{"id":55231,"date":"2020-01-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-15T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/pro-multitenancy"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:19","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:19","slug":"pro-multitenancy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pro-multitenancy","title":{"rendered":"O multitenancii","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u017dia\u013e, tento term\u00edn nem\u00e1 dobr\u00fd slovensk\u00fd ekvivalent. \u201eWikipedia\u201c uv\u00e1dza preklad<\/a><\/noindex> \u201emultitenantnos\u0165, mnohon\u00e1rodnos\u0165\u201c. Niekedy sa to naz\u00fdva \u201eviacer\u00e9 vlastn\u00edctvo\u201c. Tieto term\u00edny m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 trochu m\u00e4t\u00face, preto\u017ee predmet nie je v podstate spojen\u00fd ani s pren\u00e1jmom, ani s vlastn\u00edctvom. Ide sk\u00f4r o architekt\u00faru softv\u00e9ru a organiz\u00e1ciu jeho prev\u00e1dzky. A to druh\u00e9 nie je menej d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9. <\/p>\n

Za\u010dali sme formova\u0165 na\u0161e porozumenie multitenantalite s\u00fa\u010dasne s n\u00e1vrhom pr\u00edstupu k oblakovej (slu\u017ebovej) modelovej pr\u00e1ci \u201e1C:Enterprise\u201c. Bolo to pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi. A od tej doby sa na\u0161e porozumenie neust\u00e1le roz\u0161iruje. Neust\u00e1le objavujeme na tomto t\u00e9me nov\u00e9 a nov\u00e9 aspekty (v\u00fdhody, nev\u00fdhody, zlo\u017eitosti, osobitosti at\u010f.). <\/p>\n

\"O
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nNiekedy v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri ch\u00e1pu pod multitenantnos\u0165ou celkom jednoduch\u00fd koncept: \u201eak maj\u00fa d\u00e1ta viacer\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed by\u0165 ulo\u017een\u00e9 v jednej datab\u00e1ze, je potrebn\u00e9 prida\u0165 do v\u0161etk\u00fdch tabuliek st\u013apec s identifik\u00e1torom organiz\u00e1cie a nastavi\u0165 pod\u013ea neho filter\u201c. My sme samozrejme za\u010dali na\u0161u pr\u00e1cu na tejto ot\u00e1zke od tohto okamihu. Ale dos\u0165 r\u00fdchlo sme si uvedomili, \u017ee to je len jedna oblas\u0165 (taktie\u017e, mimochodom, nie jednoduch\u00e1). A vlastne je to \u201ecel\u00e1 krajina\u201c. <\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00fa my\u0161lienku multitenantnosti m\u00f4\u017eeme op\u00edsa\u0165 asi takto. Be\u017en\u00e1 aplik\u00e1cia je ako rodinn\u00fd dom, ur\u010den\u00fd pre jednu rodinu, ktor\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edva jeho infra\u0161trukt\u00faru (steny, strechu, vodovod, k\u00farenie a pod.). A multitenantn\u00e1 aplik\u00e1cia je ako bytov\u00fd dom. V \u0148om ka\u017ed\u00e1 rodina vyu\u017e\u00edva rovnak\u00fd typ infra\u0161trukt\u00fary, ale infra\u0161trukt\u00fara je realizovan\u00e1 pre cel\u00fd dom ako celok. <\/p>\n

Je pr\u00edstup multitenantnosti dobr\u00fd alebo zl\u00fd? M\u00f4\u017eete n\u00e1js\u0165 ve\u013emi rozli\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1zory. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee neexistuje \u201edobr\u00e9 alebo zl\u00e9\u201c v\u00f4bec. Je potrebn\u00e9 porovn\u00e1va\u0165 v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody v kontexte konkr\u00e9tnych rie\u0161en\u00fdch \u00faloh. Ale to je samostatn\u00e1 t\u00e9ma\u2026 <\/p>\n

V najjednoduch\u0161om ch\u00e1pan\u00ed je cie\u013eom multitenantnosti zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 n\u00e1klady na \u00fadr\u017ebu aplik\u00e1cie prostredn\u00edctvom \u201espolo\u010denstva\u201c n\u00e1kladov na infra\u0161trukt\u00faru. To je podobn\u00e9 zni\u017eovaniu ceny aplik\u00e1cie prostredn\u00edctvom pou\u017eitia s\u00e9riov\u00e9ho rie\u0161enia (mo\u017eno s \u00fapravou a dopracovan\u00edm), a nie p\u00edsan\u00edm \u201ena z\u00e1kazku\u201c. Iba v jednom pr\u00edpade je k spolo\u010dn\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoju pridan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca, a v druhom \u2013 prev\u00e1dzka. <\/p>\n

