{"id":53753,"date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-08T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:41","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:41","slug":"nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","title":{"rendered":"Prich\u00e1dza \u00e9ra ARM serverov?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Prich\u00e1dza<\/a><\/noindex>
\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00e1 doska SynQuacer E-Series pre 24-jadrov\u00fd ARM server s procesorom ARM Cortex A53 a 32 GB RAM, december 2018<\/a><\/noindex><\/i> <\/p>\n

Roky dominuj\u00fa procesory ARM s redukovanou sadou in\u0161trukci\u00ed (RISC) na trhu mobiln\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed. Ale nikdy sa im nepodarilo prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centier, kde na\u010falej vl\u00e1dnu Intel a AMD so sadou in\u0161trukci\u00ed x86. Pravidelne sa objavuj\u00fa jednotliv\u00e9 exotick\u00e9 rie\u0161enia, ako 24-jadrov\u00fd ARM server na platforme Banana Pi<\/a><\/noindex>, ale v\u00e1\u017ene ponuky zatia\u013e ch\u00fdbaj\u00fa. Presnej\u0161ie, nebolo ich a\u017e do tohto t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148a.<\/p>\n

V tomto t\u00fd\u017edni spustila AWS vo svojej cloudovej slu\u017ebe vlastn\u00e9 64-jadrov\u00e9 ARM procesory Graviton2<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0\u2014 ide o syst\u00e9m na \u010dipe s jadrom ARM Neoverse N1. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Graviton2 je v\u00fdrazne r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed ako ARM procesory predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej gener\u00e1cie v in\u0161tanci\u00e1ch EC2 A1, a tu s\u00fa prv\u00e9 nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 testy<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nInfrastrukturn\u00fd obchod z\u00e1vis\u00ed od porovnania \u010d\u00edsel. Pre klientov d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centier a cloudov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb v podstate nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na architekt\u00fare procesorov. Zauj\u00edma ich pomer ceny a v\u00fdkonu. Ak je pr\u00e1ca na ARM lacnej\u0161ia ako na x86, t\u00edto si vyber\u00fa ARM. <\/p>\n

A\u017e doned\u00e1vna nebolo mo\u017en\u00e9 jednozna\u010dne poveda\u0165, \u017ee v\u00fdpo\u010dty na ARM bud\u00fa v\u00fdhodnej\u0161ie ako na x86. Napr\u00edklad serverov\u00fd 24-jadrov\u00fd ARM Cortex A53 je model SocioNext SC2A11<\/a><\/noindex> , ktor\u00fd stoj\u00ed okolo 1000 dol\u00e1rov a mohol by spusti\u0165 webov\u00fd server na Ubuntu, ale v\u00fdkonovo v\u00fdrazne zaost\u00e1va za procesormi x86.<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak, ohromuj\u00faca energetick\u00e1 efekt\u00edvnos\u0165 procesorov ARM op\u00e4\u0165 a znovu pri\u0165ahuje pozornos\u0165. Napr\u00edklad SocioNext SC2A11 spotrebov\u00e1va len 5 W. A elektrick\u00e1 energia predstavuje takmer 20% n\u00e1kladov d\u00e1tov\u00e9ho centra. Ak tieto \u010dipy predved\u00fa uspokojiv\u00fd v\u00fdkon, x86 nebude ma\u0165 \u017eiadnu \u0161ancu.<\/p>\n

Prv\u00e1 vlna ARM: in\u0161tancie EC2 A1<\/h2>\n

\nNa konci roka 2018 AWS predstavila in\u0161tancie EC2 A1<\/a><\/noindex> na vlastn\u00fdch ARM procesoroch. Ur\u010dite to bolo sign\u00e1lom pre priemysel o potenci\u00e1lnych zmen\u00e1ch na trhu, ale v\u00fdsledky benchmarkov boli neuspokojiv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V nasleduj\u00facej tabu\u013eke s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky stresov\u00e9ho testovania<\/a><\/noindex> in\u0161tanci\u00ed EC2 A1 (ARM) a EC2 M5d.metal (x86). Na testovanie sa pou\u017eil n\u00e1stroj stress-ng<\/code>:<\/p>\n

stress-ng --metrics-brief --cache 16 --icache 16 --matrix 16 --cpu 16 --memcpy 16 --qsort 16 --dentry 16 --timer 16 -t 1m<\/code><\/p>\n

