{"id":73867,"date":"2020-03-12T14:42:29","date_gmt":"2020-03-12T11:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/seti-dlya-nachinayushhego-it-speczialista-obyazatelnaya-baza"},"modified":"2020-03-12T14:42:29","modified_gmt":"2020-03-12T11:42:29","slug":"seti-dlya-nachinayushhego-it-speczialista-obyazatelnaya-baza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/seti-dlya-nachinayushhego-it-speczialista-obyazatelnaya-baza","title":{"rendered":"Sie\u0165 pre za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00faceho IT \u0161pecialistu. Povinn\u00fd z\u00e1klad.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Pribli\u017ene 80 % z n\u00e1s, ktor\u00ed ukon\u010duj\u00fa univerzitu s akouko\u013evek IT \u0161pecializ\u00e1ciou, sa nakoniec nest\u00e1va program\u00e1torom. Mnoh\u00ed sa zamestn\u00e1vaj\u00fa v technickej podpore, ako syst\u00e9mov\u00ed administr\u00e1tori, technici na \u00fadr\u017ebu po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, predajn\u00ed konzultanti digit\u00e1lnej techniky, mana\u017e\u00e9ri v IKT a podobne.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok je presne pre t\u00fdch 80 %, ktor\u00ed pr\u00e1ve ukon\u010dili univerzitu s akouko\u013evek IT \u0161pecializ\u00e1ciou a u\u017e za\u010dali sledova\u0165 ponuky pr\u00e1ce, napr\u00edklad na poz\u00edciu syst\u00e9mov\u00e9ho administr\u00e1tora alebo jeho asistenta, extern\u00e9ho in\u017einiera vo firme poskytuj\u00facej outsourcing, alebo v technickej podpore 1. a 2. l\u00ednie.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

A taktie\u017e je ur\u010den\u00fd na samostatn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadium alebo na \u0161kolenie nov\u00fdch zamestnancov.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Po\u010das svojho p\u00f4sobenia v oblasti IT som sa stretol s probl\u00e9mom, \u017ee na univerzit\u00e1ch neposkytuj\u00fa najz\u00e1kladnej\u0161ie vedomosti oh\u013eadom siet\u00ed. S t\u00fdmto som sa stretol najprv s\u00e1m, ke\u010f som po ukon\u010den\u00ed univerzity chodil na pohovory v roku 2016 a nedok\u00e1zal som odpoveda\u0165 na jednoduch\u00e9 (ako sa mi teraz zd\u00e1) ot\u00e1zky. Vtedy sa mi to zdalo, \u017ee som si to len odfl\u00e1kol a nedou\u010dil sa na univerzite. Ale uk\u00e1zalo sa, \u017ee probl\u00e9m je v vzdel\u00e1vacom programe. Teraz sa op\u00e4\u0165 stret\u00e1vam s touto medzerou vo vedomostiach, ke\u010f \u0161kol\u00edm nov\u00fdch zamestnancov.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

A \u010do je hor\u0161ie, musel som si pre\u0161tudova\u0165 mno\u017estvo \u010dl\u00e1nkov na internete, ne\u017e som pochopil z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 momenty, a teraz, ke\u010f zad\u00e1vam mlad\u00fdm odborn\u00edkom t\u00e9my na \u0161t\u00fadium, \u0165a\u017eko nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa a osvojuj\u00fa si potrebn\u00e9. To sa deje preto, \u017ee na internete je obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo \u010dl\u00e1nkov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 po t\u00e9mach, alebo s\u00fa nap\u00edsan\u00e9 pr\u00edli\u0161 zlo\u017eit\u00fdm jazykom. Navy\u0161e v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina inform\u00e1ci\u00ed na za\u010diatku svojich \u010dl\u00e1nkov obsahuje len vedeck\u00e9 defin\u00edcie a potom hne\u010f zlo\u017eit\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie vyu\u017eitia. Nakoniec to vedie k tomu, \u017ee pre za\u010diato\u010dn\u00edka je toho ve\u013ea, \u010do zatia\u013e \u00faplne nech\u00e1pe.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ve preto som sa rozhodol zhroma\u017edi\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 t\u00e9my do jedn\u00e9ho \u010dl\u00e1nku a vysvetli\u0165 ich \u010do najjednoduch\u0161ie \u201ena prstoch\u201c. <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Hne\u010f varujem, \u017ee v \u010dl\u00e1nku nebude \u017eiadna h\u013abkov\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia, iba v\u00fdlu\u010dne najz\u00e1kladnej\u0161ie a najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa prebran\u00e9:<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Glob\u00e1lne a lok\u00e1lne siete<\/li>\n
  2. Biele a \u0161ed\u00e9 IP adresy<\/li>\n
  3. NAT<\/li>\n
  4. DHCP server a podsiete<\/li>\n
  5. Zariadenia na smerovanie siet\u00ed (smerova\u010d, prep\u00edna\u010d, switch, hub)<\/li>\n
  6. Hlavn\u00e9 pr\u00edkazy na anal\u00fdzu siete<\/li>\n
  7. Transportn\u00e9 protokoly UDP a TCP<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n

