{"id":69443,"date":"2020-02-19T14:42:01","date_gmt":"2020-02-19T11:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/internet-v-turkmenistane-czena-dostupnost-i-ogranicheniya"},"modified":"2020-03-03T16:14:55","modified_gmt":"2020-03-03T13:14:55","slug":"internet-v-turkmenistane-czena-dostupnost-i-ogranicheniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/internet-v-turkmenistane-czena-dostupnost-i-ogranicheniya","title":{"rendered":"Internet v Turkmenistane: cena, dostupnos\u0165 a obmedzenia","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Internet
\n
\nTurkmenistan je jednou z najuzavretej\u0161\u00edch kraj\u00edn na svete. Nie je tak\u00e1 uzavret\u00e1 ako povedzme Severn\u00e1 K\u00f3rea, ale je bl\u00edzko k tomu. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm rozdielom je verejn\u00fd internet, na ktor\u00fd sa ob\u010dania krajiny m\u00f4\u017eu pripoji\u0165 bez v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9mov. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok sa zaober\u00e1 situ\u00e1ciou v internetovom priemysle v krajine, dostupnos\u0165ou siete, n\u00e1kladmi na pripojenie a obmedzeniami, ktor\u00e9 uvalili \u00faradn\u00edci.
\n <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Kedy sa internet objavil v Turkmenistane?<\/h3>\n

\nZa Saparmurata Nijazova bol internet exotikou. V krajine fungovalo nieko\u013eko pr\u00edstupov\u00fdch bodov k glob\u00e1lnej sieti, ale pr\u00edstup mali len vysoko postaven\u00ed \u00faradn\u00edci a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 zlo\u017eky, zriedka civiln\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvatelia. Existovalo nieko\u013eko men\u0161\u00edch poskytovate\u013eov internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb. Na za\u010diatku 2000-\u00fdch rokov niektor\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti zanikli, in\u00e9 sa spojili. V d\u00f4sledku toho vznikol \u0161t\u00e1tny monopolista \u2014 poskytovate\u013e slu\u017eieb \u201eTurkmenTelecom\u201c. Existuj\u00fa aj mal\u00e9 firmy poskytuj\u00face pr\u00edstup k internetu, ale v\u0161etky s\u00fa v podstate dc\u00e9rskymi spolo\u010dnos\u0165ami \u201eTurkmenTelecomu\u201c a plne mu podliehaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Po pr\u00edchode prezidenta Berdymuchamedova sa v Turkmenistane objavili internetov\u00e9 kaviarne a za\u010dala sa rozv\u00edja\u0165 sie\u0165ov\u00e1 infra\u0161trukt\u00fara. Prv\u00e9 modern\u00e9 internetov\u00e9 kaviarne sa objavili v roku 2007. V Turkmenistane existuje aj mobiln\u00e1 sie\u0165 tretej a \u0161tvrtej gener\u00e1cie. Pripoji\u0165 sa k nej, a teda aj k internetu, m\u00f4\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd obyvate\u013e krajiny. Sta\u010d\u00ed si len k\u00fapi\u0165 SIM kartu a vlo\u017ei\u0165 ju do zariadenia. <\/p>\n

Ko\u013eko stoj\u00ed internet a \u010do je potrebn\u00e9 na pripojenie?<\/h3>\n

\nV\u0161etko, ako v v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine in\u00fdch kraj\u00edn \u2014 poskytovate\u013eovi je potrebn\u00e9 predlo\u017ei\u0165 \u017eiados\u0165. V priebehu p\u00e1r dn\u00ed je nov\u00fd odberate\u013e pripojen\u00fd. S cenovou politikou je to o nie\u010do hor\u0161ie. Pod\u013ea v\u00fdpo\u010dtov odborn\u00edkov z \u201eSvetovej banky\u201c je internet v Turkmenistane najdrah\u0161\u00ed zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch kraj\u00edn b\u00fdval\u00e9ho ZSSR. Jeden gigabajt tu stoj\u00ed 3,5-kr\u00e1t viac ako v Rusku. N\u00e1klady na pripojenie sa pohybuj\u00fa od 2500 do 6200 rub\u013eov za mesiac. Pre porovnanie \u2014 v \u0161t\u00e1tnych zariadeniach v hlavnom meste je mzda pribli\u017ene 18 113 rub\u013eov (1000 manatov), u odborn\u00edkov v in\u00fdch profesi\u00e1ch, najm\u00e4 v regi\u00f3noch, s\u00fa platy v\u00fdrazne ni\u017e\u0161ie. <\/p>\n

