{"id":55671,"date":"2020-01-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kak-ya-uchu-detej-pitonu"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:48","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:48","slug":"kak-ya-uchu-detej-pitonu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/kak-ya-uchu-detej-pitonu","title":{"rendered":"Ako u\u010d\u00edm deti Pythone","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Ako
\n
\nMoja hlavn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca sa zaober\u00e1 d\u00e1tami a programovan\u00edm na R<\/code>, ale v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku chcem hovori\u0165 o svojom kon\u00ed\u010dku, ktor\u00fd dokonca prin\u00e1\u0161a ist\u00fd pr\u00edjem. V\u017edy ma zauj\u00edmalo rozpr\u00e1va\u0165 a vysvet\u013eova\u0165 nie\u010do priate\u013eom, spolu\u017eiakom a kolegom. Takisto mi v\u017edy bolo \u013eahk\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 spolo\u010dn\u00fa re\u010d s de\u0165mi, neviem pre\u010do. V\u00f4bec, pova\u017eujem v\u00fdchovu a vzdel\u00e1vanie det\u00ed za jednu z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch, a aj moja \u017eena je pedag\u00f3g. Cca pred rokom som dal inzer\u00e1t v miestnej skupine na Facebooku, vytvoril som skupinu a za\u010dal som u\u010di\u0165 Scratch a Python raz t\u00fd\u017edenne. Teraz m\u00e1m p\u00e4\u0165 skup\u00edn, svoju triedu v dome a individu\u00e1lne hodiny. Ako som sa dostal k tejto \u010dinnosti a ako presne u\u010d\u00edm deti, v\u00e1m poviem v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u017dijem v Kanade, v meste Calgary, provincia Alberta, tak\u017ee niektor\u00e9 momenty bud\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s miestnou \u0161pecifikou. <\/p>\n

Priestor<\/h2>\n

\nAvailability of space for classes was from the very beginning the main problem. I tried to look for offices and classrooms for rent by the hour, but not very successfully. Our university and SAIT \u2014 the local equivalent of MIT \u2014 rent classrooms with and without computers. The prices there turned out to be not very humane, and in the end, it turned out that the university does not allow minors, and SAIT rents only to its students. So this option was ruled out. There are many office centers that rent meeting rooms and offices by the hour, and there are whole companies that offer a ton of options from a full classroom to a small room for four people. I had hopes since Alberta is an oil province, we have had a sluggish crisis since 2014, and many business spaces are vacant. I hoped in vain; the prices turned out to be so outrageous that I couldn\u2019t even believe it at first. It's easier for the owners to sit on empty offices and pay costs than to lower prices. <\/p>\n