    1. Glob\u00e1lne a lok\u00e1lne siete<\/h3>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Cel\u00e1 internetov\u00e1 sie\u0165 je rozdelen\u00e1 na glob\u00e1lnu (WAN)<\/strong> a lok\u00e1lnu (LAN)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    V\u0161etky pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00e9 zariadenia v r\u00e1mci jednej bytu, kancel\u00e1rie alebo dokonca budovy (po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, smartf\u00f3ny, tla\u010diarne\/MFU, telev\u00edzory a pod.) s\u00fa pripojen\u00e9 k routeru, ktor\u00fd ich sp\u00e1ja do lok\u00e1lnu sie\u0165<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci jednej lok\u00e1lnej siete si m\u00f4\u017eu vymie\u0148a\u0165 \u00fadaje medzi svojimi zariadeniami bez pripojenia k internetov\u00e9mu poskytovate\u013eovi. Na to, aby sa dosiahlo na sie\u0165 (napr\u00edklad pre vstup do vyh\u013ead\u00e1va\u010da Yandex alebo Google, na VK, Instagram, YouTube alebo AmoCRM) je potrebn\u00fd pr\u00edstup k glob\u00e1lnej sieti<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Vstup do glob\u00e1lnej siete<\/strong> zaist\u00ed internetov\u00fd poskytovate\u013e, za \u010do mu plat\u00edme mesa\u010dn\u00fd poplatok. Poskytovate\u013e nastavuje na svojich routeroch \u00farove\u0148 r\u00fdchlosti pre ka\u017ed\u00e9 pripojenie pod\u013ea tarify. Poskytovate\u013e n\u00e1m zav\u00e1dza kr\u00faten\u00fa dvojicu alebo optiku k n\u00e1\u0161mu routeru (na\u0161ej lok\u00e1lnej sieti) a po tom m\u00f4\u017ee ak\u00e9ko\u013evek zariadenie na\u0161ej lok\u00e1lnej siete<\/strong> vstupova\u0165 do glob\u00e1lnej siete<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Na porovn\u00e1vanie, siete m\u00f4\u017eeme prirovna\u0165 k cest\u00e1m.
    \nNapr\u00edklad cesty v\u00e1\u0161ho mesta N s\u00fa lok\u00e1lna sie\u0165<\/strong>. Tieto cesty v\u00e1s sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa s obchodmi, in\u0161tit\u00faciami, parkami a in\u00fdmi miestami v\u00e1\u0161ho mesta.
    \nAby ste sa dostali do in\u00e9ho mesta N, mus\u00edte sa vyda\u0165 na feder\u00e1lnu trasu a prejs\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 kilometre. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mus\u00edte vyst\u00fapi\u0165 do glob\u00e1lnej siete<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Aby bolo jasnej\u0161ie, \u010do znamen\u00e1 glob\u00e1lna a lok\u00e1lna sie\u0165<\/strong> , nakreslil som schematick\u00fd obr\u00e1zok.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    2. Biele a \u0161ed\u00e9 IP adresy<\/h3>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ka\u017ed\u00e9 zariadenie v sieti m\u00e1 svoju unik\u00e1tnu IP adresu<\/strong>. Je potrebn\u00e1 na to, aby zariadenia siete ch\u00e1pali, kam je potrebn\u00e9 odosla\u0165 po\u017eiadavku a odpove\u010f.
    \nTo je ako na\u0161e domy a byty, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa svoju presn\u00fa adresu (PS\u010c, mesto, ulica, \u010d. domu, \u010d. bytu).<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    V r\u00e1mci va\u0161ej lok\u00e1lnej siete (bytu, kancel\u00e1rie alebo budovy) existuje svoj rozsah unik\u00e1tnych adries. Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee mnoh\u00ed si v\u0161imli, \u017ee IP adresa po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, napr\u00edklad, za\u010d\u00edna \u010d\u00edslicami 192.168.X.X <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Tak\u017ee toto je lok\u00e1lna adresa v\u00e1\u0161ho zariadenia.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Existuj\u00fa povolen\u00e9 rozsahy lok\u00e1lnych siet\u00ed<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee z predlo\u017eenej tabu\u013eky je jasn\u00e9, pre\u010do je najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161\u00ed rozsah 192.168.X.X<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Aby ste zistili, napr\u00edklad, IP adresu svojho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da (na b\u00e1ze OS Windows), zadajte do termin\u00e1lu pr\u00edkaz ipconfig<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ako vid\u00edte, ip-adresa m\u00f4jho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da v mojej dom\u00e1cej lok\u00e1lnej sieti 192.168.88.251
    \n<\/strong>
