{"id":55281,"date":"2020-01-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:23","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:23","slug":"chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","title":{"rendered":"\u010co robilo Lisp v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00fdm","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eNajv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed z kedy vytvoren\u00fdch programovac\u00edch jazykov<\/i>\u201e
\n \u2014 Alan Kay, \u201eon Lisp\u201c<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\"\u010co
\n
\nKe\u010f McCarthy vyvinul Lisp na konci 50. rokov, radik\u00e1lne sa l\u00ed\u0161il od existuj\u00facich jazykov, z ktor\u00fdch najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed bol Fortran<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nLisp predstavoval dev\u00e4\u0165 nov\u00fdch n\u00e1padov:<\/p>\n

1. Podmiene\u010dn\u00e9 vyjadrenia (Conditionals)<\/b>. Podmiene\u010dn\u00e9 vyjadrenia s\u00fa kon\u0161trukcia if-then-else. Dnes ich pova\u017eujeme za samozrejmos\u0165. Boli vyn\u00e1jden\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex> McCarthym po\u010das v\u00fdvoja Lispu. (Fortran v tom \u010dase mal iba goto pr\u00edkazy \u00fazko spojen\u00e9 s in\u0161trukciou vetvenia na z\u00e1kladnom hardv\u00e9ri.) McCarthy, p\u00f4sobiac v komisii Algol, zaviedol podmiene\u010dn\u00e9 vyjadrenia do Algolu, odkia\u013e sa roz\u0161\u00edrili do \u010fal\u0161\u00edch jazykov.<\/p>\n

2. Funk\u010dn\u00e9 typy (A function type)<\/b>. V Lispe s\u00fa funkcie objekty prvej triedy \u2013 s\u00fa typom d\u00e1t, rovnako ako \u010d\u00edsla, re\u0165azce at\u010f., a maj\u00fa liter\u00e1rne zast\u00fapenie, m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 ulo\u017een\u00e9 v premenn\u00fdch, m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 odovzd\u00e1van\u00e9 ako argumenty at\u010f. <\/p>\n

3. Rekurzia (Recursion)<\/b>. Rekurzia samozrejme existovala ako matematick\u00fd koncept pred Lispom, ale Lisp bol prv\u00fdm programovac\u00edm jazyk, ktor\u00fd ju podporoval. (To sa m\u00f4\u017ee implicitne odkazova\u0165 na vytvorenie funkci\u00ed ako objektov prvej triedy.)<\/p>\n

4. Nov\u00fd koncept premenn\u00fdch (A new concept of variables)<\/b>. V Lispe s\u00fa v\u0161etky premenn\u00e9 efekt\u00edvne ukazovatele. Hodnoty s\u00fa to, \u010do maj\u00fa typy, nie premenn\u00e9, a priradenie alebo viazanie premenn\u00fdch znamen\u00e1 kop\u00edrovanie ukazovate\u013eov, nie toho, na \u010do ukazuj\u00fa.<\/p>\n

5. Garbage-collection<\/b>.<\/p>\n

6. Programy pozost\u00e1vaj\u00face z v\u00fdrazov (Programs composed of expressions)<\/b>. Programy v Lispe s\u00fa stromy v\u00fdrazov, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00fd vracia hodnotu. (Niektor\u00e9 Lispov\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy m\u00f4\u017eu vraca\u0165 viacer\u00e9 hodnoty.) To vytv\u00e1ra kontrast s Fortranom a mnoh\u00fdmi \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fdmi jazykmi, ktor\u00e9 rozli\u0161uj\u00fa medzi \u00abv\u00fdrazmi\u00bb a \u00abvyhl\u00e1seniami\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Bolo prirodzen\u00e9 ma\u0165 tak\u00e9to rozl\u00ed\u0161enie vo Fortrane, preto\u017ee jazyk bol orientovan\u00fd na line\u00e1rne spracovanie (nie je prekvapuj\u00face pre jazyk, ktor\u00e9ho form\u00e1tom vstupu bola dierna karta). Nemohli ste ma\u0165 vnoren\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1senia. A pokia\u013e ste potrebovali matematick\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy na pr\u00e1cu, nebolo zmyslu n\u00fati\u0165 \u010doko\u013evek in\u00e9, aby vracalo hodnotu, preto\u017ee mohlo by\u0165 nie\u010do, \u010do ne\u010dakalo na n\u00e1vrat.<\/p>\n

Obmedzenia boli odstr\u00e1nen\u00e9 s pr\u00edchodom blokovo \u0161trukturovan\u00fdch jazykov, ale v tom \u010dase u\u017e bolo pr\u00edli\u0161 neskoro. Rozl\u00ed\u0161enie medzi v\u00fdrazmi a vyhl\u00e1seniami sa u\u017e upevnilo. Pre\u0161lo z Fortranu na Algol a \u010falej k ich potomkom.<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f je jazyk \u00faplne zlo\u017een\u00fd z v\u00fdrazov, m\u00f4\u017eete vyjadrenia zostavova\u0165 pod\u013ea svojich predst\u00e1v. M\u00f4\u017eete nap\u00edsa\u0165 bu\u010f (pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fac syntax\u00a0Arc<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n

