{"id":55027,"date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-09T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:06","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:06","slug":"bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu","title":{"rendered":"DB messengera (\u010d.2): sekciujeme 'na\u017eivo'","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00daspe\u0161ne sme navrhli \u0161trukt\u00faru na\u0161ej datab\u00e1zy PostgreSQL na uchov\u00e1vanie komunik\u00e1cie, pre\u0161iel rok, pou\u017e\u00edvatelia ju akt\u00edvne nap\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa, tu u\u017e m\u00e1me <b>mili\u00f3ny z\u00e1znamov<\/b>, a\u2026 nie\u010do za\u010dalo spoma\u013eova\u0165.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483176\/\">\u010cas\u0165 1: navrhujeme r\u00e1mec datab\u00e1zy<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>\u010cas\u0165 2: sekciujeme \u201ena\u017eivo\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB messengera (\u010d.2): sekciujeme &#039;na\u017eivo&#039;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/7830da046d9c472af15330e42cbb05e0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nIde o to, \u017ee <b>s rastom objemu tabu\u013eky rastie aj \u201eh\u013abka\u201c indexov<\/b> \u2014 aj ke\u010f logaritmicky. Ale \u010dasom to n\u00fati server spracov\u00e1va\u0165 pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed rovnak\u00fdch \u00faloh \u010d\u00edtania\/z\u00e1pisu <i>o nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t viac str\u00e1nok d\u00e1t<\/i>, ne\u017e na za\u010diatku.<\/p>\n<p>Tu prich\u00e1dza na pomoc <b>sekcionovanie<\/b>.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nPoznamen\u00e1m, \u017ee nebudeme hovori\u0165 o shardovan\u00ed, teda rozde\u013eovan\u00ed d\u00e1t medzi r\u00f4zne datab\u00e1zy alebo servery. Preto\u017ee aj keby ste rozdelili d\u00e1ta na <b>nieko\u013ek\u00fdch<\/b> serveroch, nijako sa nezbav\u00edte probl\u00e9mu \u201ezv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovania\u201c indexov s \u010dasom. Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee ak si m\u00f4\u017eete dovoli\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 zav\u00e1dza\u0165 nov\u00fd server do prev\u00e1dzky, va\u0161e probl\u00e9my u\u017e bud\u00fa le\u017ea\u0165 v \u00faplne inej oblasti ako konkr\u00e9tna datab\u00e1za.<\/p>\n<p>My sa v\u0161ak pozrieme na pr\u00edstupy, nie na konkr\u00e9tne skripty na implement\u00e1ciu sekcionovania \u201ev \u017eeleze\u201c \u2014 \u010do a ako by sa malo \u201ereza\u0165 na kusy\u201c a k \u010domu toto \u017eelanie vedie.<\/p>\n<h2>Koncept<\/h2>\n<p>\nE\u0161te raz si stanov\u00edme n\u00e1\u0161 cie\u013e: chceme zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby dnes, zajtra a aj o rok zostal po\u010det \u010d\u00edtan\u00fdch d\u00e1t PostgreSQL pri akejko\u013evek oper\u00e1cii \u010d\u00edtania\/z\u00e1pisu pribli\u017ene rovnak\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Pre v\u0161etky <b>chronologicky nahromaden\u00e9 d\u00e1ta<\/b> (spr\u00e1vy, dokumenty, logy, arch\u00edvy, &#8230;) prirodzenou vo\u013ebou pre k\u013e\u00fa\u010d sekcionovania je <b>d\u00e1tum\/\u010das udalosti<\/b>. V na\u0161om pr\u00edpade takou udalos\u0165ou je <u>moment odoslania spr\u00e1vy<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161imnite si, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvatelia takmer v\u017edy <b>pracuj\u00fa iba s \u201enajnov\u0161\u00edmi\u201c<\/b> tak\u00fdmi d\u00e1tami \u2014 \u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa posledn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy, analyzuj\u00fa posledn\u00e9 protokoly,\u2026 Nie, samozrejme, m\u00f4\u017eu prelistova\u0165 aj dozadu v \u010dase, ale robia to ve\u013emi zriedka.