{"id":55121,"date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-12T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:12","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:12","slug":"a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","title":{"rendered":"A kone\u010dne, aj rel\u00e9","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A kone\u010dne, aj rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/3e16a1196fca3c5ff8f1c33cbeaa07b0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">\u010eal\u0161ie \u010dl\u00e1nky cyklu:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hist\u00f3ria rel\u00e9\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404373\/\">Met\u00f3da \u201er\u00fdchlej v\u00fdmeny inform\u00e1ci\u00ed\u201c, alebo Zrodenie rel\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404475\/\">Dialkov\u00fd p\u00edsa\u010d<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/370545\/\">Galvanizmus<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404657\/\">Podnikatelia<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">A kone\u010dne, aj rel\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404889\/\">Hovoriaci telegraf<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405025\/\">Jednoducho spoji\u0165<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/370471\/\">Zabudnut\u00e1 gener\u00e1cia rel\u00e9ov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405207\/\">Elektronick\u00e1 \u00e9ra<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Hist\u00f3ria elektronick\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408611\/\">Prol\u00f3g<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/374043\/\">Kolos<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408597\/\">ENIAC <\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447916\/\">Elektronick\u00e1 revol\u00facia<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Hist\u00f3ria tranzistora\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448238\/\">Prech\u00e1dzanie na slepo v tme<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\">Z pekla vojny<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\"><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449760\/\">Viacn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 znovuobjavovanie<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Hist\u00f3ria internetu\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450168\/\">Hlavn\u00e1 sie\u0165<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450522\/\">Rozpad, \u010das\u0165 1<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/451606\/\">Rozpad, \u010das\u0165 2<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452030\/\">Otv\u00e1ranie interaktivity<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/453154\/\">Roz\u0161irovanie interaktivity<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/456200\/\">ARPANET \u2013 zrodenie<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/457256\/\">ARPANET \u2013 paket<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/461177\/\">ARPANET \u2013 podsiete<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/472582\/\">Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d ako komunika\u010dn\u00e9 zariadenie<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483366\/\">Hist\u00f3ria internetu: medzi-sie\u0165ov\u00fd prenos<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/geektimes.ru\/post\/290165\/\">v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej \u010dasti pr\u00edbehu<\/a><\/noindex> sme sa dozvedeli, ako americk\u00fd vedec a u\u010dite\u013e <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84\">Joseph Henry<\/a><\/noindex> prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t