{"id":52799,"date":"2019-11-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-16T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kto-est-kto-v-it"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:36","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:36","slug":"kto-est-kto-v-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/kto-est-kto-v-it","title":{"rendered":"Kto je kto v IT?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kto je kto v IT?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/87c543e0ad54a289a116a78d0eba6430.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nV s\u00fa\u010dasnej etape rozvoja priemyseln\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja softv\u00e9ru m\u00f4\u017eeme pozorova\u0165 r\u00f4znorodos\u0165 v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch rol\u00ed. Ich po\u010det rastie, klasifik\u00e1cia sa s ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokom komplikuje a, samozrejme, sa komplikuj\u00fa aj procesy n\u00e1boru odborn\u00edkov a pr\u00e1ce s \u013eudsk\u00fdm potenci\u00e1lom. Informa\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie (IT) s\u00fa oblast\u00ed vysoce kvalifikovan\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch zdrojov a nedostatku odborn\u00edkov. Tu je proces v\u00fdchovy odborn\u00edkov a potreba systematickej pr\u00e1ce s \u013eudsk\u00fdm potenci\u00e1lom \u010dasto ove\u013ea efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ia ako priame vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie pomocou internetov\u00fdch zdrojov. <\/p>\n<p>V \u010dl\u00e1nku sa zaober\u00e1me ot\u00e1zkami relevantn\u00fdmi pre odborn\u00edkov na pr\u00e1cu s person\u00e1lom IT spolo\u010dnost\u00ed: pr\u00ed\u010dinn\u00e9 s\u00favislosti v evol\u00facii v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch rol\u00ed, n\u00e1sledky nespr\u00e1vneho v\u00fdkladu obsahu rol\u00ed pre pr\u00e1cu s person\u00e1lom ako celok, ako aj mo\u017en\u00e9 varianty zvy\u0161ovania efektivity n\u00e1boru odborn\u00edkov.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>IT v\u00fdroba pre nezasv\u00e4ten\u00fdch<\/h2>\n<p>\nKto je kto v IT \u2013 to je t\u00e9ma na diskusie na r\u00f4znych platform\u00e1ch. Existuje rovnako dlho, ako cel\u00e1 IT industri\u00e1, teda od vzniku prv\u00fdch softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rskych spolo\u010dnost\u00ed na spotrebite\u013eskom trhu na za\u010diatku 90. rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia. A rovnako dlho ch\u00fdba jednotn\u00fd poh\u013ead na t\u00fato ot\u00e1zku, \u010do vytv\u00e1ra \u0165a\u017ekosti a zni\u017euje efektivitu pr\u00e1ce s person\u00e1lom. Pok\u00fasme sa v tom zorientova\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Pre m\u0148a sa t\u00e9ma v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch rol\u00ed v IT sf\u00e9re stala aktu\u00e1lnou a zauj\u00edmavou od momentu m\u00f4jho pr\u00edchodu do IT spolo\u010dnosti. Str\u00e1vil som ve\u013ea \u010dasu a nervovej energie na to, aby som sa zorientoval vo v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch procesoch. Tieto v\u00fddavky prev\u00fd\u0161ili moje o\u010dak\u00e1vania a n\u00e1klady na prisp\u00f4sobenie sa procesom v in\u00fdch oblastiach: vzdel\u00e1van\u00ed, hmotnej v\u00fdrobe, malom podnikan\u00ed. Mal som pochopenie, \u017ee procesy s\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00e9 a nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9, preto\u017ee, celkovo, je \u010dlovek viac prisp\u00f4soben\u00fd hmotn\u00e9mu svetu ne\u017e virtu\u00e1lnemu. Ale bol tam intuit\u00edvny odpor: zdalo sa, \u017ee nie\u010do tu nie je v poriadku, \u017ee to tak nem\u00e1 by\u0165. Proces adapt\u00e1cie trval, mysl\u00edm, asi rok, \u010do, pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru, je jednoducho obrovsk\u00fd \u010das. Nakoniec som vytvoril celkom jasn\u00fa predstavu o k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch rol\u00e1ch v IT v\u00fdrobe.