<\/p>\n<p>Z t\u00fdchto obmedzen\u00ed sa jasne ukazuje, \u017ee optim\u00e1lnym rie\u0161en\u00edm pre spr\u00e1vy bud\u00fa <b>\u201edenn\u00e9\u201c sekcie<\/b> \u2014 preto\u017ee takmer v\u017edy bude n\u00e1\u0161 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e \u010d\u00edta\u0165 to, \u010do mu pri\u0161lo \u201ednes\u201c alebo \u201ev\u010dera\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Ak po\u010das d\u0148a p\u00ed\u0161eme a \u010d\u00edtame prakticky iba v jednej sekcii, poskytuje n\u00e1m to aj <b>efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie vyu\u017eitie pam\u00e4ti a disku<\/b> \u2014 preto\u017ee v\u0161etky indexy sekcie sa pohodlne vojd\u00fa do pam\u00e4te, na rozdiel od \u201eve\u013ek\u00fdch a bulk\u00fdch\u201c v celej tabu\u013eke.<\/p>\n<h2>step-by-step<\/h2>\n<p>\nV\u0161e, \u010do bolo doteraz povedan\u00e9, znie ako jeden ve\u013ek\u00fd zisk. Je to dosiahnute\u013en\u00e9, ale budeme sa musie\u0165 ve\u013emi sna\u017ei\u0165 \u2014 preto\u017ee <u>rozhodnutie oddeli\u0165 jednu z ent\u00edt vedie k potrebe \u201erozreza\u0165\u201c aj s\u00favisiace s \u0148ou<\/u>.<\/p>\n<h4>Spr\u00e1va, jej vlastnosti a projekcie<\/h4>\n<p>\nKe\u010f sme sa rozhodli deli\u0165 spr\u00e1vy pod\u013ea d\u00e1tumov, je rozumn\u00e9 rozdeli\u0165 aj z\u00e1visl\u00e9 vlastnosti (pr\u00edlohy, zoznam pr\u00edjemcov) a <b>taktie\u017e pod\u013ea d\u00e1tumu spr\u00e1vy<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee jednou z na\u0161ich typick\u00fdch \u00faloh je pr\u00e1ve prezeranie registrov spr\u00e1v (nepre\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9, prich\u00e1dzaj\u00face, v\u0161etky), je logick\u00e9 tie\u017e zapoji\u0165 ich do delenia pod\u013ea d\u00e1tumov spr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB messengera (\u010d.2): sekciujeme &#039;na\u017eivo&#039;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/5ea615ca97a2b865de537777c401038c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Prid\u00e1vame k\u013e\u00fa\u010d pre delenie (d\u00e1tum spr\u00e1vy) do v\u0161etk\u00fdch tabuliek: pr\u00edjemcovia, s\u00fabor, registre. Do samotnej spr\u00e1vy ho nemus\u00edte prid\u00e1va\u0165, sta\u010d\u00ed pou\u017ei\u0165 existuj\u00face D\u00e1tum\u010cas.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>T\u00e9my<\/h4>\n<p>\nKe\u010f\u017ee t\u00e9ma sa vz\u0165ahuje na viacero spr\u00e1v, nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 ju \u201epokr\u00e1ja\u0165\u201c v tej istej \u0161trukt\u00fare, mus\u00edme sa opiera\u0165 o nie\u010do in\u00e9. V na\u0161om pr\u00edpade je ide\u00e1lne <b>d\u00e1tum prvej spr\u00e1vy v kore\u0161pondencii<\/b> \u2014 teda okamih vytvorenia, samotnej t\u00e9my.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB messengera (\u010d.2): sekciujeme &#039;na\u017eivo&#039;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4f1336a9e229221f1e25ee8d3c08fb5e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Prid\u00e1vame k\u013e\u00fa\u010d pre delenie (d\u00e1tum t\u00e9my) do v\u0161etk\u00fdch tabuliek: t\u00e9ma, \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nAle teraz sa n\u00e1m objavuj\u00fa hne\u010f dve probl\u00e9my:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v ktorej sekcii h\u013eada\u0165 spr\u00e1vy pod\u013ea t\u00e9my?<\/li>\n<li>v ktorej sekcii h\u013eada\u0165 t\u00e9mu od spr\u00e1vy?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSamozrejme, m\u00f4\u017eeme pokra\u010dova\u0165 v h\u013eadan\u00ed vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch sekci\u00e1ch, ale to by bolo ve\u013emi smutn\u00e9 a zmarilo by to v\u0161etky na\u0161e v\u00fdhody. Preto, aby sme vedeli, kde konkr\u00e9tne h\u013eada\u0165, vytvor\u00edme logick\u00e9 odkazy\/ukazovatele na sekcie:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>do spr\u00e1vy prid\u00e1me <b>pole s d\u00e1tumom t\u00e9my<\/b><\/li>\n<li>k t\u00e9me prid\u00e1me <b>sadu d\u00e1tumov spr\u00e1v<\/b> tejto kore\u0161pondencie (m\u00f4\u017ee to by\u0165 samostatn\u00e1 tabu\u013eka alebo pole d\u00e1t)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB messengera (\u010d.2): sekciujeme &#039;na\u017eivo&#039;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/f7bfdc96c396ca37f46d876f185bf98e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKe\u010f\u017ee po\u010det modifik\u00e1ci\u00ed zoznamu d\u00e1tumov spr\u00e1v pre ka\u017ed\u00fa jednotliv\u00fa kore\u0161pondenciu bude mal\u00fd (ve\u010f takmer v\u0161etky spr\u00e1vy spadaj\u00fa do 1-2 susedn\u00fdch dn\u00ed), zastav\u00edm sa pri tejto variante.