(if foo (= x 1) (= x 2))<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nalebo<\/p>\n
(= x (if foo 1 2))<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n7. Symbolov\u00fd typ (A symbol type)<\/b>. Symboly sa odli\u0161uj\u00fa od re\u0165azcov, v tomto pr\u00edpade m\u00f4\u017eete porovn\u00e1va\u0165 rovnos\u0165 porovn\u00e1van\u00edm ukazovate\u013eov.<\/p>\n
8. Not\u00e1cia pre k\u00f3d (A notation for code)<\/b> s pou\u017eit\u00edm stromov zo symbolov.<\/p>\n
9. Cel\u00fd jazyk je v\u017edy dostupn\u00fd (The whole language always available)<\/b>. Neexistuje jednozna\u010dn\u00fd rozdiel medzi \u010dasom \u010d\u00edtania, \u010dasom prekladu a \u010dasom vykon\u00e1vania. M\u00f4\u017eete preklada\u0165 alebo sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u0165 k\u00f3d po\u010das \u010d\u00edtania, alebo \u010d\u00edta\u0165 alebo sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u0165 k\u00f3d po\u010das prekladu, alebo \u010d\u00edta\u0165 alebo preklada\u0165 k\u00f3d po\u010das vykon\u00e1vania.<\/p>\n
Sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie k\u00f3du po\u010das \u010d\u00edtania umo\u017e\u0148uje u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom preprogramova\u0165 syntax Lispu; sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie k\u00f3du po\u010das kompil\u00e1cie je z\u00e1kladom pre makr\u00e1; kompilovanie po\u010das behu je z\u00e1klad pre pou\u017eitie Lispov ako expanzn\u00e9ho jazyka v tak\u00fdch programoch ako Emacs; a nakoniec, \u010d\u00edtanie po\u010das behu umo\u017e\u0148uje programom interagova\u0165 pomocou s-v\u00fdrazov, n\u00e1padu, ktor\u00fd bol ned\u00e1vno znovu vyn\u00e1jden\u00fd v XML.<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1ver<\/h4>\n
\nKe\u010f bol Lisp len vyn\u00e1jden\u00fd, v\u0161etky tieto my\u0161lienky boli zna\u010dne \u010faleko od be\u017en\u00fdch prakt\u00edk programovania, ktor\u00e9 diktoval hardv\u00e9r dostupn\u00fd na konci 50. rokov.<\/p>\n
Postupom \u010dasu sa predvolen\u00fd jazyk, ktor\u00fd sa zap\u00edsal do \u00faspechu popul\u00e1rnych jazykov, postupne vyvinul k Lisp. Body 1-5 s\u00fa teraz \u0161iroko roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9. Bod 6 sa za\u010d\u00edna objavova\u0165 v mainstreamu. V Pythone existuje v istej forme bod 7, hoci ch\u00fdba vhodn\u00e1 syntax. Bod 8, ktor\u00fd (spolu s bodom 9) umo\u017e\u0148uje makr\u00e1 v Lispe, je doteraz iba v Lispe, pravdepodobne preto, \u017ee (a) vy\u017eaduje tieto z\u00e1tvorky alebo nie\u010do rovnako zl\u00e9, a (b) ak prid\u00e1te toto posledn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161enie moci, u\u017e nebudete m\u00f4c\u0165 tvrdi\u0165, \u017ee ste vynaliezli nov\u00fd jazyk, ale len to, \u017ee ste vyvinuli nov\u00fd dialekt Lispu; -)<\/p>\n
Hoci je to u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 pre modern\u00fdch program\u00e1torov, je zvl\u00e1\u0161tne opisova\u0165 Lisp z h\u013eadiska jeho odli\u0161nosti od n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch techn\u00edk prijat\u00fdch v in\u00fdch jazykoch. Mo\u017eno to nie je to, o \u010dom prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eal McCarthy. Lisp nebol navrhnut\u00fd na opravu ch\u00fdb Fortranu; sk\u00f4r sa objavil ako ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00ed produkt pokusu axiomatizova\u0165 v\u00fdpo\u010dty<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
«\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f« \u2014 Alan Kay, \u00abon Lisp\u00bb \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b Lisp \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1950-\u0445, \u043e\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b Fortran. Lisp \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439: 1. \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (Conditionals).\u00a0\u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e if-then-else \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":55282,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47\u010co robilo Lisp v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00fdm | ProHoster","description":"\"Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed z kedy vytvoren\u00fdch programovac\u00edch jazykov\" \u2014 Alan Kay, \u00abon Lisp\u00bb","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sk_SK","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u043e Lisp \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c | ProHoster","og:description":""\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 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