{"id":55869,"date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:04:02","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:04:02","slug":"kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna","title":{"rendered":"Ako vytvori\u0165 decentralizovan\u00fa aplik\u00e1ciu, ktor\u00e1 sa \u0161k\u00e1luje? Pou\u017eite menej blockchainu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Nie, spustenie decentralizovanej aplik\u00e1cie (dapp) na blockchainu neprinesie \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd biznis. V skuto\u010dnosti si v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov ani neuvedomuje, \u010di aplik\u00e1cia funguje na blockchaine \u2013 jednoducho si vyberaj\u00fa produkt, ktor\u00fd je lacnej\u0161\u00ed, r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed a jednoduch\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u017dia\u013e, aj ke\u010f m\u00e1 blockchain svoje jedine\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti a v\u00fdhody, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 na \u0148om funguj\u00fa, je ove\u013ea drah\u0161ia, pomal\u0161ia a menej zrozumite\u013en\u00e1 ako ich centralizovan\u00ed konkurenti.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Vo whitepaper-och aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed postaven\u00fdch na blockchaine sa \u010dasto nach\u00e1dza paragraf, v ktorom sa uv\u00e1dza: \"blockchain je drah\u00fd a nie je schopn\u00fd podporova\u0165 po\u017eadovan\u00fd po\u010det transakci\u00ed za sekundu. Na\u0161\u0165astie na \u0161k\u00e1lovan\u00ed blockchainu pracuje mno\u017estvo inteligentn\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed a do doby, ke\u010f spust\u00edme na\u0161u aplik\u00e1ciu, bude dostato\u010dne \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013en\u00fd.\"<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V jednom jednoduchom odseku m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00fdvoj\u00e1r dapp-u vynecha\u0165 hlb\u0161iu diskusiu o probl\u00e9moch \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013enosti a alternat\u00edvnych rie\u0161eniach t\u00fdchto probl\u00e9mov. To \u010dasto vedie k neefekt\u00edvnej architekt\u00fare, kde backend a jadro aplik\u00e1cie tvoria smart kontrakty be\u017eiace na blockchaine. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00fa v\u0161ak aj neopr\u00e1vnen\u00e9 pr\u00edstupy v architekt\u00fare decentralizovan\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa ove\u013ea lep\u0161ie \u0161k\u00e1lovanie v\u010faka zn\u00ed\u017eeniu z\u00e1vislosti od blockchainu. Napr\u00edklad Blockstack pracuje na architekt\u00fare, kde v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina d\u00e1t a logiky aplik\u00e1cie je ulo\u017een\u00e1 mimo blockchain.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pozrime sa najprv na tradi\u010dnej\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edstup, kde sa blockchain pou\u017e\u00edva ako priamy sprostredkovate\u013e medzi pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi aplik\u00e1cie a ktor\u00fd sa nezvl\u00e1da ve\u013emi dobre \u0161k\u00e1lova\u0165.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pr\u00edstup \u010d. 1: Blockchain ako backend<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Aby sme to pribl\u00ed\u017eili, vezmime si hotelov\u00fd priemysel ako pr\u00edklad. Je to obrovsk\u00fd priemysel, v ktorom sprostredkovatelia ako Booking.com, ber\u00fa obrovsk\u00e9 poplatky<\/a><\/noindex> za spojenie host\u00ed a hotelov.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V ka\u017edej situ\u00e1cii, ke\u010f sa chceme zbavi\u0165 tak\u00e9ho sprostredkovate\u013ea, pomocou tohto pr\u00edstupu sa budeme sna\u017ei\u0165 zopakova\u0165 jeho biznis logiku pomocou smart kontraktov na takom blockchaine, ak\u00fdm je napr\u00edklad Ethereum.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Open source smart kontrakty spusten\u00e9 na \"svetovom po\u010d\u00edta\u010di\" m\u00f4\u017eu spoji\u0165 predajcov s kupuj\u00facimi bez medzispolo\u010dnosti, \u010d\u00edm sa v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku zni\u017euj\u00fa poplatky a prov\u00edzie, ktor\u00e9 si \u00fa\u010dtuje sprostredkovate\u013e.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