Ako u\u017e bolo spomenut\u00e9, \u010fal\u0161ou mo\u017enos\u0165ou pripojenia k internetu je mobiln\u00e1 sie\u0165, 4G. Ke\u010f sa 4G infra\u0161trukt\u00fara len objavila, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 dosahovala a\u017e 70 Mbit\/s aj mimo mesta. Teraz, ke\u010f sa po\u010det predplatite\u013eov v\u00fdrazne zv\u00fd\u0161il, sa r\u00fdchlos\u0165 zn\u00ed\u017eila desa\u0165n\u00e1sobne \u2014 na 7 Mbit\/s v r\u00e1mci mesta. A to je 4G, \u010do sa t\u00fdka 3G, tam nie je ani 500 Kbit\/s. <\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea americkej agent\u00fary \u201eAkamai Technologies\u201c je dostupnos\u0165 internetu pre obyvate\u013estvo v krajine 20 %. Jeden z poskytovate\u013eov v hlavnom meste Turkmenistanu m\u00e1 iba 15 000 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, pri\u010dom popul\u00e1cia mesta presahuje 1 mili\u00f3n obyvate\u013eov.<\/p>\n

Priemern\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 internetov\u00e9ho pripojenia pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov v krajine je ni\u017e\u0161ia ako 0,5 Mbit\/s.<\/p>\n

Pokia\u013e ide o samotn\u00e9 mesto, Ministerstvo komunik\u00e1ci\u00ed pred pribli\u017ene rokom a pol vyhl\u00e1silo, \u017ee v A\u0161chabade r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prenosu d\u00e1t medzi d\u00e1tov\u00fdmi centrami v priemere dosahuje 20 Gbit\/s.<\/a><\/noindex>Mobiln\u00e1 infra\u0161trukt\u00fara je dobre rozvinut\u00e1 \u2014 sie\u0165 pokr\u00fdva aj mal\u00e9 obce. Ak sa dostanete mimo tieto dediny, tak sign\u00e1l tam tie\u017e bude \u2014 pokrytie je celkom dobr\u00e9. Ale to sa t\u00fdka samotn\u00e9ho telefonovania, zatia\u013e \u010do r\u00fdchlos\u0165 a kvalita mobiln\u00e9ho internetu nie s\u00fa ve\u013emi dobr\u00e9. <\/p>\n

S\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 v\u0161etky slu\u017eby alebo s\u00fa niektor\u00e9 zablokovan\u00e9? <\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n <\/p>\n

V Turkmenistane je mnoho zn\u00e1mych webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nok a slu\u017eieb zablokovan\u00fdch, vr\u00e1tane YouTube, Facebooku, Twitteru, Vkontakte, \u201e\u017div\u00e9ho \u017durn\u00e1lu\u201c, Lenta.ru. Takisto s\u00fa nedostupn\u00e9 messengery ako WhatsApp, Wechat, Viber. Blokuj\u00fa sa aj in\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov tie, na ktor\u00fdch sa uverej\u0148uje kritika vl\u00e1dy. Pravda, nejak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom je zablokovan\u00e1 aj str\u00e1nka MTS Turkmenistanu, \u017eensk\u00fd \u010dasopis Women.ru, niektor\u00e9 kuch\u00e1rske str\u00e1nky a podobne.<\/h3>\n

\nV okt\u00f3bri 2019 bol zablokovan\u00fd pr\u00edstup k cloudu Google, tak\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvatelia stratili pr\u00edstup k slu\u017eb\u00e1m spolo\u010dnosti, ako je Google Drive, Google Docs a \u010fal\u0161\u00edm. Najpravdepodobnej\u0161ie je probl\u00e9m v tom, \u017ee na tejto slu\u017ebe bolo v lete umiestnen\u00e9 zrkadlo opozi\u010dnej str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n

