{"id":55209,"date":"2020-01-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/it-tehnicheskaya-storona-yahtinga"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:18","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:18","slug":"it-tehnicheskaya-storona-yahtinga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/it-tehnicheskaya-storona-yahtinga","title":{"rendered":"IT technick\u00e1 str\u00e1nka jachtingu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

V \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/a><\/noindex> O \u0160panielsku som spomenul elektronick\u00e9 naviga\u010dn\u00e9 vybavenie jachty pre n\u00e1morn\u00e9 prechody. Jeden z \u010ditate\u013eov povedal: \u201eve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, ako sa to v\u0161etko rob\u00ed poriadne, pre plavbu po mori.\u201c<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pok\u00fasim sa op\u00edsa\u0165, ak\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 vybavenie bola na mojej jachte a ako sa pripojilo. Hlavn\u00e1 my\u0161lienka jachty je pod\u013ea m\u0148a maxim\u00e1lne vyu\u017ei\u0165 modern\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 na pre\u017eitie v pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch \u017eivloch. Tak\u00fdm \u017eivlom je napr\u00edklad b\u00farka, siln\u00fd vietor, d\u00e1\u017e\u010f, chlad, vlhko alebo ich kombin\u00e1cia. Preto mus\u00ed by\u0165 jachta zvonka dostato\u010dne robustn\u00e1 a pevn\u00e1, aby odolala \u017eivlom, a vo vn\u00fatri pohodln\u00e1 pre \u010dloveka na riadenie a prij\u00edmanie spr\u00e1vnych rozhodnut\u00ed po\u010das sk\u00fa\u0161ok od pr\u00edrody.<\/p>\n

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\"IT<\/p>\n

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Na tejto fotografii je vidie\u0165 vrchol st\u013apa. Predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e sa st\u013ap namontuje na jachtu, ktor\u00e1 je zvy\u010dajne u\u017e spusten\u00e1 na vodu, sa na zemi do st\u013apa a dovn\u00fatra st\u013apa in\u0161taluj\u00fa v\u0161etky potrebn\u00e9 komponenty.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Vn\u00fatri st\u013apa zvy\u010dajne prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa nap\u00e1jacie k\u00e1ble naviga\u010dn\u00fdch svetiel na vrchole st\u013apa a kotviaceho sign\u00e1lu, v pr\u00edpade in\u0161tal\u00e1cie VHF ant\u00e9ny \u2014 ant\u00e9nny k\u00e1bel, k\u00e1bel z meteorologickej stanice. Na mojej jachte boli len sign\u00e1lne a naviga\u010dn\u00e9 svetl\u00e1, zatia\u013e \u010do VHF a GPS ant\u00e9ny boli umiestnen\u00e9 na reelingu na zadnej \u010dasti jachty. Takisto sa na st\u013apy in\u0161taluj\u00fa akt\u00edvne radarov\u00e9 reflektory a radarov\u00e9 ant\u00e9ny s potrebn\u00fdmi k\u00e1blami vo vn\u00fatri st\u013apa.<\/p>\n

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Elektrick\u00e1 nap\u00e1jacia s\u00fastava<\/h2>\n

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Nad sprayhoodom (mal\u00fd stan nad vstupom do kab\u00edny) alebo na zadnej nadstavbe sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie umiest\u0148uj\u00fa sol\u00e1rne panely.<\/p>\n

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V \u00falo\u017en\u00fdch priestoroch na zadnej strane pod sedadlami v kokpite sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa akumul\u00e1tory. V poslednej dobe s\u00fa medzi jacht\u00e1rmi popul\u00e1rne leteck\u00e9 l\u00edtiovo-\u017eelezofosf\u00e1tov\u00e9 akumul\u00e1tory (LiFePO4, LFP). S\u00fa ve\u013emi kapacitn\u00e9 a \u013eahk\u00e9. Samozrejme, je tu regul\u00e1tor sol\u00e1rnych panelov a regul\u00e1tor nab\u00edjania bat\u00e9ri\u00ed. Takisto je tu invertor s 12 voltovou palubnou sie\u0165ou nap\u00e1jania na 19 voltov pre pripojenie laptopu a redukcie pre autozapa\u013eova\u010d ako v automobile.<\/p>\n

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Existuje vstavan\u00fd syst\u00e9m pr\u00edvodu elektriny na 220 voltov. Sklad\u00e1 sa z term\u00e1lnych poistiek, be\u017en\u00fdch z\u00e1suviek a predl\u017eovac\u00edch k\u00e1blov s univerz\u00e1lnymi vidlicami dvoch typov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161ie na pripojenie j\u00e1cht k elektrickej sieti v mar\u00edne (v pr\u00edstave). Je k dispoz\u00edcii aj be\u017en\u00e1 elektrick\u00e1 nab\u00edja\u010dka bat\u00e9ri\u00ed zo sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho pr\u00edvodu.<\/p>\n

