u00e9ho, slu\u017eba certifik\u00e1cie stoj\u00ed da\u0148ov\u00fdch poplatn\u00edkov pomerne ve\u013ea. T.j. v\u0161etk\u00fdch obyvate\u013eov. Pod\u013ea v\u00fdpo\u010dtov Miltona Friedmana, podiel \u201ezo\u017eranej\u201c sumy \u00faradn\u00edkmi, ktor\u00ed reguluj\u00fa r\u00f4zne soci\u00e1lne programy v USA, predstavuje pribli\u017ene polovicu v\u0161etk\u00fdch dan\u00ed smeruj\u00facich na r\u00f4zne soci\u00e1lne d\u00e1vky. T\u00e1to polovica sa m\u00ed\u0148a na mzdy a in\u00e9 v\u00fddavky \u00faradn\u00edkov zo syst\u00e9mu soci\u00e1lneho rozde\u013eovania a regul\u00e1cie. Ka\u017ed\u00fd biznis by u\u017e d\u00e1vno skrachoval s tak\u00fdmi neproduktivn\u00fdmi ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edmi n\u00e1kladmi.<\/p>\n

Je to akoby ste dali \u010da\u0161n\u00edkovi za zl\u00e9 obsluhovanie v re\u0161taur\u00e1cii sprepitn\u00e9 vo v\u00fd\u0161ke ceny ve\u010dere. Alebo zaplati\u0165 za zabalenie produktov v supermarkete pln\u00fa cenu len za to, \u017ee v\u00e1m ich zabalia do ta\u0161iek.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 \u00faradn\u00edka v re\u0165azci v\u00fdrobca-tovar-spotrebite\u013e alebo slu\u017eba-spotrebite\u013e zdvojn\u00e1sobuje cenu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho tovaru a slu\u017eby. T.j. za mzdu ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek \u010dloveka by sa dalo k\u00fapi\u0165 dvakr\u00e1t viac tovarov a slu\u017eieb, keby kontrolu t\u00fdchto tovarov a slu\u017eieb nevykon\u00e1val \u00faradn\u00edk.
\nAko povedal sudca Louis Brandeis: \u201eSk\u00fasenos\u0165 n\u00e1s u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee sloboda obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 potrebuje ochranu, ke\u010f sa vl\u00e1da sna\u017e\u00ed o charitat\u00edvne ciele.\u201c<\/p>\n

Licencovanie, rovnako ako in\u00e9 obmedzuj\u00face sp\u00f4soby regul\u00e1cie (depresie) ekonomiky, nie je ni\u010d nov\u00e9 a je zn\u00e1me od stredoveku. V\u0161etky formy cechov, kast a stavov s\u00fa ni\u010d in\u00e9, ako licencovanie a certifik\u00e1cia v preklade do s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho jazyka. A ich cie\u013e bol v\u017edy rovnak\u00fd \u2014 obmedzi\u0165 konkurenciu, zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 ceny, zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 pr\u00edjmy \u201esvojich\u201c a nedovoli\u0165 \u201ecudz\u00edm\u201c. T.j. znova t\u00e1 ist\u00e1 diskrimin\u00e1cia a ban\u00e1lny kartelov\u00fd dohovor, zhor\u0161uj\u00faci kvalitu a zvy\u0161uj\u00faci ceny pre spotrebite\u013ea. <\/p>\n

Mo\u017eno by sme sa mali nejako dosta\u0165 z stredoveku? Ve przecie\u017c je 21. storo\u010die.<\/p>\n

Dopravn\u00e9 nehody sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa vodi\u010di, ktor\u00ed maj\u00fa vodi\u010dsk\u00e9 opr\u00e1vnenia a licencie. Lek\u00e1rske chyby robia diplomovan\u00ed a licencovan\u00ed lek\u00e1ri. Zle u\u010dia, sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa psychologick\u00e9 traumy \u017eiakom licencovan\u00ed a diplomovan\u00ed u\u010ditelia. Zatia\u013e \u010do \u0161amani, homeopati a podvodn\u00edci sa v\u00fdborne zaob\u00eddu bez licenci\u00ed a sk\u00fa\u0161ok a prospievaj\u00fa, robia svoju prax, uspokojuj\u00fa dopyt obyvate\u013estva. <\/p>\n