    \nNa pr\u00edstup do glob\u00e1lnych siet\u00ed, v\u00e1\u0161 lok\u00e1lny ip-adresa<\/strong> sa routerom men\u00ed na glob\u00e1lny<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd v\u00e1m poskytol poskytovate\u013e. Glob\u00e1lne ip-adresy nepatria do rozsahov uveden\u00fdch v tabu\u013eke vy\u0161\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Tak\u017ee lok\u00e1lne ip-adresy s\u00fa \u0161ed\u00e9 ip-adresy, zatia\u013e \u010do glob\u00e1lne s\u00fa biele<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Pre lep\u0161ie pochopenie zv\u00e1\u017ete sch\u00e9mu ni\u017e\u0161ie. Na nej som ozna\u010dil ka\u017ed\u00e9 zariadenie jeho ip-adresou.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Na sch\u00e9me je vidie\u0165, \u017ee poskytovate\u013e n\u00e1s p\u00fa\u0161\u0165a do glob\u00e1lnych siet\u00ed (na internet) z bielej ip-adresy 91.132.25.108<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Pre n\u00e1\u0161 router poskytovate\u013e dodal \u0161ed\u00fd ip-adresu 172.17.135.11<\/strong>
    \nA v na\u0161ej lok\u00e1lnej sieti maj\u00fa v\u0161etky zariadenia tie\u017e \u0161ed\u00e9 ip-adresy 192.168.X.X<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Zisti\u0165, pod akou ip-adresou vystupujete do glob\u00e1lnej siete, m\u00f4\u017eete na str\u00e1nke 2ip.ru<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ale z toho v\u0161etk\u00e9ho treba pam\u00e4ta\u0165 na jeden ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd faktor!<\/strong>
    \nV s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa zhor\u0161ila situ\u00e1cia s nedostatkom bielych ip-adres, preto\u017ee po\u010det sie\u0165ov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed d\u00e1vno prekonal po\u010det dostupn\u00fdch ip. A z tohto d\u00f4vodu internetov\u00ed poskytovatelia vyd\u00e1vaj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom \u0161ed\u00e9 ip-adresy<\/strong> (v r\u00e1mci lok\u00e1lnej siete poskytovate\u013ea, napr\u00edklad v r\u00e1mci nieko\u013ek\u00fdch bytov\u00fdch domov) a p\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa do glob\u00e1lnej siete pod jednou spolo\u010dnou bielou ip-adresou<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Aby ste zistili, \u010di v\u00e1m poskytovate\u013e vyd\u00e1va \u0161ed\u00fd ip-adres alebo biely, m\u00f4\u017eete sa prihl\u00e1si\u0165 do svojho routera a pozrie\u0165 sa, ak\u00fa ip-adresu z\u00edskava v\u00e1\u0161 router od poskytovate\u013ea.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Alebo m\u00f4\u017eete nav\u0161t\u00edvi\u0165 napr\u00edklad str\u00e1nku mobilon.ru<\/a><\/noindex> a na \u00faplnom dne (v p\u00e4te str\u00e1nky) uvid\u00edte ip-adresu v\u00e1\u0161ho routera.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Napr\u00edklad, ja som sa prihl\u00e1sil z dom\u00e1ceho internetu:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ako vid\u00edte, v skuto\u010dnosti m\u00e1m \u0161ed\u00fd ip-adres 172.17.132.2<\/strong> (pozri rozsah lok\u00e1lnych adries). Na pripojenie bielej ip-adresy poskytovatelia zvy\u010dajne poskytuj\u00fa doplnkov\u00fa slu\u017ebu za poplatok.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    V skuto\u010dnosti, pre dom\u00e1ci internet to nie je kritick\u00e9. Ale pre kancel\u00e1rie spolo\u010dnost\u00ed sa odpor\u00fa\u010da k\u00fapi\u0165 od poskytovate\u013ea pr\u00e1ve bielu ip-adresu<\/strong>, preto\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvanie \u0161ed\u00e9ho ip-adresu prin\u00e1\u0161a probl\u00e9my s pr\u00e1cou ip telef\u00f3nie a nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavi\u0165 dia\u013ekov\u00e9 pripojenie cez VPN. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u0161ed\u00fd ip-adres v\u00e1m neumo\u017en\u00ed vyvies\u0165 do internetu v\u00e1\u0161 nastaven\u00fd server a neumo\u017en\u00ed nastavi\u0165 dia\u013ekov\u00e9 pripojenie na server z inej siete.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    3. NAT<\/h3>\n

    <\/p>\n

    V predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej \u010dasti som spomenul, \u017ee \"V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa zhor\u0161il probl\u00e9m nedostatku bielych IP adries.<\/em>Preto je be\u017en\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma pripojenia u poskytovate\u013eov internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb dnes tak\u00e1, \u017ee pripojuj\u00fa mnoho klientov so \u0161ed\u00fdmi IP adresami a do glob\u00e1lneho internetu ich vyp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa pod jednou spolo\u010dnou bielou IP.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ale nie v\u017edy to tak bolo, p\u00f4vodne sa v\u0161etk\u00fdm vyd\u00e1vali biele IP adresy a \u010doskoro, aby sa predi\u0161lo probl\u00e9mu s nedostatkom bielych IP adries, bol pr\u00e1ve vymyslen\u00fd NAT (Network Address Translation) \u2014 mechanizmus premeny IP adries.<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    NAT<\/strong> Funguje na v\u0161etk\u00fdch routeroch a umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m vych\u00e1dza\u0165 z lok\u00e1lnej siete do glob\u00e1lnej.