cestoval po Eur\u00f3pe. Po\u010das n\u00e1v\u0161tevy Lond\u00fdna sa \u0161peci\u00e1lne zastavil u \u010dloveka, ktor\u00e9ho hlboko obdivoval, matematik <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7\">Charles Babbage<\/a><\/noindex>. Spolu s Henrym bol jeho priate\u013e Alexander Bach a jeho nov\u00fd zn\u00e1my, taktie\u017e experiment\u00e1tor v oblasti telegrafie, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7\">Charles Wheatstone<\/a><\/noindex>. Babbage povedal hostom, \u017ee \u010doskoro pl\u00e1nuje predvies\u0165 svoju po\u010d\u00edtaciu ma\u0161inu \u010dlenovi Parlamentu, ale s e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm pote\u0161en\u00edm im zdie\u013eal my\u0161lienku svojej novej ma\u0161iny, \"ktor\u00e1 podstatne prekon\u00e1 mo\u017enosti prvej\". Henry si do svojho denn\u00edka zap\u00edsal v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o tomto pl\u00e1ne:<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e1to ma\u0161ina sa del\u00ed na dve \u010dasti, z ktor\u00fdch jednu p\u00e1n B. naz\u00fdva \u00falo\u017eiskom a druh\u00fa \u2013 mlynom. \u00dalo\u017eisko je zaplnen\u00e9 kolieskami s nakreslen\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicami. Pravidelne ich p\u00e1ky vy\u0165ahuj\u00fa a pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa do mlynu, kde prebiehaj\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 manipul\u00e1cie. Po dokon\u010den\u00ed bude t\u00e1to ma\u0161ina schopn\u00e1 previes\u0165 ak\u00fako\u013evek vzorec algebraickej povahy do tabu\u013eky.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nHistorik nem\u00f4\u017ee nec\u00edti\u0165 chlad, ktor\u00fd mu prebehne po chrbte pri tak\u00fdchto n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch prepojeniach v \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u017eivotoch. Tu sa prepletli dve nite hist\u00f3rie v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch strojov, z ktor\u00fdch jedna sa bl\u00ed\u017eila k svojmu koncu, zatia\u013e \u010do druh\u00e1 len za\u010d\u00ednala.<\/p>\n<p>Hoci sa Babbageova ma\u0161ina \u010dasto predstavuje ako za\u010diatok hist\u00f3rie modern\u00fdch univerz\u00e1lnych po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov, spojenie medzi nimi je pomerne slab\u00e9. Jeho ma\u0161ina (ktor\u00fa sa mu nikdy nepodarilo postavi\u0165) bola vyvrcholen\u00edm sna o mechanick\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtoch. Tento sen, ktor\u00e9ho prv\u00e9 vyjadrenie patrilo Leibnitzovi, bol in\u0161pirovan\u00fd \u010doraz zlo\u017eitej\u0161\u00edmi hodinov\u00fdmi mechanizmami vytv\u00e1ran\u00fdmi remeseln\u00edkmi od konca stredoveku. Ale \u017eiadny univerz\u00e1lny po\u010d\u00edta\u010d nebol postaven\u00fd na \u010distej mechanike \u2013 t\u00e1to \u00faloha je pr\u00edli\u0161 zlo\u017eit\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Elektromagnetick\u00fd rel\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 navrhli Henry a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed, je mo\u017en\u00e9 pomerne \u013eahko integrova\u0165 do v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch obvodov, ktor\u00fdch zlo\u017eitosti sa bez neho zdaj\u00fa nepredstavite\u013en\u00e9. Av\u0161ak do tohto bodu zost\u00e1vali e\u0161te desa\u0165ro\u010dia, a tak\u00fdto v\u00fdvoj nemohli predv\u00edda\u0165 ani Henry, ani jeho s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00edci. Stal sa predchodcom nespo\u010detn\u00e9ho mno\u017estva tranzistorov, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017enili dne\u0161n\u00fd digit\u00e1lny svet, tak hlboko prepleten\u00fd s na\u0161\u00edm modern\u00fdm \u017eivotom. Rel\u00e9 zaplnili vn\u00fatornosti ran\u00fdch programovate\u013en\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch strojov, ktor\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dali kr\u00e1tky \u010das, k\u00fdm ich nenahradili ich \u010disto elektronick\u00ed pr\u00edbuzn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Rel\u00e9 bolo nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t nez\u00e1visle vyn\u00e1jden\u00e9 v 30-tych rokoch 19. storo\u010dia. Jeho \u00fa\u010dely boli rozmanit\u00e9 (piati jeho vyn\u00e1lezcovia pri\u0161li najmenej s tromi variantmi pou\u017eitia) \u2013 rovnako ako pr\u00edklady jeho vyu\u017eitia. Ale je pohodln\u00e9 na\u0148 myslie\u0165 ako na zariadenie s dvojit\u00fdm ur\u010den\u00edm. M\u00f4\u017ee sa pou\u017ei\u0165 ako prep\u00edna\u010d, ktor\u00fd ovl\u00e1da \u010fal\u0161ie elektrick\u00e9 zariadenie (vr\u00e1tane, \u010do je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, in\u00e9ho rel\u00e9), alebo ako zosil\u0148ova\u010d, ktor\u00fd premie\u0148a slab\u00fd sign\u00e1l na siln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h2>Prep\u00edna\u010d<\/h2>\n<p>\nJoseph Henry sp\u00e1jal v jednej osobe hlbok\u00e9 znalosti v pr\u00edrodnej filozofii, mechanike a z\u00e1ujem o probl\u00e9m mechanick\u00e9ho telegrafu. V 30-tych rokoch 19. storo\u010dia mal tak\u00fdto s\u00fabor vlastnost\u00ed sn\u00e1\u010f iba Whitston. Do roku 1831 postavil obvod s d\u013a\u017ekou 2,5 km, ktor\u00fd dok\u00e1zal zapn\u00fa\u0165 zvon, pri\u010dom pou\u017eil na to najv\u00fdkonej\u0161\u00ed magnet, ktor\u00fd existoval. Mo\u017eno, keby na\u010falej akt\u00edvne pracoval na telegrafu a preuk\u00e1zal rovnak\u00fa vytrvalos\u0165, ak\u00fa ukazoval Morse, jeho meno by bolo zap\u00edsan\u00e9 do u\u010debn\u00edc.<\/p>\n<p>Ale Henry, u\u010dite\u013e z Akad\u00e9mie v Albany a nesk\u00f4r z Kol\u00e9gia New Jersey (teraz je to Princeton University), stavoval a zdokona\u013eoval elektrick\u00e9 zariadenia na \u00fa\u010dely v\u00fdskumu, u\u010denia a vedeck\u00fdch demon\u0161tr\u00e1ci\u00ed. Nemal z\u00e1ujem premeni\u0165 u\u010debn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj na syst\u00e9m prenosu spr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n<p>Pribli\u017ene v roku 1835 vymyslel obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 vynaliezav\u00fa demon\u0161tr\u00e1ciu pomocou dvoch obvodov. Nezabudnite, \u017ee Henry objavil, \u017ee elektrina m\u00e1 dve dimenzie \u2013 intenzitu a mno\u017estvo (naz\u00fdvame ich nap\u00e4tie a pr\u00fad). Vytvoril obvody s intenz\u00edvnymi bat\u00e9riami a magnetmi na prenos elektromagnetizmu na ve\u013ek\u00e9 vzdialenosti, a obvody s mno\u017estevn\u00fdmi bat\u00e9riami a magnetmi na vytvorenie elektromagnetick\u00fdch s\u00edl s ve\u013ek\u00fdm v\u00fdkonom.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho nov\u00fd agreg\u00e1t sp\u00e1jal oba tieto vlastnosti. Siln\u00fd mno\u017estevn\u00fd elektromagnet mohol zdvihn\u00fa\u0165 n\u00e1klad \u0165a\u017ek\u00fd nieko\u013eko sto kilogramov. Intenz\u00edvny magnet na konci dlh\u00e9ho obvodu sa pou\u017e\u00edval na zdv\u00edhanie mal\u00e9ho kovov\u00e9ho dr\u00f4tu: prep\u00edna\u010da. Uzatvorenie intenz\u00edvneho obvodu sp\u00f4sobilo, \u017ee magnet zdvihol dr\u00f4t, \u010do otvorilo prep\u00edna\u010d a mno\u017estevn\u00fd obvod. Mno\u017estevn\u00fd elektromagnet potom n\u00e1hle spadol so ohlu\u0161uj\u00facim rachotom.