As shown in the image below, hotels use a decentralized application to store information about rooms, their availability, and prices on weekdays or weekends on the blockchain, and possibly even descriptions of the rooms along with all other relevant information.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Anyone wanting to book a room uses this application to search for hotels and rooms listed on the blockchain. Once the user selects a room, the booking occurs by sending the required amount of tokens to the hotel as a deposit. In response, the smart contract updates the information on the blockchain, marking the room as no longer available.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

This approach has two sides to the scalability issue. First, the maximum number of transactions per second. Second, the volume of data that can be stored on the blockchain.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s do some rough calculations. Booking.com claims to have nearly 2 million hotels listed. Let\u2019s assume that, on average, each hotel has 10 rooms and each room is booked only 20 times a year \u2014 this gives us an average of 13 bookings per second.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

To estimate this number, it\u2019s worth noting that Ethereum can handle approximately 15 transactions per second.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

At the same time, we must consider that our application will also have transactions from hotels \u2014 for loading and continuously updating information about their rooms. Hotels frequently update room prices, sometimes even daily, and every price or description change requires a transaction on the blockchain.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

There\u2019s also the size problem \u2014 the size of the Ethereum blockchain recently crossed the 2TB mark. If applications with this approach became truly popular, the Ethereum network would become extremely unstable.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Such a blockchain-based system can exclude outsiders due to its impartiality and lack of centralization \u2014 the main advantages of blockchain technology. However, the blockchain has other features as well \u2014 it is distributed and non-rewritable, which are great characteristics, but they come at the cost of speed and transaction fees. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Preto musia v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri dapp-ov d\u00f4kladne pos\u00fadi\u0165, \u010di naozaj ka\u017ed\u00e1 funkcia, ktor\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edva blockchain, vy\u017eaduje decentraliz\u00e1ciu a nezmazate\u013enos\u0165.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Napr\u00edklad: ak\u00e9 s\u00fa v\u00fdhody rozlo\u017eenia d\u00e1t ka\u017ed\u00e9ho hotela po stovk\u00e1ch strojov po celom svete a ich neust\u00e1leho uchov\u00e1vania? Je naozaj d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby historick\u00e9 d\u00e1ta o cen\u00e1ch a dostupnosti izieb boli v\u017edy zahrnut\u00e9 v blockchaine? Asi nie.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ak sa za\u010dneme p\u00fdta\u0165 na tak\u00e9to ot\u00e1zky, za\u010dneme vidie\u0165, \u017ee nemus\u00edme ma\u0165 v\u0161etky n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 vlastnosti blockchainu pre v\u0161etky na\u0161e funkcie. Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa teda alternat\u00edvy? <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edstup #2: Architekt\u00fara in\u0161pirovan\u00e1 Blockstack-om<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Hoci je d\u00f4raz Blockstack<\/a><\/noindex> na aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, v ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa u\u017e\u00edvatelia vlastn\u00edkmi svojich d\u00e1t (napr\u00edklad ako s\u00fa Airtext<\/a><\/noindex>, BentenSound<\/a><\/noindex>, ImageOptimizer<\/a><\/noindex> alebo Graphite<\/a><\/noindex>), Blockstack m\u00e1 tie\u017e filozofiu obmedzen\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edvania blockchainu \u2014 len ke\u010f je to absol\u00fatne nevyhnutn\u00e9. Ich hlavn\u00fd argument spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee blockchain je pomal\u00fd