{"id":42216,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:03","slug":"kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","title":{"rendered":"Koncepty programovania v Scratch","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Mnoh\u00ed poznaj\u00fa Scratch \u2013 detsk\u00e9 programovacie prostredie, ktor\u00e9ho u\u010denie sa zvy\u010dajne s\u00fastre\u010fuje na vytv\u00e1ranie kreat\u00edvnych projektov na princ\u00edpe \u201eod jednoduch\u00e9ho k zlo\u017eit\u00e9mu\u201c. Pri tom \u201eklasick\u00fd pr\u00edstup\u201c k u\u010deniu programovania (premenn\u00e9 \u2192 vetvenia \u2192 cykly \u2192 funkcie \u2192 \u0161trukt\u00fary \u2192 objekty \u2192 \u2026) je v Scratch obtia\u017eny.<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak zmena poradia u\u010denia pojmov (nazvime ich konceptmi) \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e9ho, objektovo- a udalostne-orientovan\u00e9ho programovania, ich skrytie za pestre \u017eiariacimi spritmi a interakt\u00edvnou anim\u00e1ciou, neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee by sa na koncepciu nemalo kl\u00e1s\u0165 d\u00f4raz. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, ak je cie\u013eom nie len rozvoj kreat\u00edvnych schopnost\u00ed, ale aj u\u010denie sa programovania. <\/a><\/noindex>T\u00fato my\u0161lienku som sa sna\u017eila odr\u00e1\u017ea\u0165 vo svojom kurze<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Prv\u00fdm, s \u010d\u00edm sa stret\u00e1va za\u010diato\u010dn\u00edk na Scratchi, s\u00fa sprity. Hoci v Scratch nie je striktne vzorovo orientovan\u00e9 programovanie, sprity m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 za objekty. V tejto f\u00e1ze sa \u017eiak dozvie, \u017ee v programe m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 mno\u017estvo objektov, ktor\u00fdch spr\u00e1vanie riadia extern\u00e9 skripty. Sprity dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa pr\u00edkazy alebo na po\u017eiadanie odovzd\u00e1vaj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie o svojom stave, teda programovanie sa z\u00fa\u017ei na riadenie objektov.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00fdm, \u010do sa hne\u010f na hlavu mlad\u00e9mu program\u00e1torovi skryje v Scratchi, je pojem o viacer\u00fdch vl\u00e1knach. Ka\u017ed\u00fd sprit m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 nieko\u013eko skriptov, ktor\u00e9 sa vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa s\u00fa\u010dasne. Nieko\u013eko spritov tie\u017e m\u00f4\u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasne vykon\u00e1va\u0165 svoje programy navz\u00e1jom. Pr\u00e1ca na zabezpe\u010den\u00ed postupn\u00e9ho vykon\u00e1vania sa ukazuje ako zlo\u017eit\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

U\u017e na prvej hodine sa nem\u00f4\u017eeme vyhn\u00fa\u0165 obozn\u00e1meniu s cyklami. Inak ma\u010dka sa nepohne. V tejto f\u00e1ze mus\u00edme necha\u0165 obozn\u00e1menie intuit\u00edvne a povrchn\u00e9. Obmedzujeme to na cykly \u201eopakova\u0165 v\u017edy\u201c a \u201eopakova\u0165 \u2026 kr\u00e1t\u201c, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u013eah\u0161ie na pochopenie. Cyklus s podmienkou sa vyu\u010duje v lekcii, ktor\u00e1 je \u0161peci\u00e1lne venovan\u00e1 cyklom. T\u00e1to lekcia predpoklad\u00e1 znalos\u0165 logick\u00fdch v\u00fdrazov a premenn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f\u017ee Scratch je udalos\u0165ami orientovan\u00e9 prostredie, bloky podmienkov\u00e9ho oper\u00e1tora je v\u00fdhodnej\u0161ie \u0161tudova\u0165 pred premenn\u00fdmi. Podmienkami m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 r\u00f4zne udalosti.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea m\u0148a je tak\u00e1to postupnos\u0165 lep\u0161ia, preto\u017ee pri ka\u017edej lekcii zav\u00e1dzame minim\u00e1lne pojmov. A nie abstraktn\u00fdch, ale hne\u010f vid\u00edme ich praktick\u00fd pr\u00ednos.<\/p>\n