<\/p>\n<p>Tento rel\u00e9 \u2013 a konkr\u00e9tne tak\u00fa \u00falohu plnil intenz\u00edvny magnet a jeho dr\u00f4t \u2013 bolo potrebn\u00e9 na demon\u0161tr\u00e1ciu premeny elektrickej energie na mechanick\u00fa, ako aj toho, ako m\u00f4\u017ee mal\u00e1 sila ovl\u00e1da\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fa. \u013dahk\u00e9 ponorenie dr\u00f4tu do kyseliny pre uzatvorenie obvodu sp\u00f4sobilo mal\u00e9 pohyby mal\u00e9ho prep\u00edna\u010da, \u010do nakoniec viedlo ku katastrofe v podobe p\u00e1du kovu v mno\u017estve dostato\u010dnom na to, aby zrazil kohoko\u013evek, kto by bol dostato\u010dne hl\u00fapy, aby st\u00e1l pod n\u00edm. Pre Henryho bolo rel\u00e9 n\u00e1strojom na demon\u0161tr\u00e1ciu vedeck\u00fdch princ\u00edpov. Bol to elektrick\u00fd p\u00e1ka.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A kone\u010dne, aj rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/93bd7103b03032ddb16cc69b8e28cf29.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nHenry bol pravdepodobne prv\u00fd, kto tak\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom spojil dva obvody \u2013 aby pomocou elektromagnetizmu jedn\u00e9ho obvodu ovl\u00e1dal druh\u00fd. Druh\u00e9 miesto, ako je n\u00e1m zn\u00e1me, patr\u00ed Williamovi Cookovi a Charlesovi Wheadonovi, hoci sledovali \u00faplne in\u00e9 ciele.<\/p>\n<p>V marci 1836, kr\u00e1tko po n\u00e1v\u0161teve demon\u0161tr\u00e1cie telegrafu v Heidelbergu, ktor\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edval galvanick\u00fa ihlu na prenos sign\u00e1lov, sa Cook in\u0161piroval hudobnou skrinkou. Cook sa domnieval, \u017ee pou\u017eitie ihiel, ktor\u00e9 ozna\u010duj\u00fa p\u00edsmen\u00e1, si vy\u017eiada nieko\u013eko ihiel, a pre ne bud\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 viacer\u00e9 obvody. Cook chcel, aby elektromagnet aktivoval mechanizmus, ktor\u00fd u\u017e m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 akoko\u013evek zlo\u017eit\u00fd pri demon\u0161tr\u00e1cii po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho p\u00edsmena.<\/p>\n<p>Navrhol stroj pripom\u00ednaj\u00faci hudobn\u00fa skrinku s valcom obklopen\u00fdm mno\u017estvom kol\u00edkov. Na jednej strane valca by mala by\u0165 okr\u00fahla \u0161k\u00e1la s p\u00edsmenami. Na oboch koncoch telegrafnej linky by mala by\u0165 tak\u00e1to skrinka. Napnut\u00e1 pru\u017eina by mala sp\u00f4sobova\u0165, aby sa valec ot\u00e1\u010dal, ale v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu \u010dasu by bol zafixovan\u00fd dorazom. Pri stla\u010den\u00ed telegrafn\u00e9ho k\u013e\u00fa\u010da by sa obvod uzavrel, \u010do by aktivovalo elektromagnety, ktor\u00e9 by uvo\u013enili obe z\u00e1padky, a obidva stroje by sa to\u010dili. Ke\u010f by sa na \u0161k\u00e1le zobrazilo po\u017eadovan\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno, k\u013e\u00fa\u010d by sa pustil, z\u00e1padky by sa vr\u00e1tili na miesto a zastavili pohyb valcov. Cook, ani\u017e by si to uvedomoval, vytvoril chronometrick\u00fd model telegrafu Ronalda, ktor\u00fd bol navrhnut\u00fd pred dvoma desa\u0165ro\u010diami, a ran\u00e9 experimenty bratov Shapp s telegrafom (len\u017ee oni na synchroniz\u00e1ciu \u0161k\u00e1l pou\u017e\u00edvali zvuk, a nie elektrinu).<\/p>\n<p>Cook si uvedomil, \u017ee rovnak\u00fd mechanizmus by mohol pom\u00f4c\u0165 vyrie\u0161i\u0165 dlhodob\u00fd probl\u00e9m telegrafu \u2013 upozornenie prij\u00edmate\u013ea na nov\u00fa spr\u00e1vu. Na to by sa dal pou\u017ei\u0165 druh\u00fd obvod s in\u00fdm elektromagnetom, ktor\u00fd by aktivoval mechanick\u00fd zvon\u010dek. Uzavretie obvodu by vtiahlo doraz a zvon\u010dek by zazvonil.<\/p>\n<p>V marci 1837 za\u010dal Cook spolupracova\u0165 s Whitstonom na telegrafu, a pribli\u017ene v tejto dobe za\u010dali uva\u017eova\u0165 o potrebe druh\u00e9ho obvodu. Namiesto vytvorenia nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho obvodu na sign\u00e1l upozornenia (a \u0165ahania kilometrov zbyto\u010dn\u00fdch dr\u00f4tov) by nebolo jednoduch\u0161ie pou\u017ei\u0165 hlavn\u00fd obvod na kontrolu sign\u00e1lu?