V tom momente som si spomenul, \u017ee pravidelne plat\u00edm dane, a \u010di nem\u00e1 na\u0161e drah\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1t, presnej\u0161ie \u2014 mesto Calgary, nejak\u00e9 v\u00fdhody. Uk\u00e1zalo sa, \u017ee m\u00e1. Mesto disponuje ar\u00e9nami na hokej a in\u00e9 \u0161porty, a v t\u00fdchto ar\u00e9nach s\u00fa miestnosti, kde tvrd\u00ed \u013eadov\u00ed bojovn\u00edci diskutuj\u00fa o strat\u00e9gi\u00e1ch bud\u00facich s\u00fa\u017een\u00ed. Skr\u00e1tka, pri ka\u017edej ar\u00e9ne je p\u00e1r miestnost\u00ed so stolmi, stoli\u010dkami, bielou tabu\u013eou a dokonca aj um\u00fdvadlom s kanvicou. Cena je celkom rozumn\u00e1 \u2014 25 kanadsk\u00fdch dol\u00e1rov za hodinu. P\u00f4vodne som sa rozhodol robi\u0165 hodiny po hodina a pol, tak\u017ee som ur\u010dil cenu za hodinu na 35 dol\u00e1rov na osobu v skupine s piatimi \u010dlenmi, aby som pokryl n\u00e1jom a aj nie\u010do zarobil. Celkovo sa mi p\u00e1\u010dilo tr\u00e9nova\u0165 v ar\u00e9nach, rie\u0161ilo to jeden z probl\u00e9mov \u2014 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina rusky hovoriacich \u017eije na juhu, zatia\u013e \u010do ja b\u00fdvam na severe mesta, tak\u017ee som vybral ar\u00e9nu pribli\u017ene v strede. Ale boli aj nepr\u00edjemnosti. Kanadsk\u00e1 byrokracia je dobr\u00e1 a priate\u013esk\u00e1, ale aby som to povedal jemnej\u0161ie, ob\u010das b\u00fdva trochu neobratn\u00e1. Nie s\u00fa probl\u00e9my, ke\u010f sa \u010dlovek prisp\u00f4sob\u00ed rytmu a pl\u00e1nuje dopredu, ale niekedy nastan\u00fa nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9 situ\u00e1cie. Napr\u00edklad, na str\u00e1nke mesta je pohodln\u00e9 vybra\u0165 si \u010das a miesto, rezervova\u0165 miestnos\u0165, ale zaplati\u0165 sa ned\u00e1, nijak. Oni sami volaj\u00fa a prij\u00edmaj\u00fa platby kartou. Mohol by som \u00eds\u0165 do kancel\u00e1rie a zaplati\u0165 hotovos\u0165ou. Bol vtipn\u00fd, ale nie ve\u013emi pr\u00edjemn\u00fd moment, ke\u010f som \u010dakal na ich telefon\u00e1t, aby som zaplatil za druh\u00fa hodinu, nedo\u010dkal som sa, a v kancel\u00e1rii som me\u0161kal p\u00e4tn\u00e1s\u0165 min\u00fat na posledn\u00fa chv\u00ed\u013eu. Musel som pr\u00eds\u0165 k str\u00e1\u017enikovi s drz\u00fdm v\u00fdrazom a klama\u0165, \u017ee miestnos\u0165 je rezervovan\u00e1. My, Kana\u010fania, ver\u00edme na slovo, pustili ma dnu bez ot\u00e1zok, ale ja by som to tak nerobil, keby \u013eudia u\u017e ne\u0161li na tr\u00e9ning. <\/p>\n

Tak som pracoval zimu a jar, a potom pri\u0161li zmeny, ktor\u00e9 boli poslednou kvapkou. Po prv\u00e9, kancel\u00e1ria bola uzavret\u00e1 pre n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edkov a navrhli, aby som platil po telef\u00f3ne za rohom. \u010cakal som najmenej pol hodiny na chodbe, k\u00fdm som sa dovolal. Po druh\u00e9, ak mi predt\u00fdm mil\u00e1 pani brala platbu za hodinu a pol, teraz zdvihla telef\u00f3n nejak\u00e1 diev\u010dina a ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee platba je len za hodinu. V tom \u010dase som mal skupinu bu\u010f tri, alebo dve osoby, a navy\u0161e $12.5 bolo naozaj potrebn\u00fdch. Som samozrejme nad\u0161en\u00fd, ale ak ma \u017eena vyhod\u00ed na ulicu, nebude koho u\u010di\u0165. Vtedy som bol e\u0161te bez pr\u00e1ce. <\/p>\n