<\/p>\n<p>Celkovo na\u0161a \u0161trukt\u00fara datab\u00e1zy nadobudla nasleduj\u00facu podobu s oh\u013eadom na delenie:<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Tabu\u013eky: RU, pri nechuti k azbuke v n\u00e1zvoch tabuliek\/pol\u00ed je lep\u0161ie nepozera\u0165<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">-- sekcie pod\u013ea d\u00e1tumu spr\u00e1vy\nCREATE TABLE \"Spr\u00e1va_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"Spr\u00e1va\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"T\u00e9ma\"\n    uuid\n, \"D\u00e1tumT\u00e9my\"\n    date\n, \"Autor\"\n    uuid\n, \"D\u00e1tum\u010casu\" -- pou\u017e\u00edvame ako d\u00e1tum\n    timestamp\n, \"Text\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Adres\u00e1t_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"D\u00e1tumSpr\u00e1vy\"\n    date\n, \"Spr\u00e1va\"\n    uuid\n, \"Osoba\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Spr\u00e1va\", \"Osoba\")\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"S\u00fabor_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"D\u00e1tumSpr\u00e1vy\"\n    date\n, \"S\u00fabor\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Spr\u00e1va\"\n    uuid\n, \"BLOB\"\n    uuid\n, \"Meno\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"RegisterSpr\u00e1v_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"D\u00e1tumSpr\u00e1vy\"\n    date\n, \"Majite\u013e\"\n    uuid\n, \"TypRegistra\"\n    smallint\n, \"D\u00e1tum\u010casu\"\n    timestamp\n, \"Spr\u00e1va\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Majite\u013e\", \"TypRegistra\", \"Spr\u00e1va\")\n);\nCREATE INDEX ON \"RegisterSpr\u00e1v_YYYYMMDD\"(\"Majite\u013e\", \"TypRegistra\", \"D\u00e1tum\u010casu\" DESC);\n\n-- sekcie pod\u013ea d\u00e1tumu t\u00e9my\nCREATE TABLE \"T\u00e9ma_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"D\u00e1tumT\u00e9my\"\n    date\n, \"T\u00e9ma\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Dokument\"\n    uuid\n, \"N\u00e1zov\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"\u00da\u010dastn\u00edkT\u00e9my_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"D\u00e1tumT\u00e9my\"\n    date\n, \"T\u00e9ma\"\n    uuid\n, \"Osoba\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"T\u00e9ma\", \"Osoba\")\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"D\u00e1tumySpr\u00e1vT\u00e9my_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"D\u00e1tumT\u00e9my\"\n    date\n, \"T\u00e9ma\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"D\u00e1tum\"\n    date\n);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>\u0160etr\u00edme cent\u00edk<\/h2>\n<p>\nNo, ak nepou\u017eijeme <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postgrespro.ru\/docs\/postgresql\/10\/ddl-partitioning\">klasick\u00fa met\u00f3du sekciovania<\/a><\/noindex> na z\u00e1klade rozdelenia hodn\u00f4t po\u013ea (cez sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010de a dedi\u010dstvo alebo PARTITION BY), ale \"ru\u010dne\" na \u00farovni aplik\u00e1cie, je mo\u017en\u00e9 si v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee hodnota k\u013e\u00fa\u010da sekciovania sa u\u017e nach\u00e1dza v n\u00e1zve samotnej tabu\u013eky.<\/p>\n<p>Preto ak ste tak <b>silne znepokojen\u00ed objemom uchov\u00e1van\u00fdch d\u00e1t<\/b>, m\u00f4\u017eete sa zbavi\u0165 t\u00fdchto \"zbyto\u010dn\u00fdch\" pol\u00ed a adresne pristupova\u0165 k konkr\u00e9tnym tabu\u013ek\u00e1m. Pravda, v\u0161etky v\u00fdbery z viacer\u00fdch sekci\u00ed budete musie\u0165 presun\u00fa\u0165 na stranu aplik\u00e1cie.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483170\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041c\u044b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 PostgreSQL-\u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442, \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u2026 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e\u00bb \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u2014 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