S\u00fa\u010dasne sa z t\u00fdchto licenci\u00ed a povolen\u00ed \u017eiv\u00ed mno\u017estvo \u00faradn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed nevyr\u00e1baj\u00fa \u017eiadne u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 pre ob\u010danov tovary alebo slu\u017eby, ale maj\u00fa akosi pr\u00e1vo rozhodova\u0165 za ob\u010dana, kde sa m\u00e1 lie\u010di\u0165 a u\u010di\u0165 za jeho dane.<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Ost\u00e1va len \u017easn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee napriek repres\u00edvnej politike \u00faradn\u00edkov sa farmaceutick\u00fdm firm\u00e1m podarilo v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed zaregistrova\u0165 mno\u017estvo liekov, ktor\u00e9 zachr\u00e1nili mili\u00f3ny \u017eivotov.<\/p>\n

A je len hrozn\u00e9, ko\u013eko liekov nebolo vyvinut\u00fdch, nebolo zaregistrovan\u00fdch, bolo uznan\u00e9 za ekonomicky neefekt\u00edvne kv\u00f4li vysok\u00fdm n\u00e1kladom a dlh\u00e9mu procesu schva\u013eovania. Hrozn\u00e9, ko\u013ek\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom to st\u00e1lo \u017eivot a zdravie v d\u00f4sledku repres\u00edvnych \u010dinnost\u00ed \u00faradn\u00edkov.<\/p>\n

Pri tom pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 obrovsk\u00e9ho mno\u017estva licen\u010dn\u00fdch, kontroln\u00fdch, dozoruj\u00facich a pokutuj\u00facich \u00faradn\u00edkov a in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed nijako nezn\u00ed\u017eila po\u010det podvodn\u00edkov, \u013eudov\u00fdch liekov a r\u00f4znych lie\u010div\u00fdch a z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdch tabletiek. \u010cas\u0165 z nich sa vyd\u00e1va za biologicky akt\u00edvne doplnky, \u010das\u0165 sa jednoducho \u0161\u00edri obch\u00e1dzan\u00edm ak\u00fdchko\u013evek lek\u00e1rn\u00ed, obchodov a in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed. <\/p>\n

M\u00e1me pokra\u010dova\u0165 v presadzovan\u00ed omylu licencovania a regul\u00e1cie?<\/b> Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee nie.<\/p>\n

Ak myse\u013e hrdinsk\u00e9ho v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho \u010ditate\u013ea, ktor\u00fd pre\u010d\u00edtal \u010dl\u00e1nok do konca, e\u0161te neplanie hnevom z kognit\u00edvneho disonancie, chcem odporu\u010di\u0165 \u0161tyri knihy, nap\u00edsan\u00e9 ve\u013emi jednoduch\u00fdm jazykom, ktor\u00e9 rozb\u00edjaj\u00fa mnoh\u00e9 m\u00fdty t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa kapitalizmu, chyby pre\u017eiv\u0161\u00edch, ekonomiky a \u0161t\u00e1tneho dozorovania. Tu s\u00fa tieto knihy: Milton Friedman<\/b> \"Sloboda vybera\u0165\", Ayn Rand<\/b> \"Kapitalizmus. Nezn\u00e1my ide\u00e1l\", Stephen Levitt<\/b> \"Freakonomika\", Malcolm Gladwell<\/b> \"G\u00e9niovia a outsideri\", Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bastiat<\/b> \"\u010co je vidie\u0165 a \u010do nie je vidie\u0165.\"
\nA tu<\/a><\/noindex> bol dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nok o \u201echyb\u011b p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edho\u201c.<\/p>\n