<\/p>\n<p>Moment\u00e1lne pokra\u010dujem v pr\u00e1ci na tejto t\u00e9me, ale u\u017e na inej \u00farovni. Ako ved\u00faci centra v\u00fdvoja IT spolo\u010dnosti sa \u010dasto mus\u00edm komunikova\u0165 so \u0161tudentmi, profesormi vysok\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l, uch\u00e1dza\u010dmi, \u0161kol\u00e1kmi a in\u00fdmi, ktor\u00ed maj\u00fa z\u00e1ujem z\u00fa\u010dastni\u0165 sa na vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed IT produktu s cie\u013eom posilni\u0165 zna\u010dku zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea na trhu pr\u00e1ce novej oblasti (mesto Jaroslav\u013e). T\u00e1to komunik\u00e1cia nie je jednoduch\u00e1 kv\u00f4li n\u00edzkemu povedomiu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov o tom, ako je organizovan\u00fd proces v\u00fdvoja softv\u00e9ru, a ako v\u00fdsledok ich neporozumenie t\u00e9me rozhovoru. Po 5 \u2013 10 min\u00fatach dial\u00f3gu prest\u00e1va\u0161 dost\u00e1va\u0165 sp\u00e4tn\u00fa v\u00e4zbu a za\u010d\u00edna\u0161 sa c\u00edti\u0165 ako cudzinec, ktor\u00e9ho re\u010d potrebuje preklad. Zvy\u010dajne medzi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkmi n\u00e1jde\u0161 niekoho, kto zhrnie rozhovor a povie zn\u00e1my m\u00fdtus z 90-tych rokov: \u201eAj tak, v\u0161etci IT odborn\u00edci s\u00fa program\u00e1tori.\u201c Faktory vzniku m\u00fdtu s\u00fa tieto:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>IT sektor sa r\u00fdchlo vyv\u00edja, v t\u00fdchto podmienkach s\u00fa v\u0161etky z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy a princ\u00edpy v stave formovania;<\/li>\n<li>v podmienkach neistoty je existova\u0165 \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9, preto sa \u010dlovek sna\u017e\u00ed u\u013eah\u010di\u0165 si pochopenie nezn\u00e1meho, vytv\u00e1raj\u00fac m\u00fdty;<\/li>\n<li>\u010dlovek je viac zvyknut\u00fd na vn\u00edmanie materi\u00e1lneho sveta, ne\u017e virtu\u00e1lneho, a preto je pre neho \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 definova\u0165 pojmy, ktor\u00e9 presahuj\u00fa jeho vn\u00edmanie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPokusy o boj s t\u00fdmto m\u00fdtom niekedy pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa boj s windmilly, preto\u017ee existuje nieko\u013eko aspektov probl\u00e9mu, ktor\u00e9 si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa pr\u00e1cu. Person\u00e1lne specialistovi je potrebn\u00e9, po prv\u00e9, ma\u0165 jasn\u00fd obraz o v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch rol\u00e1ch v IT spolo\u010dnosti v ide\u00e1lnom a re\u00e1lnom zobrazen\u00ed, po druh\u00e9, ch\u00e1pa\u0165, ako a kedy m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie vyu\u017eit\u00fd vn\u00fatorn\u00fd zdroj spolo\u010dnosti, a po tret\u00ed, ak\u00e9 skuto\u010dn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy pom\u00f4\u017eu zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 povedomie \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov trhu pr\u00e1ce a prispej\u00fa k rozvoju zna\u010dky zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea. Pozrime sa na tieto aspekty podrobnej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n<h2>\u017divotn\u00fd cyklus softv\u00e9ru ako z\u00e1klad v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch rol\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>\nNie je tajomstvom, \u017ee v r\u00e1mci ka\u017edej IT spolo\u010dnosti maj\u00fa v\u0161etky v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 \u00falohy svoj p\u00f4vod v \u017eivotnom cykle softv\u00e9ru. Preto, ak chceme konceptu\u00e1lne dosiahnu\u0165 jednote vn\u00edmania tejto ot\u00e1zky v r\u00e1mci cel\u00e9ho IT sektora, mus\u00edme sa opiera\u0165 pr\u00e1ve o \u017eivotn\u00fd cyklus softv\u00e9ru ako o ch\u00e1pan\u00fa a jednozna\u010dne vn\u00edman\u00fa z\u00e1klad\u0148u. Diskusia o konkr\u00e9tnych realiz\u00e1ci\u00e1ch ot\u00e1zky v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch rol\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed v oblasti n\u00e1\u0161ho kreat\u00edvneho vz\u0165ahu k \u017eivotn\u00e9mu cyklu softv\u00e9ru.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, pozrime sa na f\u00e1zy, ktor\u00e9 obsahuje \u017eivotn\u00fd cyklus softv\u00e9ru, na pr\u00edklade RUP metodol\u00f3gie. Tieto f\u00e1zy s\u00fa dos\u0165 vytvoren\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci obsahu a terminol\u00f3gie. V\u00fdrobn\u00fd proces v\u017edy a v\u0161ade za\u010d\u00edna modelovan\u00edm podnikania a formovan\u00edm po\u017eiadaviek, a kon\u010d\u00ed (podmiene\u010dne, samozrejme) konzult\u00e1ciou s pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi a \u00fapravami softv\u00e9ru na z\u00e1klade \u201eprian\u00ed\u201c pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kto je kto v IT?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/60fc15e1dcba86306204f790e182d056.