a drah\u00fd, a preto by sa mal pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 len pre ojedinel\u00e9 alebo zriedkav\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie. Ostatn\u00e1 interakcia s aplik\u00e1ciami by mala prebieha\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom peer-to-peer, t.j. pou\u017e\u00edvatelia decentralizovan\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed by mali zdie\u013ea\u0165 d\u00e1ta priamo medzi sebou, a nie prostredn\u00edctvom blockchainu. Napokon, najstar\u0161ie a naj\u00faspe\u0161nej\u0161ie decentralizovan\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie, ako BitTorrent, email a Tor, boli vytvoren\u00e9 e\u0161te predt\u00fdm, ako bol samotn\u00fd koncept blockchainu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako
\nV\u013eavo: prv\u00fd pr\u00edstup, kde pou\u017e\u00edvatelia interaguj\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom blockchainu. Vpravo: pou\u017e\u00edvatelia interaguj\u00fa priamo medzi sebou, pri\u010dom blockchain sa pou\u017e\u00edva len pre identifik\u00e1ciu a podobne<\/em>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Vr\u00e1\u0165me sa k pr\u00edkladu s rezerv\u00e1ciou hotelov. Chceme nestrann\u00fd, nez\u00e1visl\u00fd a otvoren\u00fd protokol na spojenie host\u00ed s hotelmi. In\u00fdmi slovami, chceme odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 centralizovan\u00e9ho sprostredkovate\u013ea. Nem\u00e1me potrebu, napr\u00edklad, neust\u00e1le uchov\u00e1va\u0165 ceny izieb v spolo\u010dnom decentralizovanom registre.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pre\u010do by sme nemohli jednoducho umo\u017eni\u0165 hos\u0165om a hotelom komunikova\u0165 priamo, bez blockchainu? Hotely m\u00f4\u017eu uchov\u00e1va\u0165 svoje ceny, dostupnos\u0165 izieb a ak\u00e9ko\u013evek \u010fal\u0161ie inform\u00e1cie niekde, kde bud\u00fa pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u2014 napr\u00edklad na IPFS, Amazon S3, alebo dokonca na vlastnom lok\u00e1lnom serveri. To presne pon\u00faka decentralizovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m ukladania od Blockstack s n\u00e1zvom Gaia<\/a><\/noindex>. Umo\u017e\u0148uje pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom vybra\u0165 si, kde chc\u00fa uchov\u00e1va\u0165 svoje \u00fadaje a kontrolova\u0165, kto k nim m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 pr\u00edstup prostredn\u00edctvom pr\u00edstupu naz\u00fdvan\u00e9ho multiu\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9 \u00falo\u017eisko<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aby sa vytvorila d\u00f4vera, v\u0161etky \u00fadaje hotela s\u00fa kryptograficky podp\u00edsan\u00e9 samotn\u00fdm hotelom. Bez oh\u013eadu na to, kde s\u00fa tieto \u00fadaje ulo\u017een\u00e9, ich integritu mo\u017eno overi\u0165 pomocou verejn\u00fdch k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov spojen\u00fdch s identifika\u010dn\u00fdmi inform\u00e1ciami tohto hotela, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v blockchaine.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V pr\u00edpade Blockstacku je v blockchaine ulo\u017een\u00e1 iba va\u0161a identifika\u010dn\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia. Inform\u00e1cie o tom, ako z\u00edska\u0165 \u00fadaje ka\u017ed\u00e9ho pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea, s\u00fa uchov\u00e1van\u00e9 v z\u00f3nov\u00fdch s\u00faboroch a distribuovan\u00e9 cez peer-to-peer sie\u0165 pomocou uzlov. A znovu \u2014 nemus\u00edte veri\u0165 \u00fadajom, ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00fa uzly, preto\u017ee m\u00f4\u017eete overi\u0165 ich pravos\u0165 porovnan\u00edm ich s hashmi, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v blockchaine a u in\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V zjednodu\u0161enej verzii syst\u00e9mu bud\u00fa hostia pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 peer-to-peer sie\u0165 Blockstack na vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie hotelov a z\u00edskavanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o ich izb\u00e1ch. A pravos\u0165 a integritu v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 z\u00edskate, m\u00f4\u017eete overi\u0165 pomocou verejn\u00fdch k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov a hashov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v virtu\u00e1lnom re\u0165azci<\/a><\/noindex> Blockstack.