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Aby sme to lep\u0161ie pochopili, rozoberme si dva pr\u00edklady:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    1. Prv\u00fd pr\u00edpad:<\/strong> m\u00e1te zak\u00fapen\u00fa bielu IP adresu 91.105.8.10<\/strong> a v lok\u00e1lnej sieti je pripojen\u00fdch nieko\u013eko zariaden\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ka\u017ed\u00e9 lok\u00e1lne zariadenie m\u00e1 svoju \u0161ed\u00fa IP adresu. Ale pr\u00edstup na internet je mo\u017en\u00fd iba s bielou IP adresou.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ke\u010f teda napr\u00edklad PC1 s IP adresou 192.168.1.3 chce nav\u0161t\u00edvi\u0165 vyh\u013ead\u00e1va\u010d Yandex, router, ktor\u00fd vyp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a po\u017eiadavok PC1 do glob\u00e1lnej siete, aktivuje mechanizmus NAT<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd premen\u00ed IP adresu PC1 na bielu glob\u00e1lnu IP adresu 91.105.8.10.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Tak isto aj naopak, ke\u010f router dostane odpove\u010f od servera Yandex, on pomocou mechanizmu NAT<\/strong> nasmeruje t\u00fato odpove\u010f na IP adresu 192.168.1.3, na ktor\u00fa je pripojen\u00e9 PC1.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    2. Druh\u00fd pr\u00edpad:<\/strong> v lok\u00e1lnej sieti m\u00e1te taktie\u017e pripojen\u00fdch nieko\u013eko zariaden\u00ed, ale nek\u00fapili ste si bielu IP adresu od poskytovate\u013ea internetu.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    V tomto pr\u00edpade sa lok\u00e1lna adresa PC1(192.168.1.3)<\/strong> najprv premie\u0148a NAT<\/strong>\u2018om v\u00e1\u0161ho routera a premen\u00ed sa na \u0161ed\u00fa IP adresu 172.17.115.3<\/strong>, ktor\u00fa v\u00e1m pridelil poskytovate\u013e internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, a potom va\u0161a \u0161ed\u00e1 IP adresa sa premie\u0148a NAT<\/strong>routerom poskytovate\u013ea na bielu IP adresu 91.105.108.10<\/strong>, a a\u017e potom sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uje pr\u00edstup na internet (glob\u00e1lnu sie\u0165).<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Teda v tomto pr\u00edpade sa ukazuje, \u017ee va\u0161e zariadenia s\u00fa za dvojit\u00fdm NAT<\/strong>NAT.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    T\u00e1to sch\u00e9ma m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed stupe\u0148 ochrany va\u0161ich zariaden\u00ed, ale m\u00e1 aj rad ve\u013ek\u00fdch nev\u00fdhod. Napr\u00edklad, nestabiln\u00e1 SIP registr\u00e1cia VoIP zariaden\u00ed alebo jednostrann\u00e9 po\u010dute\u013enos\u0165 pri hovoroch cez IP telef\u00f3niu.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Podrobnej\u0161ie o fungovan\u00ed mechanizmu NAT<\/strong>, o jeho v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch a nev\u00fdhod\u00e1ch, o pridelovan\u00ed portov, o sockete a o druhoch NAT<\/strong> nap\u00ed\u0161em samostatn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    4. DHCP \u2014 server a podsiete.<\/h3>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Aby pripoji\u0165 zariadenie, napr\u00edklad po\u010d\u00edta\u010d k internetu, obvykle jednoducho pripoj\u00edte k\u00e1bel (kr\u00faten\u00e1 dvojica) do po\u010d\u00edta\u010da a potom do vo\u013en\u00e9ho portu na routeri, po \u010dom po\u010d\u00edta\u010d automaticky z\u00edska IP adresu a m\u00e1te pr\u00edstup na internet. <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Rovnako aj s Wi-Fi, napr\u00edklad zo smartf\u00f3nu alebo notebooku, pripoj\u00edte sa k po\u017eadovanej sieti, zad\u00e1te heslo, zariadenie z\u00edska IP adresu a internet m\u00e1te.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    A \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje zariadeniu z\u00edska\u0165 lok\u00e1lnu IP adresu automaticky?<\/strong>
    \nT\u00fato funkciu vykon\u00e1va DHCP server<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ka\u017ed\u00fd router je vybaven\u00fd DHCP serverom<\/strong>. Automaticky z\u00edskan\u00e9 IP adresy s\u00fa dynamick\u00e9 IP adresy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Pre\u010do dynamick\u00e9?<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Preto\u017ee pri ka\u017edom novom pripojen\u00ed alebo re\u0161tarte routera DHCP server<\/strong> sa tie\u017e re\u0161tartuje a m\u00f4\u017ee poskytn\u00fa\u0165 zariadeniam r\u00f4zne IP adresy.