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAk sa pozrieme na historick\u00fd exkurz na koniec minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia (ako je zn\u00e1me, to bolo obdobie \u201eostrovovej automatiz\u00e1cie\u201c), m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165, \u017ee cel\u00fdm procesom vytvorenia softv\u00e9ru sa zaoberal program\u00e1tor-v\u00fdvoj\u00e1r. Odtia\u013e pramen\u00ed m\u00fdtus, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd IT-\u010dlovek je program\u00e1tor.<\/p>\n<p>S komplikovan\u00edm v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch procesov, pr\u00edchodom integrovan\u00fdch platforiem a prechodom k komplexnej automatiz\u00e1cii predmetn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, s reengineeringom podnikov\u00fdch procesov sa st\u00e1va nevyhnutn\u00fdm vznik \u0161pecializovan\u00fdch rol\u00ed viazan\u00fdch na f\u00e1zy \u017eivotn\u00e9ho cyklu. Takto vznik\u00e1 analytik, testovac\u00ed \u0161pecialista a technick\u00fd podporn\u00fd pracovn\u00edk. <\/p>\n<h2>Rozmanitos\u0165 pracovn\u00fdch poz\u00edci\u00ed na pr\u00edklade \u00falohy analytika<\/h2>\n<p>\nAnalytik (takisto in\u017einier-analytik, metodol\u00f3g, biznis-analytik, syst\u00e9mov\u00fd analytik at\u010f.) pom\u00e1ha \u201espriateli\u0165\u201c biznis \u00falohy a technol\u00f3gie ich realiz\u00e1cie. Opis zadania pre v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ra \u2013 takto mo\u017eno charakterizova\u0165 hlavn\u00fa funkciu abstraktn\u00e9ho analytika. P\u00f4sob\u00ed ako spojivov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok medzi klientom a v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rom v procesoch stanovenia po\u017eiadaviek, anal\u00fdzy a navrhovania softv\u00e9ru. V re\u00e1lnych v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch podmienkach sa zoznam funkci\u00ed analytika ur\u010duje sp\u00f4sobom organiz\u00e1cie v\u00fdroby, kvalifik\u00e1ciou odborn\u00edka a \u0161pecifikou modelovanej predmetnej oblasti.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kto je kto v IT?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/00edf77a2f9b883710fc176925da262c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u010cas\u0165 analytikov je bli\u017e\u0161ie k klientovi. To s\u00fa biznis-analytici (Business Analyst). Hlboko rozumej\u00fa biznis procesom predmetovej oblasti a sami s\u00fa odborn\u00edkmi na automatizovan\u00e9 procesy. Je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 ma\u0165 tak\u00fdchto odborn\u00edkov v zamestnan\u00ed, najm\u00e4 pri automatiz\u00e1cii metodologicky zlo\u017eit\u00fdch predmetn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Pre n\u00e1s, ako automatiz\u00e1torov rozpo\u010dtov\u00e9ho procesu \u0161t\u00e1tu, je nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby medzi analytikmi boli odborn\u00edci na dan\u00fa oblasti. Ide o vysoko kvalifikovan\u00fdch zamestnancov s dobr\u00fdm finan\u010dno-ekonomick\u00fdm vzdelan\u00edm a sk\u00fasenos\u0165ami v oblasti financi\u00ed, ide\u00e1lne na poz\u00edcii ved\u00facich pracovn\u00edkov. Mimoriadne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je sk\u00fasenos\u0165 z oblasti mimo IKT, konkr\u00e9tne pr\u00e1ca v predmetovej oblasti.<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 analytikov je bli\u017e\u0161ie k v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rom. To s\u00fa syst\u00e9mov\u00ed analytici (System Analyst). Ich hlavnou \u00falohou je identifikova\u0165, systematizova\u0165 a analyzova\u0165 po\u017eiadavky klienta z h\u013eadiska ich mo\u017enej realiz\u00e1cie, pripravi\u0165 technick\u00e9 zadania a pop\u00edsa\u0165 stanovenia \u00faloh. Rozumej\u00fa nielen biznis procesom, ale aj informa\u010dn\u00fdm technol\u00f3gi\u00e1m, dobre poznaj\u00fa mo\u017enosti dod\u00e1van\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru klientovi, maj\u00fa zru\u010dnosti v projektovan\u00ed a, samozrejme, ch\u00e1pu, ako najlep\u0161ie prenies\u0165 z\u00e1ujmy klienta na v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ra. T\u00edto zamestnanci musia ma\u0165 vzdelanie v oblasti IKT a in\u017einiersko-technick\u00fd sp\u00f4sob myslenia, ide\u00e1lne s sk\u00fasenos\u0165ami v IT. Pri v\u00fdbere tak\u00fdchto odborn\u00edkov bude ur\u010dite v\u00fdhodou, ak maj\u00fa zru\u010dnosti v projektovan\u00ed s vyu\u017eit\u00edm modern\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kto je kto v IT?