Treba zd\u00f4razni\u0165, \u017ee tu nie je priamy vz\u0165ah k sp\u00f4sobu predaja. Architekt\u00fara multitenantnosti sa m\u00f4\u017ee \u00faspe\u0161ne uplatni\u0165 aj v podnikov\u00fdch alebo vl\u00e1dnych IT infra\u0161trukt\u00farach na automatiz\u00e1ciu ve\u013ek\u00e9ho po\u010dtu homog\u00e9nnych pobo\u010diek a podnikov holdingu. <\/p>\n

M\u00f4\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee multitenantnos\u0165 nie je len ot\u00e1zkou organiz\u00e1cie ukladania \u00fadajov. Je to celkov\u00fd model fungovania aplik\u00e1cie (vr\u00e1tane v\u00fdznamnej \u010dasti aspektov jej architekt\u00fary, modelu nasadenia a organiz\u00e1cie \u00fadr\u017eby). <\/p>\n

Najzlo\u017eitej\u0161ie a najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie na modeli multitenantnosti, ako sa n\u00e1m zd\u00e1, je, \u017ee podstata aplik\u00e1cie sa 'rozde\u013euje'. \u010cas\u0165 funk\u010dnosti pracuje s konkr\u00e9tnymi oblas\u0165ami \u00fadajov (bytmi) a 'nezauj\u00edma sa' o to, \u017ee v in\u00fdch bytoch s\u00fa obyvatelia. Naopak, \u010das\u0165 vn\u00edma dom ako celok a pracuje pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch obyvate\u013eov. Pri tom posledn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 nem\u00f4\u017ee abstrahova\u0165 od toho, \u017ee predsa len ide o samostatn\u00e9 byty, a je potrebn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 potrebn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 granularity a bezpe\u010dnosti. <\/p>\n

V \u201a1C:Enterprise\u2018 sa model multitenantnosti realizuje na \u00farovni viacer\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed. Tieto s\u00fa mechanizmy platformy \u201a1C:Enterprise\u2018, mechanizmy \u201a1C:Technol\u00f3gia publikovania rie\u0161en\u00ed 1cFresh<\/a><\/noindex>\u201c a \u201e1C:Technol\u00f3gia v\u00fdvoja rie\u0161en\u00ed 1cFresh<\/a><\/noindex>\u2018, mechanizmy BSP<\/a><\/noindex> (knihovny \u0161tandardn\u00fdch subsyst\u00e9mov). <\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u00fdchto prvkov prispieva svojou \u010das\u0165ou k v\u00fdstavbe celkovej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary bytov\u00e9ho domu. Pre\u010do je to realizovan\u00e9 v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch technol\u00f3giach, a nie v jednej, napr\u00edklad v platforme? Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm preto, \u017ee niektor\u00e9 mechanizmy, pod\u013ea n\u00e1\u0161ho n\u00e1zoru, m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 vhodne modifikovan\u00e9 pri konkr\u00e9tnych variant\u00e1ch nasadenia. No v v\u0161eobecnosti je to zlo\u017eit\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka a neust\u00e1le stoj\u00edme pred vo\u013ebou \u2013 na akej \u00farovni je lep\u0161ie realizova\u0165 ten alebo onen aspekt multitenantnosti. <\/p>\n

Je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 \u010dasti mechanizmov bolo potrebn\u00e9 realizova\u0165 v platforme. Napr\u00edklad, samotn\u00e9 rozdelenie \u00fadajov. To, od \u010doho sa zvy\u010dajne za\u010d\u00edna diskusia o multitenantnosti. Ale nakoniec model multitenantnosti \u201apre\u0161iel\u2018 cez podstatn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 mechanizmov platformy a po\u017eadoval ich dopracovanie, a v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch aj prehodnotenie. <\/p>\n