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee napr\u00edklad teraz m\u00e1 v\u00e1\u0161 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d IP adresu 192.168.1.10<\/strong>, po re\u0161tarte routera m\u00f4\u017ee IP adresa po\u010d\u00edta\u010da by\u0165 192.168.1.35<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Aby IP adresa zostala rovnak\u00e1, m\u00f4\u017eete ju nastavi\u0165 staticky<\/strong>. Toto je mo\u017en\u00e9 urobi\u0165 bu\u010f na po\u010d\u00edta\u010di v nastaveniach siete, alebo priamo na routeri.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Rovnako je mo\u017en\u00e9 DHCP server<\/strong> na routeri \u00faplne vypn\u00fa\u0165 a nastavova\u0165 IP adresy manu\u00e1lne.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    M\u00f4\u017eete nastavi\u0165 nieko\u013eko DHCP serverov<\/strong> na jednom routeri. Potom sa lok\u00e1lna sie\u0165 rozdel\u00ed na podsie\u0165<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Napr\u00edklad, po\u010d\u00edta\u010de pripoj\u00edme k nultej podsieti v rozsahu 192.168.0.2-192.168.0.255, tla\u010diarne k prvej podsieti v rozsahu 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255, a Wi-Fi budeme poskytova\u0165 na piatej podsieti s rozsahom 192.168.5.2-192.168.5.255 (pozri sch\u00e9mu ni\u017e\u0161ie)<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Zvy\u010dajne nie je potrebn\u00e9 robi\u0165 rozdelenie pod\u013ea podsiet\u00ed. Rob\u00ed sa to, ke\u010f m\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo zariaden\u00ed pripojen\u00fdch k sieti a pri nastavovan\u00ed sie\u0165ovej bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ale tak\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma sa vo firm\u00e1ch objavuje celkom \u010dasto.
    \nPreto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pozna\u0165 ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd moment.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Pozor!
    \nAk potrebujete z PC vst\u00fapi\u0165 na webov\u00e9 rozhranie, napr\u00edklad tla\u010diarne alebo IP telef\u00f3nu, a pritom v\u00e1\u0161 PC sa nach\u00e1dza v inej podsieti, pripoji\u0165 sa nepodar\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Na pochopenie si rozoberieme pr\u00edklad:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Predpokladajme, \u017ee pracujete za PC1<\/strong> s lok\u00e1lnou IP adresou 10.10.5.2<\/strong> a chcete sa dosta\u0165 na webov\u00e9 rozhranie IP telef\u00f3nu<\/strong> s lok\u00e1lnou IP adresou 192.168.1.3<\/strong>, potom sa pripoji\u0165 nepodar\u00ed. Preto\u017ee zariadenia s\u00fa v r\u00f4znych podsietiach. K IP telef\u00f3nu, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza v podsieti 192.168.1.X<\/strong>, sa m\u00f4\u017eete pripoji\u0165 iba z PC3 (192.168.1.5)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Rovnako aj k MFP (172.17.17.12)<\/strong> sa budete m\u00f4c\u0165 pripoji\u0165 iba z PC4 (172.17.17.10)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Preto, ke\u010f sa vzdialene prip\u00e1jate na pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eskej PC na webov\u00e9 rozhranie IP telef\u00f3nu, je nevyhnutn\u00e9 najprv skontrolova\u0165 ich lok\u00e1lne IP adresy, aby ste sa uistili, \u017ee obidve zariadenia s\u00fa pripojen\u00e9 k jednej podsieti.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    5. Zariadenia na smerovanie siete (router, switch, hub)<\/h3>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ako zvl\u00e1\u0161tne, ale existuje tak\u00fd fakt, \u017ee nov\u00e1\u010dikovia v IT (niekedy aj u\u017e existuj\u00faci syst\u00e9mov\u00ed administr\u00e1tori) nevedia alebo zamie\u0148aj\u00fa tak\u00e9 pojmy ako router, switch, sie\u0165ov\u00fd br\u00e1na a hub<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee d\u00f4vodom tejto zm\u00e4tku je, \u017ee sa objavilo mno\u017estvo synonym a \u017earg\u00f3nov v n\u00e1zvoch sie\u0165ov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed a to teraz uv\u00e1dza do omylu mnoh\u00fdch za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00facich in\u017einierov.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Po\u010fme sa na to pozrie\u0165.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    a) Router, smerova\u010d a sie\u0165ov\u00fd br\u00e1na<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    V\u0161etci vedia, \u010do je router<\/strong>. To je presne to zariadenie, ktor\u00e9 poskytuje internet v miestnosti, pripojen\u00fd od internetov\u00e9ho poskytovate\u013ea.