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Na stacion\u00e1rnom dieselovom motore je zvy\u010dajne nain\u0161talovan\u00fd elektrick\u00fd gener\u00e1tor. Na star\u0161\u00edch modeloch motora je kon\u0161truk\u010dne spojen\u00fd s elektro\u0161tart\u00e9rom motora.<\/p>\n

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Niekedy s\u00fa na jacht\u00e1ch in\u0161talovan\u00e9 vetrogener\u00e1tory na pr\u00edpad obla\u010dnosti (sol\u00e1rne panely v takom po\u010das\u00ed nie s\u00fa efekt\u00edvne) alebo v pr\u00edpade neexistencie \u010di poruchy dieselov\u00e9ho gener\u00e1tora.<\/p>\n

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N\u00e1stroje pom\u00e1haj\u00face navig\u00e1cii<\/h2>\n

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Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1strojom pre kapit\u00e1na je echolot. Toto zariadenie v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase zobrazuje na tekutom kry\u0161talickom displeji skuto\u010dn\u00fa vzdialenos\u0165 od falo\u0161n\u00e9ho k\u00fdlu jachty k dnu. <\/p>\n

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Dopplerovsk\u00fd hydroakustick\u00fd log alebo echolot predn\u00e9ho poh\u013eadu dok\u00e1\u017ee na displeji zobrazi\u0165 nielen absol\u00fatnu r\u00fdchlos\u0165 lode vo\u010di dnu, ale aj zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti reli\u00e9fu pred nosom jachty. Toto zariadenie nie je be\u017ene na v\u0161etk\u00fdch jacht\u00e1ch. M\u00f4\u017ee tie\u017e zobrazi\u0165 ryby, delf\u00edny a ve\u013eryby priamo pod jachtou na monitore. <\/p>\n

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Na star\u0161\u00edch jacht\u00e1ch zvy\u010dajne stoj\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00fd log. Fakticky ide o jednoduch\u00fa lopatku, ktorej ot\u00e1\u010dky s\u00fa meran\u00e9 pomocou elektromagnetick\u00e9ho senzora.<\/p>\n

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K dispoz\u00edcii je magnetick\u00fd kompas s elektrick\u00fdm podsvieten\u00edm.<\/p>\n

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Pohodov\u00e1 stanica, ktor\u00e1 obsahuje, okrem in\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, anemometer na meranie r\u00fdchlosti vetra. Stanica umo\u017e\u0148uje zaznamen\u00e1va\u0165 aj smer vetra v danom momente, tlak vzduchu.<\/p>\n

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Existuje aj n\u00e1stroj n\u00fadzovej navig\u00e1cie pod\u013ea hviezd \u2014 sextant. Ale iba mal\u00e9 mno\u017estvo jacht\u00e1rov vie, ako ho pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165. Toto zariadenie \u00faspe\u0161ne nahradzuje GPS prij\u00edma\u010d. A namiesto n\u00fadzov\u00e9ho sextantu ber\u00fa z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00fd ru\u010dn\u00fd GPS na bat\u00e9rie. Pre laptop bude potrebn\u00fd USB GPS. Na jachte sa GPS nikdy nezd\u00e1 by\u0165 prive\u013ea \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

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Radar \u2014 zariadenie, ktor\u00e9 zobrazuje prek\u00e1\u017eky v okruhu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch tis\u00edc metrov, ale po\u010das zl\u00e9ho po\u010dasia s da\u017e\u010fom jeho vidite\u013enos\u0165 je obmedzen\u00e1. Taktie\u017e nevid\u00ed protiid\u00face plavidl\u00e1 za skalou alebo mysom. <\/p>\n

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\u010coraz \u010dastej\u0161ie na mori \u013eudia pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa AIS. Automatick\u00fd identifika\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m je digit\u00e1lne zariadenie, ktor\u00e9 pomocou r\u00e1diov\u00e9ho kan\u00e1la vymie\u0148a s\u00faradnice a kurzy lod\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v okruhu 3-4 m\u00edle, v z\u00e1vislosti od v\u00fdkonu vysiela\u010dov. Toto zariadenie nem\u00e1 nedostatky radaru, ale len za predpokladu, \u017ee v\u0161etky stret\u00e1vaj\u00face sa lode s\u00fa vybaven\u00e9 podobn\u00fdm zariaden\u00edm. \u010co sa v\u0161ak st\u00e1va ove\u013ea menej \u010dasto. Rovnako m\u00f4\u017ee kapit\u00e1n toto zariadenie vypn\u00fa\u0165.<\/p>\n

