{"id":74591,"date":"2020-03-18T20:42:50","date_gmt":"2020-03-18T17:42:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pamyat-na-magnitnyh-serdechnikah-v-rakete-saturn-5"},"modified":"2020-03-18T20:42:50","modified_gmt":"2020-03-18T17:42:50","slug":"pamyat-na-magnitnyh-serdechnikah-v-rakete-saturn-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pamyat-na-magnitnyh-serdechnikah-v-rakete-saturn-5","title":{"rendered":"Pam\u00e4\u0165 na magnetick\u00fdch jadierkach v rakete Saturn 5","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nPo\u010d\u00edta\u010d, ktor\u00fd pracoval v rakete-nosite\u013eovi (Launch Vehicle Digital Computer, LVDC), zohral k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu v lun\u00e1rnom programe \u201eApollo\u201c, riadiac raketu Saturn 5. Tak ako v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov tej doby, uchov\u00e1val \u00fadaje v miniat\u00farnych magnetick\u00fdch jadierkach. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku Cloud4Y hovor\u00ed o pam\u00e4\u0165ovom module LVDC z luxusnej kolekcie <\/a><\/noindex>Stevea Jurvetsona. <\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Tento pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fd modul bol vylep\u0161en\u00fd v polovici 60. rokov. Na jeho v\u00fdrobu boli pou\u017eit\u00e9 komponenty pre povrchov\u00fa mont\u00e1\u017e, hybridn\u00e9 moduly a flexibiln\u00e9 spojenia, \u010do ho u\u010dinilo podstatne men\u0161\u00edm a \u013eah\u0161\u00edm, ne\u017e be\u017en\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165 tej doby. Napriek tomu modul umo\u017e\u0148oval uchov\u00e1va\u0165 iba 4096 slov po 26 bitov.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nPam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fd modul na magnetick\u00fdch jadierkach. Tento modul uchov\u00e1va 4K slov z 26 bitov\u00fdch \u00fadajov a 2 bitov par\u00edt. S \u0161tyrmi pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi modulmi, \u010do d\u00e1va celkov\u00fa kapacitu 16 384 slov, v\u00e1\u017ei 2,3 kg a m\u00e1 rozmery 14 cm \u00d7 14 cm \u00d7 16 cm.<\/i><\/p>\n

Let na Mesiac za\u010dal 25. m\u00e1ja 1961, ke\u010f prezident Kennedy vyhl\u00e1sil, \u017ee Amerika vysad\u00ed \u010dloveka na Mesiaci do konca desa\u0165ro\u010dia. Na tento \u00fa\u010del bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 trojstup\u0148ov\u00e1 raketa Saturn 5, najv\u00fdkonnej\u0161ia raketa, ak\u00e1 bola kedy vytvoren\u00e1. Saturn 5 bol riaden\u00fd a kontrolovan\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom (tu sa dozviete viac<\/a><\/noindex> o \u0148om) tretej stup\u0148a rakety-nosite\u013ea, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fac od vzletu na orbitu Zeme, a potom pri pohybe k Mesiacu. (Lunar Module \u201eApollo\u201c sa v tomto okamihu oddelil od rakety \u201eSaturn-5\u201c, a \u00faloha LVDC bola splnen\u00e1).<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nLVDC je nain\u0161talovan\u00fd v opornej r\u00e1me. Okr\u00fahle konektory s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9 na prednej strane po\u010d\u00edta\u010da. Pou\u017e\u00edvalo sa 8 elektrick\u00fdch konektorov a dva konektory pre kvapalinov\u00e9 chladenie.<\/i><\/p>\n

LVDC bol len jedn\u00fdm z nieko\u013ek\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov na palube \u201eApollo\u201c. LVDC bol pripojen\u00fd k syst\u00e9mu kontroly letu, 45-kilogramov\u00e9mu analogov\u00e9mu po\u010d\u00edta\u010du. Palubn\u00fd naviga\u010dn\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u201eApollo\u201c (Apollo Guidance Computer, AGC) usmer\u0148oval vesm\u00edrnu lo\u010f k povrchu Mesiaca. Velite\u013esk\u00fd modul mal jeden AGC, zatia\u013e \u010do lun\u00e1rny modul obsahoval druh\u00fd AGC spolu so syst\u00e9mom navig\u00e1cie Abort, z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00fdm havarijn\u00fdm po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nNa palube Apolla bolo nieko\u013eko po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Jednotky logiky (ULD)<\/h2>\n