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Tak\u017ee smerova\u010d a sie\u0165ov\u00fd br\u00e1na s\u00fa vlastne router<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Toto zariadenie je z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm zariaden\u00edm v organiz\u00e1cii siete. V in\u017einierskej oblasti sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edva n\u00e1zov \u201crouter<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Mimochodom, smerova\u010dom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nielen set-top box, ale aj syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 jednotka po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, ak nain\u0161talujete \u010fal\u0161iu sie\u0165ov\u00fa kartu a napr\u00edklad RouterOS Mikrotik. Potom m\u00f4\u017eete rozvetvi\u0165 sie\u0165 na mno\u017estvo zariaden\u00ed pomocou switche.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    b) \u010co je Switch a \u010d\u00edm sa l\u00ed\u0161i od Komut\u00e1tora a Hubu<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Switch a Komut\u00e1tor<\/strong> to s\u00fa tie\u017e synonym\u00e1<\/strong>. A teraz hub<\/strong> trochu in\u00e9 zariadenie. O \u0148om v nasleduj\u00facom bode (v).<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Komut\u00e1tor (switch)<\/strong> sl\u00fa\u017ei na rozvetvenie lok\u00e1lnej siete. Ako trojit\u00e9 rozdelenie alebo sie\u0165ov\u00fd filter, kam pripojujeme svoje zariadenia, aby sme im poskytli elektrick\u00fa energiu z jednej z\u00e1suvky.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Switch nevie smerova\u0165 sie\u0165 ako router<\/strong>. Nebude schopn\u00fd priradi\u0165 v\u00e1\u0161mu zariadeniu IP adresu a bez pomoci routera v\u00e1s nedok\u00e1\u017ee pusti\u0165 na internet.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u0160tandardn\u00fd router zvy\u010dajne m\u00e1 4-5 portov na pripojenie zariaden\u00ed. Ak sa teda va\u0161e zariadenia prip\u00e1jaj\u00fa k\u00e1blami a je ich viac ako portov na routeri, potrebujete switch. M\u00f4\u017eete pripoji\u0165 switch s 24 portami na jeden port routera a bezprobl\u00e9movo zorganizova\u0165 lok\u00e1lnu sie\u0165 pre 24 zariaden\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    A ak m\u00e1te e\u0161te jeden router, m\u00f4\u017eete v jeho webovom rozhran\u00ed zapn\u00fa\u0165 re\u017eim switche a tie\u017e ho pou\u017ei\u0165 ako switch.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    v) Hub<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Hub<\/strong> m\u00e1 rovnak\u00e9 funkcie ako prep\u00edna\u010d. Av\u0161ak, jeho technol\u00f3gia rozdelenia je ve\u013emi zastaran\u00e1.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Hub<\/strong> rozd\u00e1va prich\u00e1dzaj\u00face pakety z routera v\u0161etk\u00fdm pripojen\u00fdm zariadeniam bez rozl\u00ed\u0161enia, a zariadenia sa u\u017e musia sam\u00e9 rozhodn\u00fa\u0165, \u010di je to ich paket alebo nie.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    A prep\u00edna\u010d m\u00e1 MAC tabu\u013eku<\/strong> a preto rozde\u013euje prich\u00e1dzaj\u00face pakety na konkr\u00e9tne zariadenie, ktor\u00e9 si po\u017eiadalo o tento paket. Preto pren\u00e1\u0161anie d\u00e1t<\/strong> prep\u00edna\u010dom je r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa u\u017e zriedka stret\u00e1va s pou\u017eit\u00edm hubu<\/strong>, ale st\u00e1le sa ob\u010das objavuj\u00fa, treba na to by\u0165 pripraven\u00fd a ur\u010dite odporu\u010di\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom v\u00fdmenu hubu za prep\u00edna\u010d.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    6. Hlavn\u00e9 pr\u00edkazy na anal\u00fdzu siete<\/h3>\n

    <\/p>\n

    a) Pr\u00edkaz Ping<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Aby sme zistili, \u010di je IP adresa alebo samotn\u00e9 zariadenie akt\u00edvne, m\u00f4\u017eeme ho \"ping-ova\u0165\".
    \nNa to v pr\u00edkazovom riadku nap\u00ed\u0161eme pr\u00edkaz ping \"ip-adresa<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Tu sme \"ping-nuli\" DNS server Google a, ako vid\u00edme, server je akt\u00edvny (odpove\u010f na ping je 83 ms).<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ak je adres\u00e1t nedostupn\u00fd alebo dan\u00e1 IP adresa neexistuje, uvid\u00edme tak\u00fdto obraz:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na pingy nedost\u00e1vame odpove\u010f.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ale Ping<\/strong> ove\u013ea u\u017eito\u010dnej\u0161ie je pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 s k\u013e\u00fa\u010dmi:
    \n-t<\/strong> -\"ping-ova\u0165\" nepretr\u017eite (na zastavenie stla\u010d\u00edme kombin\u00e1ciu Ctrl+C)
    \n-\u0430<\/strong> -zobrazova\u0165 meno \"ping-ovan\u00e9ho\" uzla (webu\/zariadenia\/servera)<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    T\u00fdm p\u00e1dom k\u013e\u00fa\u010d \"-\u0430<\/strong>\" n\u00e1m uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee meno ping-ovan\u00e9ho uzla je \"dns.google\".