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Espot a EPIRB (n\u00famerick\u00e1 polohovacia r\u00e1diov\u00e1 b\u00f3ja) ako aj satelitn\u00fd telef\u00f3n umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 inform\u00e1cie o polohe jachty do z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho centra, alebo jednoducho na internet, \u010faleko od brehu. slu\u017eba lokaliz\u00e1cie jachty<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

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A nakoniec, ve\u013emi efekt\u00edvny prostriedok na z\u00edskanie s\u00faradn\u00edc a predpovede po\u010dasia v oce\u00e1ne \u2014 VHF r\u00e1diostanica. Treba po\u010dka\u0165 na prejdenie vidite\u013en\u00fdm plavidlom a po\u017eiada\u0165 cez r\u00e1diu o potrebn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie. Zvy\u010dajne ide o predpove\u010f po\u010dasia na bl\u00edzku dobu a aktu\u00e1lnu s\u00faradnicu.<\/p>\n

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O extr\u00e9mnych situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch<\/h3>\n

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V pr\u00edpade nedostatku a poruchy lodn\u00e9ho chronometra mo\u017eno cez r\u00e1diu po\u017eiada\u0165 aj o presn\u00fd \u010das. Av\u0161ak pri \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 nabit\u00e9ho modern\u00e9ho mobiln\u00e9ho telef\u00f3nu tak\u00e1 potreba u\u017e takmer nikomu nezostala.<\/p>\n

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P\u00e1r slov o lodnom chronometri. Zvy\u010dajne ide o mechanick\u00e9 alebo quartzov\u00e9 hodiny s presn\u00fdm chodom umiestnen\u00e9 vo vodotesnom puzdre zo skla a medi. Toto v\u0161etko je navrhnut\u00e9 na pr\u00edpad do\u010dasn\u00e9ho ponorenia pr\u00edstroja do vody, ak, nedajbo\u017ee, jachta \u00faplne prevr\u00e1ti okolo svojej pozd\u013a\u017enej osi (overkill). Po\u010das prevr\u00e1tenia modern\u00e9 jachty zvy\u010dajne str\u00e1caj\u00fa sto\u017eiar. <\/p>\n

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Najjednoduch\u0161ia situ\u00e1cia so stratou stability jachty je broaching. Ke\u010f sa zd\u00e1, \u017ee jachta pod vplyvom v\u013an a vetra \u00faplne polo\u017eila sto\u017eiar na vodu, ale predsa, v\u010faka balastu a vyv\u00e1\u017eeniu s\u00edl, sa dost\u00e1va nasp\u00e4\u0165 na rovn\u00fd k\u00fdl.<\/p>\n

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Naviga\u010dn\u00e9 zariadenia a plottery<\/h2>\n

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P\u00e1\u010di sa mi v\u0161etko na plotteroch za 2000 eur, okrem ceny. Ak neberieme do \u00favahy drah\u00e9 zariadenia, existuje pribli\u017ene nieko\u013eko mo\u017enost\u00ed, ako vybavi\u0165 lo\u010f podobne, ale lacnej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

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Prv\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 \u2014 k\u00fapi\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00fd vodotesn\u00fd a chr\u00e1nen\u00fd Panasonic Toughpad FZ-M1 alebo podobn\u00fd tablet (Hugerock T-70S<\/a><\/noindex>). Video recenzia<\/a><\/noindex>. A nain\u0161talova\u0165 na tento tablet n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed naviga\u010dn\u00fd OSS program OpenCPN<\/a><\/noindex> a trochu star\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 n\u00e1morn\u00e9 mapy. Alebo, \u010do je preferite\u013enej\u0161ie, leg\u00e1lne si zak\u00fapi\u0165 nov\u00e9 mapy danej oblasti, kde sa plav\u00edte. Napriek tomu s\u00fa mapy cel\u00e9ho sveta, star\u0161ie ako 10 rokov, tie\u017e u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 ma\u0165 po ruke. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie tam st\u00e1le ost\u00e1vaj\u00fa aktu\u00e1lne pre navig\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n

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Existuje e\u0161te lacnej\u0161ia varianta. Nov\u00fd Raspberry Pi 4 s OpenCPN v vodotesnom a prachotesnom puzdre<\/a><\/noindex> (alebo tomto drah\u0161om<\/a><\/noindex> ale chladi\u010d, akumul\u00e1tor a absorp\u010dn\u00fd materi\u00e1l na kondenz\u00e1t sa aj tak bud\u00fa musie\u0165 prida\u0165.) \u2014 100 eur (alebo Olimex<\/a><\/noindex>, m\u00e1 konektor na pripojenie akumul\u00e1tora alebo Orange \u2014 ve\u013emi lacn\u00fd). <\/p>\n