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A kone\u010dne, aj rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/b68f58167a89c00819655299ee5178d7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDo toho \u010dasu sa Cook a Whitson vr\u00e1tili k ihlicov\u00e9mu dizajnu a bolo \u00faplne zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 pripoji\u0165 mal\u00fd kus dr\u00f4tu k ihle, aby, ke\u010f bol jej koniec pritiahnu\u0165 elektromagnetom, jej chvost uzatv\u00e1ral druh\u00fd obvod. Tento obvod by spustil sign\u00e1l. Po ur\u010ditom intervale, po\u010das ktor\u00e9ho by pr\u00edjemca spr\u00e1vy mohol stihn\u00fa\u0165 zobudi\u0165 sa, vypn\u00fa\u0165 sign\u00e1l a pripravi\u0165 ceruzku a papier, mohla by\u0165 ihla u\u017e pou\u017eit\u00e1 na prenos spr\u00e1vy vo be\u017enom re\u017eime.<\/p>\n<p>Po\u010das dvoch rokov na dvoch kontinentoch dvakr\u00e1t, s dvoma r\u00f4znymi cie\u013emi, \u013eudia pochopili, \u017ee elektromagnet by sa mohol pou\u017ei\u0165 ako prep\u00edna\u010d, ktor\u00fd ovl\u00e1da in\u00fd obvod. Ale mohlo by si predstavi\u0165 aj \u00faplne in\u00fd sp\u00f4sob interakcie dvoch obvodov.<\/p>\n<h2>Zosil\u0148ova\u010d<\/h2>\n<p>\nDo jesene 1837 bol Samuel Morse presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee jeho my\u0161lienku elektrick\u00e9ho telegrafu sa d\u00e1 uvies\u0165 do chodu. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fac intenz\u00edvnu bat\u00e9riu a Henryho magnet, posielal spr\u00e1vy na vzdialenos\u0165 pol kilometra. Ale aby dok\u00e1zal Kongresu mo\u017enos\u0165 prenosu spr\u00e1v cez svoj telegraf po celom kontinente, potreboval ove\u013ea viac. Bolo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee bez oh\u013eadu na v\u00fdkon bateriek, v ur\u010ditom momente sa obvod stane pr\u00edli\u0161 dlh\u00fdm na prenos zrozumite\u013en\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu na druh\u00fd koniec. Ale Morse si uvedomil, \u017ee, bez oh\u013eadu na siln\u00fd pokles v\u00fdkonu s vzdialenos\u0165ou, elektromagnet m\u00f4\u017ee otv\u00e1ra\u0165 a zatv\u00e1ra\u0165 in\u00fd obvod, nap\u00e1jan\u00fd vlastnou bat\u00e9riou, ktor\u00fd zase m\u00f4\u017ee posiela\u0165 sign\u00e1l \u010falej. Tento proces sa m\u00f4\u017ee opakova\u0165 ko\u013ekokr\u00e1t chceme a pokr\u00fdva\u0165 vzdialenosti akejko\u013evek d\u013a\u017eky. Preto sa tieto medzi\u010dl\u00e1nky naz\u00fdvali \"relay\" \u2013 ako po\u0161tov\u00e9 stanice na zmenu kon\u00ed. Prij\u00edmali elektrick\u00fa spr\u00e1vu od slabn\u00faceho partnera a niesli ju \u010falej s novou silou.<\/p>\n<p>Nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165, \u010di bol tento n\u00e1pad in\u0161pirovan\u00fd pr\u00e1cou Henryho, ale Morse bol ur\u010dite prv\u00fd, kto pou\u017eil rel\u00e9 na tak\u00fdto \u00fa\u010del. Pre neho bolo rel\u00e9 nie prep\u00edna\u010dom, ale zosil\u0148ova\u010dom, schopn\u00fdm premeni\u0165 slab\u00fd sign\u00e1l na siln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A kone\u010dne, aj rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/8a632be6166e4b337ba9fa6515c15031.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNa druhej strane Atlantiku pribli\u017ene v t\u00fa ist\u00fa dobu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Davy\">Edward Davey<\/a><\/noindex>, lond\u00fdnsky farmaceut vymyslel podobn\u00fd n\u00e1pad. Pravdepodobne sa za\u010dal zauj\u00edma\u0165 o telegraf pribli\u017ene v roku 1835. Na za\u010diatku roku 1837 pravidelne vykon\u00e1val experimenty so \u0161tvr\u0165kilometrov\u00fdm obvodom v Regent's Park na severoz\u00e1pade Lond\u00fdna.