Ak sa v\u0161ak najprv u\u010d\u00edme premenn\u00e9, \u0165a\u017eko je demon\u0161trova\u0165 ich \u00fa\u010del a pr\u00ednos, preto\u017ee predt\u00fdm neboli pre\u0161tudovan\u00e9 podmienkov\u00fd pr\u00edkaz, vstup \u00fadajov a generovanie n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel. <\/p>\n

V Scratch, okrem zoznamov, sa program\u00e1tor stret\u00e1va s tromi typmi \u00fadajov: \u010d\u00edslami, re\u0165azcami a logick\u00fdm typom. Typ je pritom viazan\u00fd na hodnotu, nie na premenn\u00fa. Prevod re\u0165azcov na \u010d\u00edsla a sp\u00e4\u0165 nie je potrebn\u00fd. Re\u0165azce nie s\u00fa uzatv\u00e1ran\u00e9 do \u00favodzoviek.<\/p>\n

Blok, ktor\u00fd vracia logick\u00fa hodnotu a m\u00e1 charakteristick\u00fd hranat\u00fd tvar, sa d\u00e1 vlo\u017ei\u0165 do okr\u00fahlych pol\u00ed. Opa\u010dne to neplat\u00ed: tam, kde sa predpoklad\u00e1 logick\u00fd v\u00fdraz, nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vlo\u017ei\u0165 be\u017en\u00fa premenn\u00fa.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Scratch je navrhnut\u00fd tak, aby po\u010das vykon\u00e1vania nevznikali kritick\u00e9 chyby. Zrejme preto, ak sa pok\u00fasite pou\u017ei\u0165 re\u0165azec v aritmetickej oper\u00e1cii, je nahraden\u00fd nulou (pozri prv\u00fd screenshot).<\/p>\n

Program\u00e1tor by mal vedie\u0165, \u017ee mo\u017enosti programovac\u00edch jazykov sa roz\u0161iruj\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom kni\u017en\u00edc. Pri pr\u00e1ci v Scratch m\u00f4\u017ee \u0161tudent pripoji\u0165 doplnky, ktor\u00e9 ved\u00fa k objaveniu nov\u00fdch pr\u00edkazov v prostred\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Funkcie v Scratch s\u00fa implementovan\u00e9 v sekcii \u201eIn\u00e9 bloky\u201c, kde na jednej strane vytv\u00e1rate vlastn\u00fd blok, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017eete vklada\u0165 do in\u00fdch skriptov. Na druhej strane mus\u00edte zhroma\u017edi\u0165 funk\u010dnos\u0165 tohto bloku, teda to, \u010do bude robi\u0165.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepty<\/p>\n

Nie je vykon\u00e1van\u00fd n\u00e1vrat hodn\u00f4t z funkci\u00ed v Scratch.<\/p>\n

Takto \u0161t\u00fadium konceptov programovania v udalostne orientovanom prostred\u00ed zanech\u00e1va svoj odtla\u010dok. V podstate najprv \u0161tudujeme zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie a abstraktnej\u0161ie pojmy a len prehlbovan\u00edm procesu prech\u00e1dzame k prvkom \u0161truktur\u00e1lneho programovania. \u010ci je to v\u00fdhoda alebo nev\u00fdhoda pre prv\u00e9 zozn\u00e1menie \u2013 je to sporn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c Scratch \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u043a 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\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e- […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Koncepty programovania v Scratch | ProHoster","description":"Mnoh\u00fdm je zn\u00e1my Scratch \u2013 detsk\u00e9 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