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00e1to architekt\u00fara je zlo\u017eitej\u0161ia ako prv\u00fd pr\u00edstup a vy\u017eaduje komplexnej\u0161iu infra\u0161trukt\u00faru. V skuto\u010dnosti, to je presne to, kde prich\u00e1dza Blockstack, poskytuj\u00faci v\u0161etky potrebn\u00e9 komponenty na vytvorenie takej decentralizovanej s\u00fastavy.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ako<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pri takej architekt\u00fare uchov\u00e1vame v blockchaine iba \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 naozaj musia by\u0165 distribuovan\u00e9 a nem\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 prepisovan\u00e9. V pr\u00edpade Blockstacku potrebujete transakcie v blockchaine len na registr\u00e1ciu a ur\u010denie, kde by sa mali ulo\u017ei\u0165 va\u0161e \u00fadaje. M\u00f4\u017eete potrebova\u0165 viac transakci\u00ed, ak chcete zmeni\u0165 nie\u010do z t\u00fdchto inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, ale to nie je opakuj\u00faca sa udalos\u0165. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Navy\u0161e, logika aplik\u00e1cie v kontraste s prv\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom funguje na strane klienta, nie na smart kontraktoch. To umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rovi meni\u0165 t\u00fato logiku bez n\u00e1kladn\u00fdch alebo niekedy dokonca nemo\u017en\u00fdch aktualiz\u00e1ci\u00ed smart kontraktu. A ke\u010f\u017ee d\u00e1ta a logika aplik\u00e1cie nie s\u00fa na blockchaine, decentralizovan\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu dosiahnu\u0165 \u00farove\u0148 v\u00fdkonu a \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013enosti tradi\u010dn\u00fdch centralizovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Aplik\u00e1cie be\u017eiace na Blockstack sa m\u00f4\u017eu \u0161k\u00e1lova\u0165 ove\u013ea lep\u0161ie ako be\u017en\u00e9 blockchain aplik\u00e1cie, ale je to mlad\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edstup s vlastn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami a nezodpovedan\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Napr\u00edklad, ak decentralizovan\u00e1 aplik\u00e1cia nefunguje na smart kontraktoch, zni\u017euje to potrebu utilitn\u00fdch tokenov. To m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 probl\u00e9my pre podniky, ak vezmeme do \u00favahy, \u017ee ICO boli hlavn\u00fdm zdrojom financovania pre decentralizovan\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie (vr\u00e1tane samotn\u00e9ho Blockstacku).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00fa tu aj technick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Napr\u00edklad, relat\u00edvne jednoducho sa d\u00e1 implementova\u0165 funkcia rezerv\u00e1cie hotelov v smart kontrakte, kde sa pri atomickej oper\u00e1cii rezervuj\u00fa izby v\u00fdmenou za tokeny. A nie je ve\u013emi jasn\u00e9, ako bude rezerv\u00e1cia fungova\u0165 v aplik\u00e1cii Blockstack bez smart kontraktov.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aplik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 cielenia na glob\u00e1lne trhy s potenci\u00e1lom mili\u00f3nov pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, musia by\u0165 ve\u013emi dobre \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013en\u00e9, aby boli \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9. Je chybou spolieha\u0165 sa v\u00fdhradne na blockchainy na dosiahnutie takej \u00farovne \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013enosti v bl\u00edzkej bud\u00facnosti. Aby mohli konkurova\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fdm centralizovan\u00fdm hr\u00e1\u010dom na trhu, ako je Booking.com, musia v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri decentralizovan\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 alternat\u00edvne pr\u00edstupy k projektovaniu svojich aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, napr\u00edklad ten, ktor\u00fd pon\u00faka Blockstack.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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