<\/p>\n<p>Skoro po stretnut\u00ed Cooka a Whistona v marci 1837 si Davy v\u0161imol konkurenciu a v\u00e1\u017enej\u0161ie uva\u017eoval o vybudovan\u00ed praktick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Pozoroval, \u017ee sila odch\u00fdlky galvanickej ihly sa v\u00fdznamne zni\u017eovala so zvy\u0161ovan\u00edm d\u013a\u017eky vodi\u010da. Ako nap\u00edsal o mnoho rokov nesk\u00f4r:<\/p>\n<p>Vtedy ma napadlo, \u017ee aj to najmen\u0161ie pohybu ihly o hr\u00fabku vlasu by sta\u010dilo na to, aby spojilo dva kovov\u00e9 povrchy, uzatv\u00e1raj\u00face nov\u00fd obvod z\u00e1visl\u00fd od miestnej bat\u00e9rie; a tak by sa to dalo opakova\u0165 donekone\u010dna.<\/p>\n<p>Davy nazval t\u00fato my\u0161lienku premeny slab\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu na siln\u00fd 'elektrick\u00fdm obnovova\u010dom'. Nepodarilo sa mu v\u0161ak realizova\u0165 t\u00fato ani \u017eiadnu in\u00fa my\u0161lienku t\u00fdkaj\u00facu sa telegrafu. Patent na telegraf dostal v roku 1838, nez\u00e1visle od Cooka a Whistona. Ale v roku 1839 odpl\u00e1val do Austr\u00e1lie, unikaj\u00fac z ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e9ho man\u017eelstva, a opustil pole \u010dinnosti konkurentom. Ich telegrafn\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 k\u00fapila tento patent o nieko\u013eko rokov nesk\u00f4r.<\/p>\n<h2>Rel\u00e9 vo svete<\/h2>\n<p>\nV hist\u00f3rii technol\u00f3gi\u00ed venujeme ve\u013ea pozornosti syst\u00e9mom, ale \u010dasto ignorujeme ich komponenty. P\u00ed\u0161eme pr\u00edbeh telegrafu, telef\u00f3nu, elektrick\u00e9ho svetla a oslavujeme ich tvorcov v tepl\u00fdch l\u00fa\u010doch n\u00e1\u0161ho schv\u00e1lenia. Ale tieto syst\u00e9my sa mohli objavi\u0165 len v\u010faka kombin\u00e1cii, rekombin\u00e1cii a zmene existuj\u00facich prvkov, ktor\u00e9 ticho r\u00e1stli v tieni.<\/p>\n<p>Rel\u00e9 je jedn\u00fdm z tak\u00fdchto prvkov. R\u00fdchlo sa vyv\u00edjalo a z\u00edskalo rozmanitos\u0165, ke\u010f telegrafn\u00e9 siete za\u010dali akt\u00edvne r\u00e1s\u0165 v 40. a 50. rokoch 19. storo\u010dia. V nasleduj\u00facom storo\u010d\u00ed sa objavilo v elektrick\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch rozli\u010dn\u00e9ho druhu. Najskor\u0161ou modifik\u00e1ciou bolo pou\u017eitie tvrden\u00e9ho kovov\u00e9ho kotva, ako na sign\u00e1le telegrafu, na uzatvorenie obvodu. Po vypnut\u00ed elektromagnetu sa kotva oddelila od obvodu pomocou pru\u017einy. Tak\u00fd mechanizmus bol spo\u013eahlivej\u0161\u00ed a odolnej\u0161\u00ed ako kusy dr\u00f4tu alebo ihly. Vyv\u00edjali sa aj uzavret\u00e9 modely, okrem p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho dizajnu, otvoren\u00e9ho ako predvolen\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A kone\u010dne, aj rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0aeebcad0701208c571f3909df9034c1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Typick\u00e9 rel\u00e9 konca 19. storo\u010dia. Pru\u017eina T udr\u017eiava kotvu B od kontaktu C. Ke\u010f sa aktivuje elektromagnet M, prekon\u00e1 pru\u017einu a uzavrie obvod medzi vodi\u010dom W a kontaktom C.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V ran\u00fdch rokoch telegrafu sa rel\u00e9 zriedka pou\u017e\u00edvali ako zosil\u0148ova\u010de alebo 'obnovova\u010de', preto\u017ee jeden obvod bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 natiahnu\u0165 na 150 km. Ale boli ve\u013emi u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 na spojenie slabopr\u00fadov\u00fdch dlh\u00fdch liniek s miestnymi vysokonap\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi linkami, ktor\u00e9 mohli by\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00e9 na nap\u00e1janie in\u00fdch strojov, napr\u00edklad Morseovho zapisova\u010da.