Rozhodol som sa \u00eds\u0165 do kni\u017enice. Kni\u017enice pon\u00fakaj\u00fa n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 miestnosti \u00faplne zadarmo, ale je tu jedno ale \u2014 nie je dovolen\u00e9 vykon\u00e1va\u0165 komer\u010dn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165. Ani charitat\u00edvne organiz\u00e1cie nemaj\u00fa pr\u00e1vo tam zbiera\u0165 peniaze. Hovorili mi, \u017ee to nie je ve\u013emi kontrolovan\u00e9, d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je nebra\u0165 peniaze na vstupe, ale ve\u013emi nem\u00e1m r\u00e1d poru\u0161ovanie pravidiel. E\u0161te jeden probl\u00e9m \u2014 miestnosti s\u00fa \u010dasto obsaden\u00e9 a \u0165a\u017eko sa pl\u00e1nuj\u00fa hodiny v rovnakom \u010dase na jednom mieste. U\u010dil som v kni\u017eniciach v lete a na za\u010diatku zimy, musel som si vybera\u0165 tie, kde je vo\u013eno, nakoniec som vymenil p\u00e4\u0165-\u0161es\u0165 kni\u017en\u00edc. Potom som za\u010dal rezervova\u0165 miesto na dva mesiace dopredu, a to sa mi podarilo len v jednej malej kni\u017enici, v ostatn\u00fdch pravidelne neboli vo\u013en\u00e9 miesta na potrebn\u00fd \u010das. A tak som sa rozhodol zariadi\u0165 si po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fa triedu doma. Zavesil som tabu\u013eu, k\u00fapil som cez inzer\u00e1t druh\u00fd st\u00f4l a p\u00e1r star\u00fdch monitorov. Na pr\u00e1cu mi firma k\u00fapila nov\u00fd v\u00fdkonn\u00fd notebook, preto\u017ee m\u00f4j po\u010d\u00edta\u010d potreboval na anal\u00fdzu takmer 24 hod\u00edn. Tak\u017ee som mal nov\u00fd star\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, star\u00fd star\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, laptop, ktor\u00e9ho obrazovku rozbil m\u00f4j mal\u00fd syn, a starod\u00e1vny netbook, na ktorom som s\u00e1m rozbil obrazovku. V\u0161etky som pripojil k monitorom a v\u0161ade som nain\u0161taloval Linux Mint, okrem netbooku, na ktor\u00fd som dal ve\u013emi \u013eahk\u00fa distrib\u00faciu, mysl\u00edm, Puppy. M\u00e1m tie\u017e star\u00fd nov\u00fd laptop, k\u00fapen\u00fd za 200 dol\u00e1rov, ktor\u00fd som pripojil k telev\u00edzoru. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 majite\u013e ned\u00e1vno vymenil okn\u00e1 a v miestnosti s\u00fa teraz namiesto hrozn\u00e9ho rozpad\u00e1vaj\u00faceho sa \u00fabohosti nov\u00e9 biele r\u00e1my. Ob\u00fdva\u010dku, kuchy\u0148u a druh\u00fa sp\u00e1l\u0148u man\u017eelka zadr\u017eiava ako detsk\u00fd k\u00fat, tak\u017ee cel\u00e9 poschodie bolo \u010disto pedagogick\u00e9. Tak\u017ee, teraz je s priestorom v\u0161etko v poriadku, prejdime priamo k vyu\u010dovaniu. <\/p>\n