Ilustr\u00e1cie<\/b>: McGeddon<\/a><\/noindex>, Sergey Elkin<\/a><\/noindex>, Akrolesta<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

P.S.<\/b> V\u00e1\u017een\u00ed \u010ditatelia, pros\u00edm, pam\u00e4tajte, \u017ee \u201e\u0160t\u00fdl polemiky je d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed ako predmet polemiky. Predmety sa menia, ale \u0161t\u00fdl vytv\u00e1ra civiliz\u00e1ciu.\u201c (Grigorij Pomeranc). Ak som neodpovedal na v\u00e1\u0161 koment\u00e1r, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee nie\u010do nie je v poriadku so \u0161t\u00fdlom va\u0161ej polemiky.<\/p>\n

Dodatok.<\/b>
\nOspravedl\u0148ujem sa v\u0161etk\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed nap\u00edsali vecn\u00fd koment\u00e1r, a ja som neodpovedal. Ide o to, \u017ee niekto z pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov si zvykl zni\u017eova\u0165 moje koment\u00e1re. Ka\u017ed\u00fd. Hne\u010f ako sa objav\u00ed. To mi br\u00e1ni z\u00edska\u0165 \u201enabitie\u201c a da\u0165 plus do karmy a za odpove\u010f t\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161u vecn\u00fd koment\u00e1r.
\nAle ak napriek tomu chcete dosta\u0165 odpove\u010f a prediskutova\u0165 \u010dl\u00e1nok, m\u00f4\u017eete mi nap\u00edsa\u0165 osobn\u00fa spr\u00e1vu. Na tie odpoved\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Doplnok 2.<\/b>
\n\u201eChyba pre\u017eiv\u0161ieho\u201c na pr\u00edklade tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku.
\nV \u010dase p\u00edsania tohto doplnku m\u00e1 \u010dl\u00e1nok 33,9k zobrazen\u00ed a 141 koment\u00e1rov.
\nPredpokladajme, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich je negat\u00edvna vo\u010di \u010dl\u00e1nku.
\nT.j. \u010dl\u00e1nok si pre\u010d\u00edtalo 33900 \u013eud\u00ed. Kritizovalo 100. V 339-kr\u00e1t menej.
\nT.j. ak to ve\u013emi hrubo zaokr\u00fah\u013eujeme, autor nem\u00e1 \u00fadaje o n\u00e1zore 33800 \u010ditate\u013eov, ale m\u00e1 \u00fadaje iba o n\u00e1zore 100 \u010ditate\u013eov (v skuto\u010dnosti e\u0161te menej, ke\u010f\u017ee \u010das\u0165 \u010ditate\u013eov zanech\u00e1va nieko\u013eko koment\u00e1rov).
\nA \u010do rob\u00ed autor, t.j. ja, ke\u010f \u010d\u00edtam koment\u00e1re? Rob\u00edm typick\u00fa \u201echybu pre\u017eiv\u0161ieho\u201c. Analyzujem iba stobodov\u00e9 \u201em\u00ednusy\u201c, \u00faplne (psychologicky) ignoruj\u00fac fakt, \u017ee to je len 0,3 % n\u00e1zorov. A na z\u00e1klade t\u00fdchto 0,3 %, \u010do je v r\u00e1mci \u0161tatistickej chyby, rob\u00edm z\u00e1ver, \u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nok sa nep\u00e1\u010dil. Zarmucujem sa, pri\u010dom nem\u00e1m k tomu ani najmen\u0161\u00ed d\u00f4vod, ak logicky neuva\u017eujem, ale emocion\u00e1lne.
\nT.j. \u201echyba pre\u017eiv\u0161ieho\u201c le\u017e\u00ed nielen v oblasti matematiky, ale pravdepodobne aj v oblasti psychol\u00f3gie a neurofyziol\u00f3gie, \u010do rob\u00ed jej objavovanie a opravu dos\u0165 \u201emu\u010divou z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165ou\u201c pre \u013eudsk\u00fd mozog.<\/p>\n