    \nA v\u010faka k\u013e\u00fa\u010du \"-t<\/strong>\" ping prebiehal bez prest\u00e1vky, zastavil som ho stla\u010den\u00edm Ctrl+C.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Pri nepretr\u017eitom pingu m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165, ako sa ping-ovan\u00fd uzol spr\u00e1va a ak\u00fa kvalitu m\u00e1 internetov\u00e9 pripojenie.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ako vid\u00edme na sn\u00edmke obrazovky, ob\u010das doch\u00e1dza k oneskoreniam prij\u00edmania paketov a\u017e do 418 ms, \u010do je pomerne kritick\u00e1 hodnota, preto\u017ee skok z 83 ms na 418 ms by sa odzrkadlil na videohovoroch ako oneskorenie\/zam\u0155zanie obrazu alebo v IP telef\u00f3nii na zhor\u0161en\u00ed kvality hlasu.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    V mojom pr\u00edpade pravdepodobne zlyh\u00e1va moje dom\u00e1ce internetov\u00e9 pripojenie.
    \nAby sme v\u0161ak podrobnej\u0161ie ur\u010dili pr\u00ed\u010dinu, treba spusti\u0165 dump. A to je t\u00e9ma na cel\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Pozor!<\/strong> Niekedy je na routeroch deaktivovan\u00e1 odosielanie ICMP<\/strong> paketov (niekto to vyp\u00edna z\u00e1merne, ale niekde to nie je predvolene zapnut\u00e9), v takom pr\u00edpade na \"pinky\" tak\u00fd uzol odpoveda\u0165 nebude, hoci s\u00e1m bude akt\u00edvny a norm\u00e1lne fungova\u0165 v sieti.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u010eal\u0161ia mo\u017enos\u0165 \"pingu\" je zisti\u0165, ak\u00e1 ip adresa sa skr\u00fdva za dom\u00e9nou webovej str\u00e1nky<\/strong>. A to konkr\u00e9tne, na ktorom serveri je hosten\u00e1 str\u00e1nka.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Na to sta\u010d\u00ed namiesto ip adresy zada\u0165 n\u00e1zov str\u00e1nky:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ako vid\u00edte, adresa ip hubu je 178.248.237.68<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    b) Traceroute<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Niekedy je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 vidie\u0165, akou cestou putuje paket k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu zariadeniu.
    \nMo\u017eno niekde je medzera a paket nedoraz\u00ed k adres\u00e1tovi. Takto n\u00e1stroj traceroute pom\u00e1ha ur\u010di\u0165, na ktorom kroku sa tento paket zasek\u00e1va<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Na opera\u010dnom syst\u00e9me Windows sa tento n\u00e1stroj sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a pr\u00edkazom \u201ctracert\u201d ip adresa<\/strong> alebo dom\u00e9nu:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Tu sme videli, cez ak\u00e9 uzly prech\u00e1dza n\u00e1\u0161 dotaz, k\u00fdm sa dostane na server ya.ru<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Na OS Linux<\/strong> tento n\u00e1stroj sa sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a pr\u00edkazom traceroute<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    N\u00e1stroj traceroute maj\u00fa aj niektor\u00e9 zariadenia, ako s\u00fa smerova\u010de alebo hlasov\u00e9 VoIP br\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    v) N\u00e1stroj whois<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Tento n\u00e1stroj umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edska\u0165 v\u0161etky inform\u00e1cie o ip adrese alebo registr\u00e1torovi dom\u00e9ny<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Napr\u00edklad, skontrolujme ip adresu 145.255.1.71<\/strong>. Na to zad\u00e1vam v termin\u00e1li pr\u00edkaz whois 145.255.1.71<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Dostali sme inform\u00e1cie o poskytovate\u013eovi ip adresy, krajinu, mesto, adresu, rozsah a pod.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Pou\u017e\u00edvam ju iba na Linux. N\u00e1stroj sa \u013eahko s\u0165ahuje a in\u0161taluje zo \u0161tandardn\u00e9ho repozit\u00e1ra opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ale \u010d\u00edtal som, \u017ee aj na Windows existuje podobn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    7. Transportn\u00e9 protokoly TCP a UDP<\/h3>\n

    <\/p>\n

    V\u0161etky prenosy po\u017eiadaviek a prij\u00edmanie odpoved\u00ed medzi zariadeniami v sieti sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uj\u00fa pomocou transportn\u00fdch protokolov TCP a UDP<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Protokol TCP zaru\u010duje, \u017ee po\u017eiadavka bude doru\u010den\u00e1 a jej integrita bude zachovan\u00e1.<\/strong> Vopred kontroluje dostupnos\u0165 uzla pred odoslan\u00edm paketu. A ak v priebehu cesty d\u00f4jde k naru\u0161eniu integrity paketu, TCP<\/strong> dopln\u00ed ch\u00fdbaj\u00face \u010dasti.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Celkovo je to protokol, ktor\u00fd urob\u00ed v\u0161etko pre to, aby va\u0161a po\u017eiadavka spr\u00e1vne dorazila k adres\u00e1tovi.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Preto TCP<\/strong> najbe\u017enej\u0161\u00ed transportn\u00fd protokol. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa, ke\u010f pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e prehliada internet, nav\u0161tevuje str\u00e1nky, slu\u017eby, soci\u00e1lne siete at\u010f.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    UDP<\/strong> protokol nem\u00e1 tak\u00fa garantovan\u00fa dopravu d\u00e1t ako TCP<\/strong>. Nekontroluje dostupnos\u0165 koncov\u00e9ho uzla pred odoslan\u00edm a nedopln\u00ed paket v pr\u00edpade jeho degrad\u00e1cie. Ak sa niektor\u00fd paket alebo nieko\u013eko paketov strat\u00ed po ceste, spr\u00e1va doraz\u00ed k adres\u00e1tovi v takom ne\u00faplnom stave.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Pre\u010do je potom potrebn\u00fd UDP?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ide o to, \u017ee tento transportn\u00fd protokol m\u00e1 obrovsk\u00fa v\u00fdhodu v porovnan\u00ed s TCP<\/strong> r\u00fdchlosti prenosu \u00fadajov. Preto UDP sa \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edva na pren\u00e1\u0161anie hlasov\u00fdch a video paketov v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase<\/strong>. A konkr\u00e9tne, v IP telef\u00f3nii a video hovoroch.