Scratch<\/h2>\n

\nZa\u010d\u00ednam u\u010di\u0165 z\u00e1klady programovania s jazykom Scratch. Je to jazyk, ktor\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edva hotov\u00e9 bloky, vymyslen\u00fd kedysi na MIT. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina det\u00ed u\u017e videla Scratch v \u0161kole, preto sa pomerne r\u00fdchlo osvojuje. Existuj\u00fa hotov\u00e9 programy a pl\u00e1ny vyu\u010dovania, ale tie sa mi v\u00f4bec nep\u00e1\u010dia. Niektor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u010dudn\u00e9 \u2014 napr\u00edklad vytvor svoju vlastn\u00fa rozpr\u00e1vku. Cel\u00fd program pozost\u00e1va z nespo\u010detn\u00fdch blokov. say '' for 2 seconds<\/code>Je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee to vymysleli ve\u013emi kreat\u00edvni jednotlivci, ale s tak\u00fdmto pr\u00edstupom m\u00f4\u017eeme nau\u010di\u0165 p\u00edsa\u0165 klasick\u00fd indick\u00fd spagetti k\u00f3d. Ja v\u0161ak od za\u010diatku vysvet\u013eujem princ\u00edpy ako D.R.Y. In\u00e9 zbierky \u00faloh s\u00fa dos\u0165 dobr\u00e9, ale deti r\u00fdchlo prenikaj\u00fa do podstaty a za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa ich robi\u0165 ako na be\u017eiacom p\u00e1se. Nakoniec za jednu lekciu urobia to, \u010do mali urobi\u0165 za p\u00e4\u0165. H\u013eadanie a v\u00fdber \u00faloh zaber\u00e1 ve\u013ea osobn\u00e9ho \u010dasu. V\u0161eobecne, Scratch viac pripom\u00edna nie jazyk, ale IDE, kde je treba len zapam\u00e4ta\u0165 si, kde klikn\u00fa\u0165 a kde \u010do h\u013eada\u0165. Akon\u00e1hle sa \u017eiaci aspo\u0148 trocha osvoja, sna\u017e\u00edm sa ich preladi\u0165 na Python. M\u00e1m dokonca sedemro\u010dn\u00e9 diev\u010da, ktor\u00e9 p\u00ed\u0161e jednoduch\u00e9 programy v Pythone. V \u010dom vid\u00edm pr\u00ednos Scratchu \u2014 s\u00fa tam z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pojmy, ktor\u00e9 sa osvojuj\u00fa formou hry. Z nejak\u00e9ho d\u00f4vodu je pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch bez v\u00fdnimky ve\u013emi \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 pochopi\u0165 my\u0161lienku premennej. Najprv som t\u00fato t\u00e9mu r\u00fdchlo prebehol a i\u0161iel \u010falej, k\u00fdm som sa nestretol s t\u00fdm, \u017ee v\u00f4bec nevedia, \u010do s t\u00fdm robi\u0165. Teraz venujem premenn\u00fdm ve\u013ea \u010dasu a neust\u00e1le sa k nim vraciam. Mus\u00edm sa venova\u0165 hl\u00fapemu bif\u013eovaniu. Na obrazovke men\u00edm r\u00f4zne premenn\u00e9 a n\u00fatim ich hovori\u0165 ich hodnotu. V Scratchi s\u00fa tie\u017e kontroln\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary a overovanie hodn\u00f4t, ako napr. while<\/code>, for<\/code> alebo ak<\/code> v Pythone. Tieto sa poskytuj\u00fa pomerne \u013eahko, len s vnoren\u00fdmi cyklami s\u00fa probl\u00e9my. Sna\u017e\u00edm sa d\u00e1va\u0165 nieko\u013eko \u00faloh s vnoren\u00fdm cyklom, aby bolo jeho p\u00f4sobenie zrejm\u00e9. Po tom prech\u00e1dzam k funkci\u00e1m. Aj pre dospel\u00fdch je pojem funkcie niekedy nejasn\u00fd, a pre deti e\u0161te viac. Dlho vysvet\u013eujem, \u010do to vlastne funkcia je, rozpr\u00e1vam o tov\u00e1rni, ktor\u00e1 prij\u00edma predmety a vyd\u00e1va v\u00fdrobky, o kuch\u00e1rke, ktor\u00e1 z surov\u00fdch produktov pripravuje jedlo. Potom rob\u00edme program \"urob sendvi\u010d\" s ingredienciami a potom z neho rob\u00edme funkciu, ktorej sa ingrediencie pred\u00e1vaj\u00fa ako parametre. Na \u0161t\u00fadiu funkci\u00ed kon\u010d\u00edm so Scratchom. <\/p>\n

Python<\/h2>\n

\nS Pythonom je to jednoduch\u0161ie. Existuje dobr\u00e1 kniha Python for Kids, pod\u013ea nej aj u\u010d\u00edm. V\u0161etko je tam \u0161tandardne \u2014 re\u0165azce, poradie oper\u00e1ci\u00ed, print()<\/code>, input() <\/code>a tak \u010falej. Nap\u00edsan\u00e1 jednoduch\u00fdm jazykom, s humorom, de\u0165om sa p\u00e1\u010di. M\u00e1 v\u0161ak nedostatok, ktor\u00fd je vlastn\u00fd mnoh\u00fdm knih\u00e1m o programovan\u00ed. Ako v zn\u00e1mej vtipe \u2014 ako nakresli\u0165 sovu. Ov\u00e1l \u2014 kruh \u2014 sova. Z pr\u00edli\u0161 jednoduch\u00fdch pojmov pr\u00edli\u0161 prudk\u00fd prechod k dos\u0165 zlo\u017eit\u00fdm konceptom. Mne trv\u00e1 p\u00e1r lekci\u00ed, k\u00fdm spoj\u00edm objekt s met\u00f3dou bodkou. Na druhej strane, nepon\u00e1h\u013eam sa, opakujem to ist\u00e9 r\u00f4znymi sp\u00f4sobmi, pokia\u013e sa neobjav\u00ed aspo\u0148 ak\u00fd-tak\u00fd obraz. Za\u010d\u00ednam s premenn\u00fdmi a znovu ich umoc\u0148ujem, u\u017e na Pythone. Premenn\u00e9 s\u00fa ak\u00fdsi prekliatie. <\/p>\n