Na \u00farovni platformy sme implementovali z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 mechanizmy. Tieto mechanizmy umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 aplik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa v modeli multitenancy. Aby v\u0161ak aplik\u00e1cie \"\u017eili a pracovaly\" v tomto modeli, potrebujeme syst\u00e9m na spr\u00e1vu ich \"\u017eivotnosti\". Za to zodpovedaj\u00fa technol\u00f3gie 1cFresh a unifikovan\u00e1 vrstva biznis logiky na \u00farovni BSP. Rovnako ako infra\u0161trukt\u00fara v bytovom dome zabezpe\u010duje rezidentom v\u0161etko potrebn\u00e9, technol\u00f3gie 1cFresh zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa v modeli multitenancy, v\u0161etko potrebn\u00e9. A aby aplik\u00e1cie mohli interagova\u0165 s touto infra\u0161trukt\u00farou (bez podstatn\u00fdch \u00faprav), s\u00fa do nich vkladan\u00e9 pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 \"z\u00e1suvky\" vo forme subsyst\u00e9mov BSP. <\/p>\n

Z poh\u013eadu mechanizmov platformy je \u013eahk\u00e9 v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165 si, \u017ee s narastaj\u00facim sk\u00fasenostiam a v\u00fdvojom cloudov\u00e9ho nasadenia \"1C:Podnikania\" roz\u0161irujeme s\u00fabor mechanizmov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zapojen\u00e9 do tejto architekt\u00fary. Uve\u010fme jeden pr\u00edklad. V modeli multitenancy sa z\u00e1sadne men\u00ed rozlo\u017eenie rol\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov spr\u00e1vy aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed. V\u00fdrazne sa zvy\u0161uje \u00faloha (\u00farove\u0148 zodpovednosti) t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed zodpovedaj\u00fa za prev\u00e1dzku aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed. Je potrebn\u00e9, aby mali v\u00fdkonnej\u0161ie n\u00e1stroje na kontrolu aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed. Preto\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvatelia aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed (rezidenti) d\u00f4veruj\u00fa predov\u0161etk\u00fdm poskytovate\u013eovi, s ktor\u00fdm spolupracuj\u00fa. Na tento \u00fa\u010del sme v verzii 8.3 implementovali nov\u00fd mechanizmus bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch profilov<\/a><\/noindex>. Tento mechanizmus umo\u017e\u0148uje spr\u00e1vcov poskytovate\u013ea obmedzi\u0165 slobodu v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed na potrebn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 bezpe\u010dnosti \u2013 v podstate izolova\u0165 pr\u00e1cu aplik\u00e1cie pre ka\u017ed\u00e9ho rezidenta v ur\u010dit\u00fdch mantineloch \"pieskoviska\" (sandbox). <\/p>\n

Zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 je aj architekt\u00fara na spr\u00e1vu aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa v re\u017eime multitenancy (\u010do sa realizuje v technol\u00f3gi\u00e1ch 1cFresh a BSP). Tu, v porovnan\u00ed s be\u017en\u00fdm modelom nasadenia, sa v\u00fdrazne zvy\u0161uj\u00fa po\u017eiadavky na automatiz\u00e1ciu procesov riadenia. Tak\u00fdchto procesov je desiatky: vytv\u00e1ranie nov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed \u00fadajov (\u201ebytov\u201c), aktualiz\u00e1cia aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, aktualiz\u00e1cia normat\u00edvnych inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, z\u00e1lohovanie a pod. A samozrejme, zvy\u0161uj\u00fa sa aj po\u017eiadavky na \u00farove\u0148 spo\u013eahlivosti a dostupnosti. Napr\u00edklad, pre zabezpe\u010denie spo\u013eahlivej interakcie aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed s komponentmi riadiaceho syst\u00e9mu sme implementovali technol\u00f3giu asynchr\u00f3nneho volania s garantovan\u00fdm doru\u010den\u00edm. <\/p>\n

Ve\u013emi jemn\u00fdm momentom je sp\u00f4sob zdie\u013eania \u00fadajov a procesov. Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead sa to m\u00f4\u017ee zda\u0165 jednoduch\u00e9 (ak si niekto mysl\u00ed). Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu zlo\u017eitost predstavuje rovnov\u00e1ha medzi centraliz\u00e1ciou \u00fadajov a procesov a decentraliz\u00e1ciou. Na jednej strane, centraliz\u00e1cia umo\u017e\u0148uje zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 n\u00e1klady (diskov\u00e9ho priestoru, procesorov\u00fdch zdrojov, \u00fasil\u00ed administr\u00e1torov\u2026). Na druhej strane, obmedzuje slobodu \u201en\u00e1jomn\u00edkov\u201c. To je pr\u00e1ve jeden z momentov \u201erozpoltenia\u201c aplik\u00e1cie, ke\u010f mus\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1r rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 s\u00fa\u010dasne o aplik\u00e1cii v \u00fazkom zmysle (obsluhuj\u00facej jednu \u201ebyt\u201c) a v \u0161irokom zmysle (obsluhuj\u00facej v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u201en\u00e1jomn\u00edkov\u201c). <\/p>\n