\nLVDC bolo vytvoren\u00e9 pomocou zauj\u00edmavej hybridnej technol\u00f3gie nazvanej ULD, unit load device. Hoci sa vonkaj\u0161ie podobali integrovan\u00fdm obvodom, moduly ULD obsahovali nieko\u013eko komponentov. Pou\u017e\u00edvali jednoduch\u00e9 krem\u00edkov\u00e9 kry\u0161t\u00e1ly, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00fd mal len jeden tranzistor alebo dva di\u00f3dy. Tieto matice spolu s potla\u010dov\u00fdmi hrubovrstvov\u00fdmi rezistormi boli umiestnen\u00e9 na keramickej doske na realiz\u00e1ciu sch\u00e9m podobn\u00fdch logick\u00fdm br\u00e1nam. Tieto moduly boli variantom modulov SLT (Solid Logic Technology<\/a><\/noindex>), vyvinut\u00fdch pre po\u010d\u00edta\u010de IBM popul\u00e1rnej s\u00e9rie S\/360. IBM za\u010dala v\u00fdvoj modulov SLT v roku 1961, predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e sa integrovan\u00e9 obvody stali komer\u010dne efekt\u00edvnymi, a do roku 1966 IBM vyr\u00e1bala viac ako 100 mili\u00f3nov modulov SLT ro\u010dne.<\/p>\n

Moduly ULD boli v\u00fdrazne men\u0161ie ako moduly SLT, ako je vidie\u0165 na fotografii ni\u017e\u0161ie, \u010do ich robilo vhodnej\u0161\u00edmi pre kompaktn\u00fd vesm\u00edrny po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. Moduly ULD pou\u017e\u00edvali keramick\u00e9 pokryt\u00e9 dosky namiesto kovov\u00fdch kol\u00edkov v SLT a mali kovov\u00e9 kontakty na hornej ploche namiesto pinov. Dr\u017eaky na doske udr\u017eiavali modul ULD na mieste a spojili sa s t\u00fdmito kontaktmi. <\/p>\n

Pre\u010do IBM pou\u017e\u00edvala moduly SLT namiesto integrovan\u00fdch obvodov? Hlavn\u00fdm d\u00f4vodom bolo to, \u017ee integrovan\u00e9 obvody boli e\u0161te v za\u010diatkoch, vyn\u00e1jden\u00e9 v roku 1959. V roku 1963 mali moduly SLT v\u00fdhody v cene a v\u00fdkonnosti v porovnan\u00ed s integrovan\u00fdmi obvodmi. Napriek tomu boli moduly SLT \u010dasto pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za pozadu v porovnan\u00ed s integrovan\u00fdmi obvodmi. Jednou z v\u00fdhod modulov SLT nad integrovan\u00fdmi obvodmi bolo to, \u017ee rezistory v SLT boli ove\u013ea presnej\u0161ie ako v integrovan\u00fdch obvodoch. Po\u010das v\u00fdroby hrubovrstvov\u00e9 rezistory v moduloch SLT prech\u00e1dzali d\u00f4kladn\u00fdm pieskovan\u00edm na odstr\u00e1nenie rezist\u00edvneho filmu, k\u00fdm nedosiahli po\u017eadovan\u00fd odpor. Moduly SLT boli tie\u017e lacnej\u0161ie ako porovnate\u013en\u00e9 integrovan\u00e9 obvody v 60. rokoch.<\/p>\n