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/bb09a0457c7fbf6b1e444dcb6d7cfd5e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u010eal\u0161\u00edm typom analytikov s\u00fa technick\u00ed pisatelia (Technical Writer). T\u00edto odborn\u00edci sa zaoberaj\u00fa dokumentovan\u00edm v r\u00e1mci procesov v\u00fdvoja softv\u00e9ru, pripravuj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9 a administr\u00e1torsk\u00e9 pr\u00edru\u010dky, technologick\u00e9 in\u0161trukcie, vzdel\u00e1vacie videomateri\u00e1ly at\u010f. Ich hlavnou \u00falohou je efekt\u00edvne sprostredkova\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom a in\u00fdm zainteresovan\u00fdm stran\u00e1m inform\u00e1cie o fungovan\u00ed programu, opisova\u0165 technicky zlo\u017eitosti jasne a zrozumite\u013ene. Technick\u00ed pisatelia, vo vz\u0165ahu k v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine, v\u00fdborne ovl\u00e1daj\u00fa sloven\u010dinu a maj\u00fa technick\u00e9 vzdelanie a analytick\u00e9 myslenie. Pre t\u00fdchto odborn\u00edkov maj\u00fa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam schopnosti vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 zrozumite\u013en\u00e9, gramotn\u00e9 a podrobn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 texty v s\u00falade so \u0161tandardmi, ako aj znalos\u0165 a ovl\u00e1danie n\u00e1strojov na dokumentovanie. <\/p>\n<p>Vid\u00edme teda t\u00fa ist\u00fa \u00falohu (a, mimochodom, aj poz\u00edciu v pracovnej n\u00e1plni) \u2013 analytik, ale v jej r\u00f4znych konkr\u00e9tnych aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. H\u013eadanie odborn\u00edkov pre ka\u017ed\u00fa z nich m\u00e1 svoje \u0161pecifik\u00e1. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je vedie\u0165, \u017ee tieto varianty analytikov musia ma\u0165 \u010dasto nezlu\u010dite\u013en\u00e9 zru\u010dnosti a vedomosti v jednej osobe. Jeden je humanitne orientovan\u00fd, maj\u00faci sklon k analytickej pr\u00e1ci s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi objemami textov\u00fdch dokumentov, s vyvinutou re\u010dou a komunikat\u00edvnos\u0165ou, zatia\u013e \u010do druh\u00fd je \u201etechnick\u00fd typ\u201c s in\u017einierskym myslen\u00edm a z\u00e1ujmami v oblasti IT.<\/p>\n<h2>Dosta\u0165 sa zvonka alebo vychova\u0165 si vlastn\u00e9ho?<\/h2>\n<p>\nPre ve\u013ek\u00fdch z\u00e1stupcov IT priemyslu \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 priamych v\u00fdberov z internetov\u00fdch zdrojov kles\u00e1 so zvy\u0161uj\u00facim sa rozmerom projektov. K tomu doch\u00e1dza predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z nasleduj\u00facich d\u00f4vodov: nemo\u017enos\u0165 r\u00fdchlej adapt\u00e1cie na zlo\u017eitosti intern\u00fdch procesov vo firme, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 osvojenia si \u0161pecifick\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov je ni\u017e\u0161ia ako r\u00fdchlos\u0165 rozvoja projektu. Preto je pre odborn\u00edka z HR d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 vedie\u0165 nielen, koho h\u013eada\u0165 zvonka, ale aj ako vyu\u017ei\u0165 intern\u00e9 zdroje spolo\u010dnosti a z koho a ako vychova\u0165 odborn\u00edka.<\/p>\n<p>Pre sk\u00fasen\u00fdch analytikov je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 prax vo vn\u00fatri re\u00e1lnych procesov predmetnej oblasti, a preto je ich v\u00fdber z extern\u00e9ho prostredia efekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pestovanie t\u00fdchto odborn\u00edkov vo firme. HR \u0161pecialista by mal vedie\u0165, ak\u00e9 organiz\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 zdrojom tohto person\u00e1lu, a pri v\u00fdbere sa s\u00fastredi\u0165 na h\u013eadanie \u017eivotopisov z t\u00fdchto miest.<\/p>\n<p>Naopak, pre obsadenie tak\u00fdch poz\u00edci\u00ed ako je syst\u00e9mov\u00fd analytik a architekt softv\u00e9ru, m\u00e1 proces vzdel\u00e1vania zamestnancov vo firme nesmierny v\u00fdznam. T\u00edto odborn\u00edci by mali vznikn\u00fa\u0165 v podmienkach existuj\u00faceho v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho prostredia a \u0161pecif\u00edk konkr\u00e9tnej organiz\u00e1cie. Syst\u00e9mov\u00ed analytici (System Analyst) sa vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa z biznis analytikov (Business Analyst), technick\u00fdch redaktorov (Technical Writer) a technick\u00fdch \u0161pecialistov (Technical Support Engineer). Architekti softv\u00e9ru (Software Architect) vznikaj\u00fa z projektantov (System Designer) a