V okt\u00f3bri 2019 bola uzavret\u00e1 dostupnos\u0165 do cloudu Google, tak\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvatelia stratili pr\u00edstup k slu\u017eb\u00e1m spolo\u010dnosti, ako s\u00fa Google Drive, Google Docs a \u010fal\u0161ie. Najpravdepodobnej\u0161ie je, \u017ee probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee na tejto slu\u017ebe bolo v lete umiestnen\u00e9 zrkadlo opozi\u010dnej str\u00e1nky. <\/p>\n

\u00daradn\u00edci sa najakt\u00edvnej\u0161ie sna\u017eia bojova\u0165 s n\u00e1strojmi na obch\u00e1dzanie blok\u00e1ci\u00ed, ako s\u00fa anonymiz\u00e9ry a VPN. Predt\u00fdm sa v obchodoch so smartf\u00f3nmi a servisn\u00fdch stredisk\u00e1ch pon\u00fakali pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom in\u0161tal\u00e1cie aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed VPN. \u00darady prijali opatrenia a za\u010dali pravidelne pokutova\u0165 podnikate\u013eov. Nakoniec servisn\u00e9 stredisk\u00e1 prestali poskytova\u0165 t\u00fato slu\u017ebu. Navy\u0161e vl\u00e1da sleduje nav\u0161tevovan\u00e9 webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi. N\u00e1v\u0161teva zak\u00e1zan\u00e9ho zdroja hroz\u00ed v\u00fdzvou na \u00farad a p\u00edsan\u00edm vysvetlenia. V niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00e1stupcovia org\u00e1nov \u010dinn\u00fdch v trestnom konan\u00ed pr\u00eds\u0165 aj osobne. <\/p>\n

Pre spravodlivos\u0165 treba poznamena\u0165, \u017ee pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi bol zru\u0161en\u00fd z\u00e1kaz na torrenty.<\/p>\n

A ako \u00farady blokuj\u00fa nevhodn\u00e9 zdroje a sleduj\u00fa pokusy o obch\u00e1dzanie blok\u00e1ci\u00ed?<\/h3>\n

\nTo je najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00ed aspekt. Ako je zn\u00e1me, zariadenia a softv\u00e9r na sledovanie dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa z\u00e1padn\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti. Kontrolu n\u00e1rodnej siete a spr\u00e1vu technologickej z\u00e1kladne zabezpe\u010duje Ministerstvo n\u00e1rodnej bezpe\u010dnosti krajiny.<\/p>\n

Ministerstvo akt\u00edvne spolupracuje s nemeckou spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou Rohde & Schwarz. O vybaven\u00ed a softv\u00e9ri krajiny pred\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj spolo\u010dnosti z Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie. Pred p\u00e1r rokmi ich parlament povolil dod\u00e1vky do Turkmenistanu, Saudskej Ar\u00e1bie, Spojen\u00fdch arabsk\u00fdch emir\u00e1tov, Bruneja, Turecka a Bahrajnu.<\/p>\n

Na podporu internetovej filtr\u00e1cie Turkmenistanu s\u00fa potrebn\u00ed odborn\u00edci. Miestnych odborn\u00edkov je nedostatok a vl\u00e1da sa obracia na pomoc zo zahrani\u010dia.<\/p>\n

V porovnan\u00ed pod\u013ea \u00fadajov odborn\u00edkov<\/a><\/noindex> Turkmenistan nakupuje dva druhy vybavenia na monitorovanie siete \u2014 \u201eR&S INTRA\u201c a \u201eR&S Unified Firewalls\u201c, ako aj softv\u00e9r \u201eR&S PACE 2\u201c.<\/p>\n

Monitorovanie neprev\u00e1dza samotn\u00e9 ministerstvo, ale dve s\u00fakromn\u00e9 telekomunika\u010dn\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 s n\u00edm s\u00favisia. Majite\u013eom jednej z t\u00fdchto spolo\u010dnost\u00ed je b\u00fdval\u00fd zamestnanec org\u00e1nu \u0161t\u00e1tnej bezpe\u010dnosti Turkmenistanu. Tieto firmy tie\u017e z\u00edskavaj\u00fa vl\u00e1dne kontrakty na v\u00fdvoj webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nok, softv\u00e9ru a servisn\u00e9 slu\u017eby sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho vybavenia.<\/p>\n