Ako vidno, A1 sa vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch testoch uk\u00e1zali hor\u0161ie, okrem cache. V mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch parametroch ARM zaost\u00e1vali ve\u013emi v\u00fdrazne. Tento rozdiel vo v\u00fdkone je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed ako rozdiel v cene 46 % medzi A1 a M5. In\u00fdmi slovami, in\u0161tancie na procesoroch x86 zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa st\u00e1le v\u00fdhodnej\u0161ie z h\u013eadiska ceny\/v\u00fdkonu:<\/p>\n

Test
\nEC2 A1
\nEC2 M5d.metal
\nRozdiel<\/p>\n

cache
\n1280
\n311
\n311,58%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n18209
\n34368
\n-47,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matica
\n77932
\n252190
\n-69,10%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n9336
\n24077
\n-61,22%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n21085
\n111877
\n-81,15%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n522
\n728
\n-28,30%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n1389634
\n2770985
\n-49.85%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010dasova\u010d
\n4970125
\n15367075
\n-67,66%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nSamozrejme, mikrobencmarky neukazuj\u00fa v\u017edy objekt\u00edvny obraz. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd je rozdiel v re\u00e1lnom v\u00fdkone aplik\u00e1cie. Ale ani tu sa obraz neuk\u00e1zal lep\u0161\u00ed. Kolegovia zo Scylla porovnali in\u0161tancie a1.metal a m5.4xlarge s rovnak\u00fdm po\u010dtom procesorov. V \u0161tandardnom teste na \u010d\u00edtanie datab\u00e1zy NoSQL v konfigur\u00e1cii s jedn\u00fdm uzlom prv\u00e1 dosiahla 102 000 oper\u00e1ci\u00ed \u010d\u00edtania za sekundu, zatia\u013e \u010do druh\u00e1 610 000. V oboch pr\u00edpadoch sa v\u0161etky dostupn\u00e9 procesory vyu\u017e\u00edvali na 100 %. To zodpoved\u00e1 poklesu v\u00fdkonu pribli\u017ene \u0161es\u0165kr\u00e1t, \u010do nie je kompenzovan\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161ou cenou.<\/p>\n

Okrem toho in\u0161tancie A1 funguj\u00fa iba na EBS bez podpory r\u00fdchlych zariaden\u00ed NVMe, ako je to v in\u00fdch in\u0161tanci\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Celkovo, A1 bol krokom nov\u00fdm smerom, ale nesplnil o\u010dak\u00e1vania na ARM.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00e9 pr\u00edchod ARM: in\u0161tancie EC2 M6<\/h2>\n

\n\"Prich\u00e1dza<\/p>\n

V\u0161etko sa zmenilo tento t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148, ke\u010f AWS predstavilo nov\u00fa triedu ARM serverov, ako aj s\u00e9riu in\u0161tanci\u00ed na nov\u00fdch procesoroch Graviton2<\/a><\/noindex>, vr\u00e1tane M6g a M6gd<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Porovnanie t\u00fdchto in\u0161tanci\u00ed ukazuje u\u017e \u00faplne in\u00fd obraz. V niektor\u00fdch testoch ARM preukazuje lep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon, a ob\u010das ove\u013ea lep\u0161\u00ed ako x86.<\/p>\n

Tu s\u00fa v\u00fdsledky vykonania tej istej pr\u00edkazovej stresovej sk\u00fa\u0161ky:<\/p>\n

Test<\/strong>
\nEC2 M6g<\/strong>
\nEC2 M5d.metal<\/strong>
\nRozdiel<\/strong><\/p>\n

cache
\n218
\n311
\n-29,90%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n45887
\n34368
\n33,52%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matica
\n453982
\n252190
\n80,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n14694
\n24077
\n-38,97%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n134711
\n111877
\n20,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n943
\n728
\n29,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n3088242
\n2770985
\n11,45%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010dasova\u010d
\n55515663
\n15367075
\n261,26%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nToto je u\u017e \u00faplne in\u00e1 vec: M6g je p\u00e4\u0165kr\u00e1t r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed ako A1 pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed oper\u00e1ci\u00ed \u010d\u00edtania z datab\u00e1zy Scylla NoSQL, a v nov\u00fdch in\u0161tanci\u00e1ch M6gd pracuj\u00fa r\u00fdchle disky NVMe.<\/p>\n