    \nNapr\u00edklad, ka\u017ed\u00fd hovor cez WhatsApp alebo Viber pou\u017e\u00edva transportn\u00fd protokol UDP<\/strong>. Rovnako aj pri video hovoroch, napr\u00edklad cez Skype alebo tie ist\u00e9 messengerov\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie WhatsApp a Viber.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \"Sie\u0165<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Presne preto, \u017ee UDP nezaru\u010duje absol\u00fatny prenos \u00fadajov a integritu pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9ho paketu, \u010dasto sa objavuj\u00fa probl\u00e9my po\u010das hovorov cez internet.
    \nToto s\u00fa preru\u0161enia hlasu, oneskorenie, echo alebo robotick\u00fd hlas. <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Tento probl\u00e9m vznik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku pre\u0165a\u017een\u00e9ho internetov\u00e9ho kan\u00e1la, dvojit\u00e9ho NAT alebo r\u00e1diov\u00e9ho kan\u00e1la.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Bolo by dobr\u00e9 v tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch pou\u017ei\u0165 TCP<\/strong>, no \u017eia\u013e, na prenos hlasu je potrebn\u00fd okam\u017eit\u00fd prenos cel\u00fdch paketov, a pre t\u00fato \u00falohu je ide\u00e1lny UDP<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Aby sa predi\u0161lo probl\u00e9mom pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed UDP<\/strong> protokolu, sta\u010d\u00ed jednoducho zabezpe\u010di\u0165 kvalitn\u00fd internetov\u00fd kan\u00e1l. A tie\u017e nastavi\u0165 na routeri vyhraden\u00fa \u0161\u00edrku p\u00e1sma pre UDP<\/strong>, aby z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e z in\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa TCP<\/strong> neprek\u00e1\u017eala fungovaniu transportn\u00e9ho protokolu. UDP<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    T\u00fdmto je v\u0161etko.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Nehcel som zahlcova\u0165 \u010dl\u00e1nok a kop\u00edrova\u0165 sem vedeck\u00e9 defin\u00edcie v\u0161etk\u00fdch pou\u017eit\u00fdch term\u00ednov, kto to potrebuje, jednoducho si to vygooglite.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Sna\u017eil som sa zhroma\u017edi\u0165 dokopy 7 najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch, pod\u013ea m\u00f4jho n\u00e1zoru, bodov, ktor\u00fdch znalos\u0165 pom\u00f4\u017ee mlad\u00e9mu \"IT-\u010dk\u00e1rskemu\" profesion\u00e1lovi prekona\u0165 prv\u00e9 etapy pohovoru na \"IT\" poz\u00edcie, alebo aspo\u0148 da\u0165 najavo zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eovi, \u017ee ur\u010dite viete viac ako be\u017en\u00fd u\u017e\u00edvate\u013e.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u0160tudujte, zapisujte si pozn\u00e1mky. D\u00fafam, \u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nok mnoh\u00fdm prinesie prospech.<\/p>\n

    Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e 80% \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e IT-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 it-\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 80%, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e IT-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0438, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":73868,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-73867","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Siete pre za\u010diato\u010dn\u00edka IT odborn\u00edka. Povinn\u00fd z\u00e1klad | ProHoster","description":"Asi 80% z n\u00e1s, ktor\u00ed kon\u010dia univerzitu s nejakou IT \u0161pecializ\u00e1ciou, nakoniec nie je program\u00e1torom.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/seti-dlya-nachinayushhego-it-speczialista-obyazatelnaya-baza","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sk_SK","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e IT-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 | ProHoster","og:description":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e 80% \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e IT-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/seti-dlya-nachinayushhego-it-speczialista-obyazatelnaya-baza","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-03-12T11:42:29+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-03-12T11:42:29+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"73867","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 15:29:51","updated":"2022-10-01 09:55:48","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/73867","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=73867"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/73867\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/73868"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=73867"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=73867"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=73867"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}