<\/p>\n<p>Desiatky patentov v USA z druhej polovice 19. storo\u010dia opisuj\u00fa nov\u00e9 typy rel\u00e9 a ich nov\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie. Diferenci\u00e1lne rel\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 rozdelilo cievku tak, aby elektromagnetick\u00fd efekt sa kompenzoval v jednom smere a zosil\u0148oval v druhom, umo\u017enilo pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 duplexn\u00fa telegrafn\u00fa komunik\u00e1ciu: dva sign\u00e1ly id\u00face v opa\u010dn\u00fdch smeroch po jednom vodi\u010di. Thomas Edison pou\u017eil polarizovan\u00e9 (alebo polarne) rel\u00e9 na vytvorenie kvadruplexu, schopn\u00e9ho posiela\u0165 4 sign\u00e1ly s\u00fa\u010dasne po jednom vodi\u010di: po dve v ka\u017edom smere. V polarizovanom rel\u00e9 bola sama kotva trval\u00fdm magnetom, reaguj\u00facim na smer pr\u00fadu, a nie na jeho silu. V\u010faka trval\u00fdm magnetom bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 robi\u0165 rel\u00e9 so prep\u00ednac\u00edmi kontaktmi, ktor\u00e9 po prepnut\u00ed zost\u00e1vali otvoren\u00e9 alebo uzavret\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A kone\u010dne, aj rel\u00e9\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/607d82895b9f1a3786719824ffc81a02.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Polarizovan\u00e9 rel\u00e9<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Rel\u00e9, okrem telegrafu, sa za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 aj v signaliza\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch \u017eelezn\u00edc. S pr\u00edchodom elektrick\u00fdch prenosov\u00fdch siet\u00ed sa rel\u00e9 za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 aj v t\u00fdchto syst\u00e9moch, najm\u00e4 ako ochrann\u00e9 zariadenia.<\/p>\n<p>Ale aj tieto roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 a zlo\u017eit\u00e9 siete si nevy\u017eadovali od rel\u00e9 viac, ne\u017e \u010do dok\u00e1zali poskytn\u00fa\u0165. Telegraf a \u017eeleznica sa dostali do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho mesta, ale nie do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho budovy. Mali desiatky tis\u00edc kone\u010dn\u00fdch bodov, ale nie mili\u00f3ny. Syst\u00e9mom elektrick\u00fdch prenosov bolo \u00faplne jedno, kde kon\u010dia \u2013 jednoducho poskytovali pr\u00fad na miestny obvod, a ka\u017ed\u00fd dom a podnik si mohol vzia\u0165 to\u013eko, ko\u013eko potreboval.<\/p>\n<p>Telef\u00f3nia bola \u00faplne in\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165. Telef\u00f3ny potrebovali vytvori\u0165 spojenie medzi bodmi, od ktor\u00e9hoko\u013evek domu alebo kancel\u00e1rie k in\u00e9mu, a preto si vy\u017eiadali riadiace obvody bezprecedentnej ve\u013ekosti. \u013dudsk\u00fd hlas, ktor\u00fd prech\u00e1dzal ako vibr\u00e1cie cez dr\u00f4ty, bol sign\u00e1l bohat\u00fd, no slab\u00fd. Preto pre \u010fal\u0161ie telefonick\u00e9 spojenie boli potrebn\u00e9 zosil\u0148ova\u010de lep\u0161ej kvality. Uk\u00e1zalo sa, \u017ee prep\u00edna\u010de m\u00f4\u017eu fungova\u0165 aj ako tak\u00e9 zosil\u0148ova\u010de. Teraz telef\u00f3nne siete viac ako ak\u00e9ko\u013evek in\u00e9 syst\u00e9my riadili evol\u00faciu prep\u00edna\u010dov.<\/p>\n<h2>\u010co \u010d\u00edta\u0165<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u2022 James B. Calvert, \"Elektromagnetick\u00e1 telegrafia\"<br \/>\n\u2022 Franklin Leonard Pope, \"Modern\u00e1 prax elektrick\u00e9ho telegrafu\" (1891)<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0446 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c 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