Postup ARM na v\u0161etk\u00fdch frontoch<\/h2>\n

\nProcesor AWS Graviton2 je len jeden pr\u00edklad vyu\u017eitia ARM v d\u00e1tov\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch. Ale sign\u00e1ly prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z r\u00f4znych str\u00e1n. Napr\u00edklad 15. novembra 2019 americk\u00fd startup Nuvia pril\u00e1kal 53 mili\u00f3nov dol\u00e1rov rizikov\u00e9ho financovania<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

Startup zalo\u017eili traja ved\u00faci in\u017einieri, ktor\u00ed sa zaoberali v\u00fdvojom procesorov v Apple a Google. S\u013eubuj\u00fa vyvin\u00fa\u0165 procesory pre d\u00e1tov\u00e9 centr\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa konkurova\u0165 Intelu a AMD.<\/p>\n

V porovnan\u00ed existuj\u00face inform\u00e1cie<\/a><\/noindex>, Nuvia navrhla od z\u00e1kladov procesorov\u00e9 jadro, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 postaven\u00e9 \u201ena vrch\u201c architekt\u00fary ARM, ale bez z\u00edskania licencie ARM.<\/p>\n

V\u0161etko to nazna\u010duje, \u017ee ARM procesory s\u00fa pripraven\u00e9 dob\u00fdva\u0165 serverov\u00fd trh. Napokon, \u017eijeme v \u00e9re post-PC. Ro\u010dn\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky x86 klesli o takmer 10% od vrcholu v roku 2011, zatia\u013e \u010do \u010dipy RISC vzr\u00e1stli na 20 mili\u00e1rd. Dnes 99% 32- a 64-bitov\u00fdch procesorov na svete s\u00fa RISC.<\/p>\n

Nositelia Ceny Turinga John Hennessy a David Patterson v febru\u00e1ri 2019 publikovali \u010dl\u00e1nok \u201eNov\u00fd zlat\u00fd vek po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej architekt\u00fary\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>. Toto s\u00fa ich slov\u00e1: <\/p>\n

Trh rozhodol spor RISC a CISC. Hoci CISC vyhral neskor\u0161ie f\u00e1zy \u00e9ry PC, RISC v\u00ed\u0165az\u00ed teraz, ke\u010f nastala \u00e9ra post-PC. Nov\u00e9 ISA na CISC sa nevytv\u00e1rali cel\u00e9 desa\u0165ro\u010dia. Na na\u0161e prekvapenie, celkov\u00e9 n\u00e1zory na najlep\u0161ie princ\u00edpy ISA pre univerz\u00e1lne procesory s\u00fa dnes st\u00e1le naklonen\u00e9 na RISC, 35 rokov po jeho vyn\u00e1leze\u2026 V ekosyst\u00e9moch s otvoren\u00fdm zdrojom majstrovsky navrhnut\u00e9 \u010dipy presved\u010divo preuk\u00e1\u017eu pokroky a t\u00fdm ur\u00fdchlia komer\u010dn\u00e9 zavedenie. Filozofiou univerz\u00e1lnych procesorov v t\u00fdchto \u010dipoch pravdepodobne bude RISC, ktor\u00fd obst\u00e1l v sk\u00fa\u0161ke \u010dasom. O\u010dak\u00e1vajte podobne r\u00fdchly pokrok ako po\u010das minul\u00e9ho zlat\u00e9ho veku, ale tentoraz z poh\u013eadu n\u00e1kladov, energie a bezpe\u010dnosti, a nie len v\u00fdkonu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\u201eV nasleduj\u00facom desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed d\u00f4jde k kambri\u00e1nskemu v\u00fdbuchu nov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch architekt\u00far, \u010do znamen\u00e1 vzru\u0161uj\u00face \u010dasy pre po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch architektov v akademick\u00fdch kruhoch a v priemysle,\u201c uzn\u00e1vaj\u00fa vo svojom z\u00e1vere \u010dl\u00e1nku.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043dc\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 SynQuacer E-Series \u0434\u043b\u044f 24-\u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e ARM-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0435 ARM Cortex A53 \u0441 32 \u0413\u0411 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044c 2018 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u044b ARM \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434 (RISC) \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041d\u043e \u0438\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 Intel \u0438 AMD \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 x86. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Prich\u00e1dza \u00e9ra ARM serverov? 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