Dod\u00e1van\u00fd softv\u00e9r z Eur\u00f3py analyzuje re\u010d a pou\u017e\u00edva filtre na rozpozn\u00e1vanie slov, fr\u00e1z a cel\u00fdch viet. V\u00fdsledok anal\u00fdzy sa porovn\u00e1va s \u201e\u010diernym zoznamom\u201c. V pr\u00edpade zhody zasahuj\u00fa u\u017e org\u00e1ny \u010dinn\u00e9 v trestnom konan\u00ed. Sleduj\u00fa tie\u017e SMS a spr\u00e1vy v messengeroch.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edklad kontroly pomocou BlockCheck v0.0.9.8:<\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n
\n\"Internet
\n<\/p>\n

Boj proti VPN<\/h3>\n

\nVl\u00e1dy Turkmenistanu s premenliv\u00fdm \u00faspechom bojuj\u00fa proti VPN kv\u00f4li popularite technol\u00f3gie medzi pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi internetu, ktor\u00ed sa nesm\u00faria s blokovan\u00edm ve\u013ek\u00fdch zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch str\u00e1nok. Vl\u00e1da pou\u017e\u00edva rovnak\u00e9 zariadenia nemeckej spolo\u010dnosti na filtrovanie dopravy.<\/p>\n

Okrem toho sa podnikaj\u00fa pokusy o blokovanie mobiln\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed VPN. Z na\u0161ej strany pozorujeme nedostupnos\u0165 u niektor\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov na\u0161ej mobilnej aplik\u00e1cie VPN. Pom\u00e1ha len zabudovan\u00e1 funkcia pr\u00e1ce s API cez proxy.<\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n
\nM\u00e1me v kontakte nieko\u013ek\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov z Turkmenistanu, ktor\u00ed ob\u010das hl\u00e1sia ur\u010dit\u00e9 probl\u00e9my s pripojen\u00edm. Jeden z nich n\u00e1m pripomenul my\u0161lienku nap\u00edsa\u0165 tento \u010dl\u00e1nok. Tak\u017ee aj po \u00faspe\u0161nom prihl\u00e1sen\u00ed do aplik\u00e1cie nie s\u00fa v\u0161etky servery pripojen\u00e9. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee funguj\u00fa nejak\u00e9 automatizovan\u00e9 filtre na rozpozn\u00e1vanie VPN-dopravy. Pod\u013ea inform\u00e1ci\u00ed t\u00fdchto pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov je najlep\u0161ie pripojenie k nov\u00fdm serverom, ktor\u00e9 boli ned\u00e1vno pridan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"Internet
\n
\nV janu\u00e1ri minul\u00e9ho roka vl\u00e1da i\u0161la e\u0161te \u010falej a zablokovala<\/a><\/noindex> pr\u00edstup do obchodu Google Play.<\/p>\n

\u2026 obyvatelia Turkmenistanu stratili pr\u00edstup do obchodu Google Play, odkia\u013e pou\u017e\u00edvatelia s\u0165ahovali aplik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovali obch\u00e1dza\u0165 blokovanie.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nV\u0161etky tieto kroky len zv\u00fd\u0161ili popularitu technol\u00f3gi\u00ed obch\u00e1dzania blokovania. Po\u010das rovnak\u00e9ho obdobia sa po\u010det vyh\u013ead\u00e1vac\u00edch dopytov s\u00favisiacich s VPN v Turkmenistane zv\u00fd\u0161il o 577%<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

V bud\u00facnosti vl\u00e1dy Turkmenistanu s\u013eubuj\u00fa zlep\u0161i\u0165 stav siete, zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 pripojenia a roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 pokrytie 3G a 4G. Ale nie je jasn\u00e9, kedy k tomu presne d\u00f4jde a \u010do sa stane s blokovan\u00edm.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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