Bystr\u00fd \u0161tudent, ktor\u00fd pred p\u00e1r mesiacmi zru\u010dne manipuloval s premenn\u00fdmi na skratke, teraz h\u013ead\u00ed ako baran na nov\u00e9 br\u00e1ny a nem\u00f4\u017ee spo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 x s y, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa jasne nap\u00edsan\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie na tabu\u013eke. Opakujeme! \u010co m\u00e1 premenn\u00e1? Meno a hodnotu! \u010co znamen\u00e1 znamienko rovnosti? Priradenie! A ako skontrolujeme rovnos\u0165? Dvojit\u00e9 znamienko rovnosti! A tak to opakujeme st\u00e1le a st\u00e1le, a\u017e do \u00fapln\u00e9ho osvietenia. Potom prech\u00e1dzame k funkci\u00e1m, kde najviac \u010dasu zabera vysvetlenie argumentov. Pomenovan\u00e9 argumenty, pod\u013ea poz\u00edci\u00ed, predvolen\u00e9 a tak \u010falej. K triedam sme e\u0161te v \u017eiadnej skupine nedo\u0161li. Okrem Pythona pod\u013ea knihy sa u\u010d\u00edme popul\u00e1rne algoritmy, o tom nesk\u00f4r.<\/p>\n

Vlastne, vyu\u010dovanie<\/h2>\n

\nMoja hodina je usporiadan\u00e1 takto \u2014 pol hodiny d\u00e1vam te\u00f3riu, preverujem vedomosti, upev\u0148ujem prebran\u00e9. Hodinu \u2014 laborat\u00f3ria. \u010casto ma to zaujme a hovor\u00edm do hodiny, potom na praktick\u00fa \u010das\u0165 zostane pol hodiny. Ke\u010f som sa u\u010dil Python, pre\u0161iel som kurz Algoritmy a d\u00e1tov\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary<\/i> Chiryanov from MIPT. I really liked his presentation and the structure of his lectures. His idea is that frameworks, syntax, and libraries become outdated. Architecture, teamwork, and version control systems are still premature. Ultimately, what remains are algorithms and data structures that are well known and will always exist in a similar form. I myself remember only integers from institutional Pascal. Since my students are mostly young, aged seven to fifteen, I believe it\u2019s more important for their future to lay the foundations than to rush into writing a platformer in Python. Although, they are more eager for a platformer, and I understand them. I give them simple algorithms \u2014 bubble sort, binary search in a sorted list, reverse Polish notation using a stack, but we analyze each one very thoroughly. It turned out that modern children generally don't know how a computer works, so I explain that too. I try to connect several concepts in each lecture. For example, the computer \u2014 memory\/process \u2014 memory made up of cells (I let them hold a memory stick, can you guess how many cells are here) \u2014 each cell like a light bulb \u2014 it has two states \u2014 true\/false \u2014 and\/or \u2014 binary\/decimal \u2014 8 bits = 1 byte \u2014 byte = 256 variations \u2014 logical data type on one bit \u2014 integers on one byte \u2014 float<\/code> on two bytes \u2014 string<\/code> on one byte \u2014 the largest number on 64 bits \u2014 a list and a tuple of the previous types. I clarify that in a real computer, everything is somewhat different and there is another amount of memory for these data types, but the main thing is that we ourselves create more complex data types from simpler ones in the process. Data types are perhaps the most complicated thing to remember. Therefore, I start each class with a quick warm-up \u2014 one student names a data type, the next provides two examples, and so on in a circle. As a result, I\u2019ve managed to get even the youngest kids to cheerfully shout \u2014 float! boolean! seven, five! pizza, car! During the lecture, I constantly pick on one or another student; otherwise, they quickly start picking their noses and looking at the ceiling. Plus, I need to check everyone\u2019s knowledge in between. <\/p>\n

My students never cease to amaze me with both their stupidity and unexpected cleverness. Fortunately, cleverness occurs more often. <\/p>\n

Chcel som nap\u00edsa\u0165 viac, ale aj tak to vy\u0161lo na dlh\u0161ie. R\u00e1d odpoviem na v\u0161etky ot\u00e1zky. Ka\u017ed\u00fa kritiku v\u00edtam, len pros\u00edm \u2014 bu\u010fme si navz\u00e1jom tolerantn\u00ed v koment\u00e1roch. Je to pekn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok.
\n
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