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Rovnako chr\u00e1nen\u00fd monitor (IP65 \/ NEMA4) 200 eur (m\u00f4\u017eete zostavi\u0165 monitor s dotykov\u00fdm displejom, ktor\u00fd funguje pri pr\u00edtomnosti vody<\/a><\/noindex> na povrchu obrazovky za 145 eur + podstavec a vodotesn\u00fd tmel). K\u00e1bly a konektory chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 pred vodou z \u010c\u00edny \u2014 30 eur.<\/p>\n

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Predpove\u010f aktu\u00e1lneho po\u010dasia na 3 dni dopredu OpenCPN, s nain\u0161talovan\u00fdm pluginom a pripojen\u00edm na Internet cez WiFi, m\u00f4\u017ee stiahnu\u0165 z poveternostn\u00e9ho servera. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 to urobi\u0165 pred odchodom a len na z\u00e1klade predpovede po\u010dasia a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch faktorov (pripravenos\u0165 plavidla a pos\u00e1dky) prij\u00edma\u0165 rozhodnutia o vypl\u00e1van\u00ed jachty na more. Od tohto rozhodnutia, ber\u00fac do \u00favahy v\u0161etky faktory, z\u00e1vis\u00ed bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 jachty v oce\u00e1ne.<\/p>\n

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Rovnak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom je mo\u017en\u00e9 vybudova\u0165 lacn\u00fd AIS prij\u00edma\u010d<\/a><\/noindex>, na z\u00e1klade modulu prij\u00edmania digit\u00e1lnej telev\u00edzie za 20 eur (naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 \"dongle\", \"prij\u00edma\u010de\" habr.com\/post\/149702 habr.com\/post\/373465), ale citlivos\u0165 tak\u00e9hoto zariadenia a spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 bude podozriv\u00e1. Lep\u0161ie je zak\u00fapi\u0165 \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 zariadenie.<\/p>\n

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Pripojenie n\u00e1strojov k na\u0161emu naviga\u010dn\u00e9mu zariadeniu<\/h2>\n

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\"IT<\/p>\n

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Toto je typick\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma pripojenia sonaru Garmin (alebo ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek \u201epomal\u00e9ho\u201c pr\u00edstroja) k naviga\u010dn\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu. Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee namiesto DB-9 sa pou\u017e\u00edva USB. cp2102 adapt\u00e9r<\/a><\/noindex>. Upozor\u0148ujem v\u00e1s, \u017ee v\u0161etky k\u00e1ble a konektory musia by\u0165 vodotesn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Jednoduch\u00fd elektrick\u00fd autopilot<\/h2>\n

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\"IT<\/p>\n

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Toto zariadenie<\/a><\/noindex> m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pripojen\u00e9 priamo k OpenCPN, ako ak\u00fdko\u013evek in\u00fd jachtov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. A bude udr\u017eiava\u0165 kurz presne pod\u013ea va\u0161ej trasy. Ale bude potrebn\u00e9 sledova\u0165 zmenu vetra. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V pr\u00edpade zmeny vetra v\u00e1s upozorn\u00ed poveternostn\u00e1 stanica ako bud\u00edk a bude potrebn\u00e9 prekonfigurova\u0165 plachty na in\u00fd kurz.<\/p>\n

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Od jednej modernej akumul\u00e1torovej bat\u00e9rie nabitej po\u010das slne\u010dn\u00e9ho d\u0148a z dvoch slne\u010dn\u00fdch panelov bude toto zariadenie fungova\u0165 pribli\u017ene 8 hod\u00edn. \u010co v\u00e1m d\u00e1 \u0161ancu sa vyspa\u0165. V b\u00farke nie je zariadenie tohto typu bohu\u017eia\u013e dostato\u010dne siln\u00e9 na kontrolu jachty. Preto budete potrebova\u0165 partnera, alebo by ste mali nain\u0161talova\u0165 silnej\u0161ie hydraulick\u00e9 zariadenie. Ako alternat\u00edvu m\u00f4\u017eete nain\u0161talova\u0165 mechanick\u00e9 vetro-podru\u013eovacie zariadenie.<\/p>\n

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Mikrovlnka<\/h2>\n

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Je to ve\u013emi u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 zariadenie na jachte. V pr\u00edpade b\u00farky m\u00f4\u017eete do mikrovlnky schova\u0165 cel\u00fa citliv\u00fa elektroniku (tablet, mobiln\u00e9 telef\u00f3ny, laptop). \u010co zaru\u010duje ochranu va\u0161ich naviga\u010dn\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed v pr\u00edpade priameho \u00faderu blesku do sto\u017eiaru a vyb\u00edjania elektrick\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu cez trup jachty.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Okrem toho v mar\u00edne, na st\u00e1nku, po pripojen\u00ed mikrovlnnej r\u00fary k sieti 220 voltov, m\u00f4\u017eete pripravova\u0165 jedlo a r\u00fdchlo rozmrazi\u0165 potraviny.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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