v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov softv\u00e9ru (Software Developer) s prib\u00fadaj\u00facimi sk\u00fasenos\u0165ami a roz\u0161irovan\u00edm obzorov. Tento faktor umo\u017e\u0148uje HR \u0161pecialistovi efekt\u00edvne vyu\u017ei\u0165 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 zdroje spolo\u010dnosti. <\/p>\n<h2>Prekrytie, zlu\u010dovanie a evol\u00facia v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch rol\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>\nExistuje e\u0161te jedna zlo\u017eit\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka z h\u013eadiska realiz\u00e1cie v produk\u010dnom procese \u2013 stanovenie jasn\u00fdch hran\u00edc medzi rolami. Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead sa m\u00f4\u017ee zda\u0165, \u017ee v\u0161etko je zrejm\u00e9: skon\u010dilo sa zavedenie, podp\u00edsali sa dokumenty o uveden\u00ed softv\u00e9ru do prev\u00e1dzky a v\u0161etko sa odovzdalo technickej podpore. V\u0161etko je spr\u00e1vne, av\u0161ak \u010dasto sa objavuj\u00fa situ\u00e1cie, kedy klient, zvyknut\u00fd na bl\u00edzku komunik\u00e1ciu s analytikom a vid\u00ed v \u0148om \u201ez\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fa pali\u010dku\u201c, na\u010falej akt\u00edvne komunikuje s n\u00edm, aj ke\u010f syst\u00e9m je u\u017e zaveden\u00fd a ofici\u00e1lne prebieha f\u00e1za podpory. Z poh\u013eadu klienta, kto je predsa lep\u0161\u00ed a r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e analytik, ktor\u00fd spolo\u010dne s n\u00edm nastavoval \u00falohu, aby odpovedal na ot\u00e1zky oh\u013eadom pr\u00e1ce so syst\u00e9mom. A tu nast\u00e1va ot\u00e1zka o \u010diasto\u010dnom duplicovan\u00ed rol\u00ed technick\u00e9ho \u0161pecialistu a analytika. S plynut\u00edm \u010dasu sa v\u0161etko ust\u00e1li, klient si zvykne komunikova\u0165 so slu\u017ebou technickej podpory, no na za\u010diatku vyu\u017e\u00edvania softv\u00e9ru nie je v\u017edy mo\u017en\u00e9 tento \u201evn\u00fatorn\u00fd prechod\u201c uskuto\u010dni\u0165 bez stresu na oboch stran\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kto je kto v IT?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/78ba79382d2884ab0967ceca3544cd2c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPrekr\u00fdvanie \u00faloh analytika a technick\u00e9ho podpory nast\u00e1va aj vtedy, ke\u010f prich\u00e1dza tok po\u017eiadaviek na v\u00fdvoj v r\u00e1mci f\u00e1zy \u00fadr\u017eby. Pri poh\u013eade na \u017eivotn\u00fd cyklus softv\u00e9ru vid\u00edme nes\u00falad medzi skuto\u010dn\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobn\u00fdmi podmienkami a form\u00e1lnymi po\u017eiadavkami, ktor\u00e9 predpokladaj\u00fa, \u017ee anal\u00fdzu po\u017eiadaviek a formul\u00e1ciu \u00faloh m\u00f4\u017ee vykona\u0165 v\u00fdhradne analytik. \u0160pecialista na person\u00e1lne z\u00e1le\u017eitosti by ur\u010dite mal ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ide\u00e1lny obraz rol\u00ed v r\u00e1mci \u017eivotn\u00e9ho cyklu softv\u00e9ru, pri\u010dom tieto role maj\u00fa jasn\u00e9 hranice. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je v\u0161ak nevyhnutn\u00e9 ma\u0165 na pam\u00e4ti, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k prekr\u00fdvaniu. Pri hodnoten\u00ed znalost\u00ed a zru\u010dnost\u00ed uch\u00e1dza\u010da by sa mala venova\u0165 pozornos\u0165 pr\u00edtomnosti pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch sk\u00fasenost\u00ed, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pri h\u013eadan\u00ed technick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edkov sa m\u00f4\u017eu zva\u017eova\u0165 kandid\u00e1ti so sk\u00fasenos\u0165ami analytika a naopak.<\/p>\n<p>Okrem prekr\u00fdvania sa \u010dasto pozoruje aj spojenie v\u00fdrobnych rol\u00ed. Napr\u00edklad podnikov\u00fd analytik a technick\u00fd spisovate\u013e m\u00f4\u017eu existova\u0165 v jednej osobe. Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 architekta softv\u00e9ru (Software Architect) je nevyhnutn\u00e1 vo ve\u013ekej priemyselnej v\u00fdvoji, zatia\u013e \u010do ve\u013emi mal\u00e9 projekty sa m\u00f4\u017eu zaob\u00eds\u0165 bez tejto role: tam funkcie architekta vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri (Software Developer). <\/p>\n<p>Zmena historick\u00fdch obdob\u00ed v pr\u00edstupoch a technol\u00f3giach v\u00fdvoja nevyhnutne vedie k tomu, \u017ee aj \u017eivotn\u00fd cyklus softv\u00e9ru evoluuje. Glob\u00e1lne zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa jeho hlavn\u00e9 etapy samozrejme nezmenen\u00e9, ale prebieha ich detailiz\u00e1cia. Napr\u00edklad prechodom na webov\u00e9 rie\u0161enia a rastom mo\u017enost\u00ed vzdialen\u00e9ho nastavenia sa objavila \u00faloha \u0161pecialistu na konfigur\u00e1ciu softv\u00e9ru. V ranom historickom obdob\u00ed to boli zav\u00e1dza\u010di, teda in\u017einieri, ktor\u00ed v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu svojho pracovn\u00e9ho \u010dasu str\u00e1vili na pracovisk\u00e1ch klientov. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 objemy a zlo\u017eitosti softv\u00e9ru viedli k vzniku role architekta softv\u00e9ru (Software Architect). Po\u017eiadavky na ur\u00fdchlenie vyd\u00e1vania verzi\u00ed a zvy\u0161ovanie kvality softv\u00e9ru prispeli k rozvoju automatizovan\u00e9ho testovania a vzniku novej \u00falohy \u2013 QA in\u017einiera (Quality Assurance Engineer) at\u010f. Evol\u00facia rol\u00ed na v\u0161etk\u00fdch etap\u00e1ch organiz\u00e1cie v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch procesov je v\u00fdznamne spojen\u00e1 s rozvojom met\u00f3d, technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a n\u00e1strojov.<\/p>\n<p>Tak, presk\u00famali sme niektor\u00e9 zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 aspekty rozdelenia produk\u010dn\u00fdch rol\u00ed v r\u00e1mci spolo\u010dnosti vyv\u00edjaj\u00facej softv\u00e9r v kontexte \u017eivotn\u00e9ho cyklu softv\u00e9ru. Je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee ide o poh\u013ead z vn\u00fatra, ktor\u00fd je \u0161pecifick\u00fd pre ka\u017ed\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165. Pre n\u00e1s v\u0161etk\u00fdch, ako \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov trhu pr\u00e1ce v IT odvetv\u00ed a zodpovedn\u00fdch za propag\u00e1ciu zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eskej zna\u010dky, bude tie\u017e obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 ma\u0165 poh\u013ead zvonka. A tu existuje ve\u013ek\u00fd probl\u00e9m nielen v h\u013eadan\u00ed v\u00fdznamov, ale aj v pren\u00e1\u0161ania tejto inform\u00e1cie k cie\u013eovej skupine.<\/p>\n<h2>\u010c\u00edm je zl\u00e9 \"zoo\" IT poz\u00edci\u00ed?<\/h2>\n<p>\nZamie\u0148anie v myslen\u00ed HR \u0161pecialistov, organiz\u00e1torov v\u00fdroby a rozmanitos\u0165 pr\u00edstupov vedie k ve\u013emi \u0161irokej \u0161k\u00e1le, priamo \"zoo\" IT poz\u00edci\u00ed. Sk\u00fasenosti z pohovorov a profesion\u00e1lnych kontaktov ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee \u010dasto \u013eudia nemaj\u00fa jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 pochopenie v\u00fdznamovej n\u00e1plne, ktor\u00e1 by mala vych\u00e1dza\u0165 z n\u00e1zvov poz\u00edci\u00ed. Napr\u00edklad, v na\u0161ej organiz\u00e1cii poz\u00edcie, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa pojem \u201ein\u017einier-analytik\u201c, predpokladaj\u00fa, \u017ee ide o zad\u00e1va\u010da \u00faloh. Av\u0161ak zist\u00ed sa, \u017ee nie v\u0161ade je to tak: existuj\u00fa v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rske organiz\u00e1cie, kde in\u017einier-analytik je implement\u00e1tor. \u00daplne in\u00e9 pochopenie, s\u00fahlas\u00edte?<\/p>\n<p>Po prv\u00e9, \"zoo\" IT poz\u00edci\u00ed nepochybne zni\u017euje efektivitu n\u00e1boru zamestnancov. Ka\u017ed\u00fd zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e, pri rozvoji a propag\u00e1cii svojej zna\u010dky, chce v skratke prenies\u0165 v\u0161etky v\u00fdznamy, ktor\u00e9 existuj\u00fa v jeho produkcii. A ak on s\u00e1m \u010dasto nedok\u00e1\u017ee jasne poveda\u0165, kto je kto, je samozrejm\u00e9, \u017ee bude pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 do vonkaj\u0161ieho prostredia neistotu. <\/p>\n<p>Po druh\u00e9, \"zoo\" IT poz\u00edci\u00ed vytv\u00e1ra obrovsk\u00e9 probl\u00e9my pri pr\u00edprave a rozvoji IT person\u00e1lu. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017ena IT spolo\u010dnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 sa zameriava na vytv\u00e1ranie a rozvoj person\u00e1lneho potenci\u00e1lu, a nie len na \u201edojenie\u201c pracovn\u00fdch str\u00e1nok, sa sk\u00f4r \u010di nesk\u00f4r stretne s potrebou interakcie so vzdel\u00e1vac\u00edmi in\u0161tit\u00faciami. Pre vysoko kvalifikovan\u00fd IT person\u00e1l je to segment vysok\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l, pri\u010dom ide o najlep\u0161ie, minim\u00e1lne umiestnen\u00e9 v rebr\u00ed\u010dku TOP-100. <\/p>\n<p>Probl\u00e9m integr\u00e1cie s vysok\u00fdmi \u0161kolami pri budovan\u00ed kontinu\u00e1lneho procesu vzdel\u00e1vania IT specialistov spo\u010d\u00edva zhruba napoly v absencii pochopenia toho, kto je kto v r\u00e1mci IT spolo\u010dnosti. Maj\u00fa o tom len ve\u013emi povrchn\u00fd preh\u013ead. Zvy\u010dajne maj\u00fa vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly nieko\u013eko odborov s n\u00e1zvom \u201einformatika\u201c, a \u010dasto sa st\u00e1va, \u017ee pri organizovan\u00ed prij\u00edmac\u00edch sk\u00fa\u0161ok sa opieraj\u00fa o tvrdenie, \u017ee v\u0161etky odbory sa v podstate zaoberaj\u00fa t\u00fdm ist\u00fdm. A to vyzer\u00e1 tak, ako keby sa opierali o \u013eudov\u00fd m\u00fdtus, \u017ee v\u0161etci IT \u0161pecialisti s\u00fa program\u00e1tori.<\/p>\n<p>Sk\u00fasenosti z na\u0161ej \u00fazkej spolupr\u00e1ce s vysok\u00fdmi \u0161kolami ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee odbor \u201eAplikovan\u00e1 informatika (pod\u013ea odvetv\u00ed)\u201c n\u00e1m dod\u00e1va pracovn\u00edkov pre oddelenia metodol\u00f3gie a technickej podpory, ale rozhodne nie pre v\u00fdvoj. Zatia\u013e \u010do \u201eFundament\u00e1lna informatika\u201c a \u201eSoftv\u00e9rov\u00e9 in\u017einierstvo\u201c pripravuj\u00fa vynikaj\u00faci person\u00e1lny zdroj pre v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov. Aby sme nezamerali \u0161tudenta od za\u010diatku na nevyhovuj\u00facu cestu, je potrebn\u00e9 \u201erozpt\u00fdli\u0165 hmlu\u201c, ktor\u00e1 obklopuje IT v\u00fdrobu.<\/p>\n<h2>Je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u0161etko zjednoti\u0165 pod spolo\u010dn\u00fd menovate\u013e?<\/h2>\n<p>\nJe mo\u017en\u00e9 unifikova\u0165 v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 role a dosiahnu\u0165 jednotn\u00e9 pochopenie t\u00fdchto rol\u00ed zvn\u00fatra aj zvonku firmy? <\/p>\n<p>Samozrejme, \u017ee je to mo\u017en\u00e9 a potrebn\u00e9, preto\u017ee nahromaden\u00e9 kolekt\u00edvne sk\u00fasenosti v\u0161etk\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed zaoberaj\u00facich sa v\u00fdvojom ukazuj\u00fa existenciu spolo\u010dn\u00fdch, sp\u00e1jaj\u00facich konceptov organiz\u00e1cie v\u00fdrobn\u00e9ho procesu. Je to d\u00f4sledok toho, \u017ee skuto\u010dne existuje jednozna\u010dne v\u0161etk\u00fdmi ch\u00e1pan\u00e9 po\u0148atie \u017eivotn\u00e9ho cyklu softv\u00e9ru, a nov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 role (Data Scientist, QA Engineer, Machine Learning Engineer at\u010f.) s\u00fa n\u00e1sledkom precizovania a rozvoja \u017eivotn\u00e9ho cyklu softv\u00e9ru ako tak\u00e9ho, \u010do sa deje so zdokona\u013eovan\u00edm technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a n\u00e1strojov, ako aj s rozvojom a zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovan\u00edm obchodn\u00fdch \u00faloh.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 zjednoti\u0165 v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 \u00falohy, preto\u017ee IT je jedn\u00fdm z najmlad\u0161\u00edch a najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie sa rozv\u00edjaj\u00facich odvetv\u00ed ekonomiky. V istom zmysle je to chaos, z ktor\u00e9ho vznikol vesm\u00edr. Jasn\u00e1 organiza\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara tu nie je mo\u017en\u00e1 a ani vhodn\u00e1, preto\u017ee IT je intelektu\u00e1lna, ale ve\u013emi kreat\u00edvna sf\u00e9ra. Na jednej strane je IT \u0161pecialista \u201efyzik\u201c \u2013 intelektu\u00e1l s rozvinut\u00fdm algoritmick\u00fdm a matematick\u00fdm myslen\u00edm, na druhej strane je \u201elyrik\u201c \u2013 tvorca, nosite\u013e a propag\u00e1tor my\u0161lienok. Rovnako ako umelec, ani on nem\u00e1 jasn\u00fd pl\u00e1n na nap\u00edsanie obrazu, nedok\u00e1\u017ee rozlo\u017ei\u0165 obraz na \u010dasti, preto\u017ee ten by prestal existova\u0165. Je p\u00e1nom informa\u010dn\u00fdch procesov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa samy o sebe abstraktn\u00e9, hmatate\u013en\u00e9, \u0165a\u017eko merate\u013en\u00e9, ale r\u00fdchle. <\/p>\n<h2>Cesty k efekt\u00edvnemu person\u00e1lnemu riadeniu v IT v\u00fdrobe<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u010co by mal vedie\u0165 HR \u0161pecialista na budovanie efekt\u00edvneho person\u00e1lneho riadenia v podmienkach r\u00f4znorodosti rol\u00ed IT v\u00fdroby.<\/p>\n<p>Po prv\u00e9, ka\u017ed\u00fd person\u00e1lny \u0161pecialista IT spolo\u010dnosti by mal ma\u0165 predstavu o situ\u00e1cii, ktor\u00e1 je charakteristick\u00e1 pr\u00e1ve pre jeho podnik: kto a \u010domu sa venuje, kto a ako sa vol\u00e1, a najm\u00e4 \u2013 ak\u00fd v\u00fdznam sa vklad\u00e1 do t\u00fdchto rol\u00ed v konkr\u00e9tnej v\u00fdrobe.