Pr\u00edkladom takejto \u201edilemy\u201c m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 normat\u00edvna a referen\u010dn\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia. Samozrejme, existuje poku\u0161enie urobi\u0165 ju spolo\u010dnou pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u201en\u00e1jomn\u00edkov\u201c budovy. To umo\u017e\u0148uje uchov\u00e1va\u0165 ju v jednom exempl\u00e1ri a aktualizova\u0165 ju naraz pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch. Ale ob\u010das sa stane, \u017ee nejak\u00e9mu n\u00e1jomn\u00edkovi s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 zmeny. Ako prekvapuj\u00faco, ale v praxi sa to vyskytuje, aj pre inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u0161pecifikovan\u00e9 regul\u00e1tormi (\u0161t\u00e1tnymi org\u00e1nmi). Vznik\u00e1 tak zlo\u017eit\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: zdie\u013ea\u0165 alebo nezdie\u013ea\u0165? Samozrejme, je l\u00e1kav\u00e9 urobi\u0165 spolo\u010dn\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch a s\u00fakromn\u00fa pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed chc\u00fa. A to u\u017e vedie k celkom zlo\u017eit\u00e9mu rie\u0161eniu. Ale na tom pracujeme... <\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edkladom je n\u00e1vrh implement\u00e1cie pravideln\u00fdch procesov (prov\u00e1dzan\u00fdch pod\u013ea pl\u00e1nu, iniciovan\u00fdch riadiacim syst\u00e9mom at\u010f.). Na jednej strane ich je mo\u017en\u00e9 implementova\u0165 pre ka\u017ed\u00fa oblas\u0165 \u00fadajov zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. Je to jednoduch\u0161ie a pohodlnej\u0161ie. Na druhej strane v\u0161ak tak\u00e1to mal\u00e1 granularita vytv\u00e1ra ve\u013ek\u00fa z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e na syst\u00e9m. Na zn\u00ed\u017eenie z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee je potrebn\u00e9 implementova\u0165 zdie\u013ean\u00e9 procesy. Tieto v\u0161ak vy\u017eaduj\u00fa podrobnej\u0161ie spracovanie. <\/p>\n

Samozrejme, vyvst\u00e1va ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. Ako zabezpe\u010di\u0165 pre v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed pr\u00e1cu v re\u017eime multitenancy? \u010co pre to musia urobi\u0165? Samozrejme, sna\u017e\u00edme sa, aby \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165 technologick\u00fdch a infra\u0161trukt\u00farnych ot\u00e1zok le\u017eala \u010do najviac na pleciach dod\u00e1van\u00fdch technol\u00f3gie, zatia\u013e \u010do v\u00fdvoj\u00e1r aplik\u00e1cie by sa mal s\u00fastredi\u0165 len na \u00falohy biznis logiky. Ale ako pri in\u00fdch d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch architektonick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zkach, ur\u010dit\u00e9 predstavy o pr\u00e1ci v modeli multitenancy by mali ma\u0165 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed a niektor\u00e9 \u00fasilie pri v\u00fdvoji aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed bude potrebn\u00e9. Pre\u010do? Preto\u017ee existuj\u00fa momenty, ktor\u00e9 technol\u00f3gia nedok\u00e1\u017ee zabezpe\u010di\u0165 automaticky bez zoh\u013eadnenia semantiky \u00fadajov. Napr\u00edklad defin\u00edcia hran\u00edc zdie\u013eania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Ale sna\u017e\u00edme sa, aby tieto komplik\u00e1cie boli \u010do najmen\u0161ie. Pr\u00edklady realiz\u00e1cie tak\u00fdchto aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed u\u017e existuj\u00fa. <\/p>\n

D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm aspektom v kontexte realiz\u00e1cie multitenancy v \u201e1C:Enterprise\u201c je to, \u017ee vytv\u00e1rame hybridn\u00fd model, v ktorom jedna aplik\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee fungova\u0165 v re\u017eime multitenancy aj v be\u017enom re\u017eime. To je ve\u013emi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 \u00faloha a predmet samostatnej diskusie.
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Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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