Doplnok 3.<\/b>
\nAj ke\u010f to presahuje r\u00e1mec tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku, ale ke\u010f\u017ee v koment\u00e1roch dostato\u010dne b\u00farlivo diskutujeme o ot\u00e1zke kontroly kvality liekov, odpoved\u00e1m hne\u010f v\u0161etk\u00fdm.
\nAlternat\u00edvou \u0161t\u00e1tnej kontroly m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vytvorenie s\u00fakromn\u00fdch expertn\u00fdch laborat\u00f3ri\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa kontrolova\u0165 kvalitu liekov a s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ei\u0165 medzi sebou. (Tak\u00e9to laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1, ob\u010dianske zdru\u017eenia, asoci\u00e1cie a in\u0161tit\u00faty na svete u\u017e existuj\u00fa).
\n\u010co to prinesie? Po prv\u00e9, odstr\u00e1ni to korupciu, preto\u017ee v\u017edy bude mo\u017enos\u0165 preveri\u0165 a vyvr\u00e1ti\u0165 \u00fadaje korumpovanej expert\u00edzy. Po druh\u00e9, bude to r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a lacnej\u0161ie. Jednoducho preto, \u017ee s\u00fakromn\u00fd sektor je v\u017edy efekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e verejn\u00fd. Po tretie, expertn\u00e9 laborat\u00f3rium bude pred\u00e1va\u0165 svoje slu\u017eby, a teda bude zodpoveda\u0165 za kvalitu, term\u00edny a ceny. To v\u0161etko spolo\u010dne zn\u00ed\u017ei cenu liekov v lek\u00e1rni. Po \u0161tvrt\u00e9, ak na obale nebude n\u00e1lepka o kontrole v nez\u00e1vislej s\u00fakromnej expertn\u00e9 laborat\u00f3riu, mo\u017eno v dvoch alebo troch, kupuj\u00faci bude ch\u00e1pa\u0165, \u017ee liek nie je skontrolovan\u00fd. Alebo bol skontrolovan\u00fd viackr\u00e1t. A bude \u201ehlasova\u0165 svojimi pe\u0148azmi\u201c za dan\u00e9ho farmaceutick\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobcu.<\/p>\n

Doplnok 4.<\/b>
\nMysl\u00edm, \u017ee je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 zoh\u013eadni\u0165 \"chybu pre\u017eit\u00e9ho\" pri v\u00fdvoji AI, algoritmov strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia a pod.
\nT.j. zakomponova\u0165 do vzdel\u00e1vacieho programu nielen zn\u00e1me pr\u00edklady, ale aj nejak\u00fa deltu, mo\u017eno aj teoretick\u00e9 modely \u201emo\u017en\u00e9ho nezn\u00e1meho\u201c.
\nNa pr\u00edklade \u201ema\u013euj\u00facich\u201c AI to m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165, podmiene\u010dne \u201eVan Gogh + delta\u201c, potom pri ve\u013ekej hodnote delty, stroj vytvor\u00ed filter na z\u00e1klade Van Gogha, ale u\u017e mu nebude v\u00f4bec podobn\u00fd.
\nTak\u00e9to u\u010denie m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 tam, kde je nedostatok \u00fadajov: medic\u00edna, genetika, kvantov\u00e1 fyzika, astron\u00f3mia a pod.
\n(Ospravedl\u0148ujem sa, ak som to vysvetlil \"krivo\").<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mka (d\u00fafam, \u017ee posledn\u00e1)<\/b>
\nV\u0161etk\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed do\u010d\u00edtali a\u017e do konca \u2014 \u201e\u010eakujem\u201c. Ve\u013emi ma te\u0161\u00ed vidie\u0165 va\u0161e \u201ez\u00e1lo\u017eky\u201c a \u201ezobrazenia\u201c.<\/p>\n

\"Chybn\u00e9<\/p>\n

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