<\/p>\n<p>Po druh\u00e9, HR \u0161pecialista by mal ma\u0165 flexibiln\u00e9 predstavy o v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch rol\u00e1ch. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee si najprv vytvor\u00ed ide\u00e1lne porozumenie, ktor\u00e9 mu umo\u017en\u00ed s\u00e1m sa v tom zorientova\u0165. Potom mus\u00ed existova\u0165 re\u00e1lny obraz v\u00fdroby: kde a v \u010dom sa \u00falohy prel\u00ednaj\u00fa, sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa, ak\u00e9 vn\u00edmanie t\u00fdchto rol\u00ed existuje u v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch mana\u017e\u00e9rov. Zlo\u017eitostou pre person\u00e1lneho \u0161pecialistu je sklbi\u0165 v uvedomen\u00ed si re\u00e1lnu a ide\u00e1lnu situ\u00e1ciu, nesna\u017ei\u0165 sa n\u00e1silne prestavova\u0165 procesy pod\u013ea ich ide\u00e1lneho porozumenia, ale pom\u00e1ha\u0165 v\u00fdrobe v uspokojovan\u00ed potrieb po zdrojoch.<\/p>\n<p>Po tretie, je nevyhnutn\u00e9 ma\u0165 predstavu o mo\u017en\u00fdch trajekt\u00f3ri\u00e1ch rozvoja jednotliv\u00fdch odborn\u00edkov: v ktor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 extern\u00e9 h\u013eadanie zamestnancov a kedy je lep\u0161ie vychova\u0165 zamestnanca vo svojom t\u00edme, poskytn\u00fa\u0165 mu mo\u017enosti rozvoja, ak\u00e9 vlastnosti kandid\u00e1tov umo\u017enia rozv\u00edja\u0165 sa v konkr\u00e9tnom smere, ktor\u00e9 z vlastnost\u00ed nem\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 zlu\u010dite\u013en\u00e9 v jednej osobe, \u010do je z h\u013eadiska v\u00fdberu trajekt\u00f3rie rozvoja d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Po \u0161tvrt\u00e9, vr\u00e1\u0165me sa k t\u00e9ze, \u017ee IT je oblas\u0165ou vysoko kvalifikovan\u00fdch odborn\u00edkov, kde je pre efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie person\u00e1lne riadenie nevyhnutn\u00e1 skor\u00e1 integr\u00e1cia s univerzitn\u00fdm vzdel\u00e1vac\u00edm prostred\u00edm. V tejto situ\u00e1cii by ka\u017ed\u00fd HR \u0161pecialista mal rozv\u00edja\u0165 nielen zru\u010dnosti priameho vyh\u013ead\u00e1vania, pr\u00e1ce s dotazn\u00edkmi a pohovory, ale aj sa povinne orientova\u0165 v prostred\u00ed vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho vzdel\u00e1vania odborn\u00edkov: ktor\u00e9 univerzity pripravuj\u00fa zamestnancov pre firmu, ktor\u00e9 \u0161pecializ\u00e1cie v konkr\u00e9tnych univerzit\u00e1ch pokr\u00fdvaj\u00fa person\u00e1lne potreby a, \u010do je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, kto za t\u00fdm stoj\u00ed, kto riadi a uskuto\u010d\u0148uje pr\u00edpravu odborn\u00edkov na univerzit\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom, ak chceme cielene rozpt\u00fdli\u0165 m\u00fdtus, \u017ee v\u0161etci IT odborn\u00edci s\u00fa program\u00e1tori, mus\u00edme vykona\u0165 cel\u00fd rad krokov v tomto smere a venova\u0165 osobitn\u00fa pozornos\u0165 na\u0161im univerzit\u00e1m, kde sa zakladaj\u00fa z\u00e1klady vn\u00edmania bud\u00faceho povolania. In\u00fdmi slovami, je potrebn\u00e1 neust\u00e1la spolupr\u00e1ca s vzdel\u00e1vac\u00edm prostred\u00edm, napr\u00edklad vyu\u017eit\u00edm modern\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu spolo\u010dnej pr\u00e1ce v coworkingov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch, \u201ehor\u00facich bodoch\u201c, \u00fa\u010dasti na vzdel\u00e1vac\u00edch intenz\u00edvach. To umo\u017en\u00ed rozbi\u0165 nespr\u00e1vne predstavy o IT podnikoch, zv\u00fd\u0161i efektivitu person\u00e1lnej pr\u00e1ce a vytvor\u00ed podmienky pre spolupr\u00e1cu pri pr\u00edprave r\u00f4znych odborn\u00edkov v na\u0161om odvetv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Vyjadrujem v\u010faku kolegom, ktor\u00ed sa podie\u013eali na pr\u00edprave a udr\u017eiavan\u00ed aktu\u00e1lnosti tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku: Valent\u00edne Ver\u0161inovej a Jurijovi Krupinovi.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/krista\/blog\/475688\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0418\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0438, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 (\u0418\u0422) \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52799","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 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