LVDC a s t\u00fdm spojen\u00e9 zariadenia pou\u017e\u00edvali viac ako 50 r\u00f4znych typov ULD.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nModuly SLT (v\u013eavo) s\u00fa v\u00fdrazne v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie ako moduly ULD (vpravo). Ve\u013ekos\u0165 ULD je 7,6 mm \u00d7 8 mm<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na fotografii ni\u017e\u0161ie s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 komponenty modulu ULD. V\u013eavo na keramickej doske s\u00fa vidie\u0165 vodi\u010de pripojen\u00e9 k \u0161tyrom mal\u00fdm \u0161tvorcov\u00fdm krem\u00edkov\u00fdm kry\u0161t\u00e1lom. Vyzer\u00e1 to ako tla\u010den\u00e1 doska, ale majte na pam\u00e4ti, \u017ee je omnoho men\u0161ia ako necht. \u010cierne obd\u013a\u017eniky vpravo s\u00fa hrubovrstv\u00e9 rezistory, vytla\u010den\u00e9 na spodnej strane dosky.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nULD, poh\u013ead z hora a z dola. Vidie\u0165 krem\u00edkov\u00e9 kry\u0161t\u00e1ly a rezistory. Zatia\u013e \u010do moduly SLT mali rezistory na hornej ploche, moduly ULD mali rezistory dole, \u010do zvy\u0161ovalo hustotu a tie\u017e n\u00e1klady.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na fotografii ni\u017e\u0161ie je vidie\u0165 krem\u00edkov\u00fd kry\u0161t\u00e1l z modulu ULD, ktor\u00fd realizoval dva di\u00f3dov\u00e9. Rozmery s\u00fa mimoriadne mal\u00e9, pre porovnanie s\u00fa ved\u013ea neho kry\u0161t\u00e1liky cukru. Kry\u0161t\u00e1l mal tri vonkaj\u0161ie pripojenia cez meden\u00e9 gu\u013e\u00f4\u010dky prip\u00e1jan\u00e9 k trom kruhom. Dve doln\u00e9 kruhy (an\u00f3dy dvoch di\u00f3d) boli legovan\u00e9 (tmav\u0161ie oblasti), zatia\u013e \u010do horn\u00fd prav\u00fd kruh bol kat\u00f3d, pripojen\u00fd k z\u00e1kladu.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nFotografia di\u00f3dov\u00e9ho krem\u00edkov\u00e9ho kry\u0161t\u00e1lu ved\u013ea kry\u0161t\u00e1likov cukru.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Ako funguje pam\u00e4\u0165 na magnetick\u00fdch jadrach.<\/h2>\n

\nPam\u00e4\u0165 na magnetick\u00fdch jadrach bola hlavnou formou ulo\u017eenia d\u00e1t na po\u010d\u00edta\u010doch od 50. rokov 20. storo\u010dia, k\u00fdm v 70. rokoch nebola nahraden\u00e1 polovodi\u010dov\u00fdmi pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi zariadeniami. Pam\u00e4\u0165 bola vytvoren\u00e1 z drobn\u00fdch feritov\u00fdch prstencov, naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch jadr\u00e1. Feritov\u00e9 prstene boli usporiadan\u00e9 do obd\u013a\u017enikovej matice a cez ka\u017ed\u00fd prstenec prech\u00e1dzalo od dvoch do \u0161tyroch vodi\u010dov na \u010d\u00edtanie a z\u00e1pis inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Prstene umo\u017e\u0148ovali uklada\u0165 jeden bit inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Jadro sa na magnetizovalo pomocou impulzu pr\u00fadu cez vodi\u010de prech\u00e1dzaj\u00face feritov\u00fdm prstencom. Smer magnetiz\u00e1cie jedn\u00e9ho jadra bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 zmeni\u0165, ak sa poslal impulz v opa\u010dnom smere.<\/p>\n

Na pre\u010d\u00edtanie hodnoty magnetick\u00e9ho jadra sa pr\u00fadov\u00e9 impulzy nastavili na stav 0. Ak bolo jadro predt\u00fdm v stave 1, menen\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole vytvorilo nap\u00e4tie v jednom z vodi\u010dov prech\u00e1dzaj\u00facich jadrami. Ale ak by bolo jadro u\u017e v stave 0, magnetick\u00e9 pole by sa nezmenilo a v pre\u010d\u00edtavacom vodi\u010di by sa nap\u00e4tie nezv\u00fd\u0161ilo. Tak\u017ee hodnota bitu v jadre sa \u010d\u00edtala resetovan\u00edm na nulu a kontrolou nap\u00e4tia na pre\u010d\u00edtavacom vodi\u010di. D\u00f4le\u017eitou vlastnos\u0165ou pam\u00e4te na magnetick\u00fdch jadrach bolo, \u017ee proces \u010d\u00edtania ferritov\u00e9ho kruhu ni\u010dil jeho hodnotu, tak\u017ee jadro bolo potrebn\u00e9 \u201eprep\u00edsa\u0165\u201c.<\/p>\n

Pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 samostatn\u00fd vodi\u010d na zmenu magnetiz\u00e1cie ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jadra bolo nepraktick\u00e9, ale v 50. rokoch 20. storo\u010dia sa vyvinula ferritov\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165 funguj\u00faca na princ\u00edpe matchingu pr\u00fadov. Sch\u00e9ma so \u0161tyrmi vodi\u010dmi \u2014 X, Y, \u010d\u00edtanie, z\u00e1kaz \u2014 sa stala be\u017enou. Technol\u00f3gia vyu\u017e\u00edvala osobitn\u00fa vlastnos\u0165 jadier, naz\u00fdvan\u00fa hyster\u00e9za: mal\u00fd pr\u00fad neovplyv\u0148uje ferritov\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165, ale pr\u00fad nad prahovou hodnotou by jadro magnetizoval. Pri dod\u00e1van\u00ed nap\u00e1jania s polovi\u010dn\u00fdm potrebn\u00fdm pr\u00fadom na jeden vodi\u010d X a jeden vodi\u010d Y, len jadro, kde sa prekr\u00fdvaj\u00fa oba vodi\u010de, dost\u00e1valo dostato\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00fad na premagnetizovanie, zatia\u013e \u010do ostatn\u00e9 jadra zost\u00e1vali nedotknut\u00e9. <\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nTakto vyzerala pam\u00e4\u0165 IBM 360 Model 50. LVDC a model 50 pou\u017e\u00edvali jadra rovnak\u00e9ho typu, zn\u00e1me ako 19-32, preto\u017ee ich vn\u00fatorn\u00fd priemer bol 19 mil (0,4826 mm) a vonkaj\u0161\u00ed priemer bol 32 mil (0,8 mm). Na tomto obr\u00e1zku je vidie\u0165, \u017ee cez ka\u017ed\u00e9 jadro prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa tri vodi\u010de, ale LVDC pou\u017e\u00edval \u0161tyri vodi\u010de.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na nasledovnom obr\u00e1zku je zobrazen\u00e1 jedna obd\u013a\u017enikov\u00e1 maticov\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165 LVDC. T\u00e1to matica m\u00e1 128 X-vodi\u010dov, ktor\u00e9 id\u00fa vertik\u00e1lne, a 64 Y-vodi\u010dov, ktor\u00e9 id\u00fa horizont\u00e1lne, s jadrom na ka\u017edom prekr\u00ed\u017een\u00edm. Jedin\u00fd vodi\u010d na \u010d\u00edtanie prech\u00e1dza v\u0161etk\u00fdmi vodi\u010dmi paralelne s Y-vodi\u010dmi. Vodi\u010d na zapisovanie a vodi\u010d na z\u00e1kaz prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa cez v\u0161etky vodi\u010de paralelne s X-vodi\u010dmi. Vodi\u010de sa prekr\u00fdvaj\u00fa v strede matice; to zni\u017euje indukovan\u00fd \u0161um, preto\u017ee \u0161um z jednej polovice neutralizuje \u0161um z druhej polovice.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nJedna matica feritovej pam\u00e4te LVDC, ktor\u00e1 obsahuje 8192 bitov. Spojenie s in\u00fdmi maticami sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uje pomocou pinov na vonkaj\u0161ej strane.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Matica vy\u0161\u0161ie mala 8192 prvkov, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00fd uchov\u00e1val jeden bit. Na uchovanie pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9ho slova sa nieko\u013eko z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch mat\u00edc kombinovalo dokopy, po jednej pre ka\u017ed\u00fd bit v slove. Dr\u00f4ty X a Y prech\u00e1dzali hadovito v\u0161etk\u00fdmi z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi maticami. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 matica mala samostatn\u00fa \u010diaru na \u010d\u00edtanie a samostatn\u00fa \u010diaru na zabr\u00e1nienie z\u00e1pisu. Pam\u00e4\u0165 LVDC pou\u017e\u00edvala z\u00e1sobn\u00edk z 14 z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch mat\u00edc (ni\u017e\u0161ie), ktor\u00e9 uchov\u00e1vali 13-bitov\u00fd \u201eslog\u201c spolu s paritn\u00fdm bitom. <\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nZ\u00e1sobn\u00edk LVDC pozost\u00e1va zo 14 z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch mat\u00edc.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1pis do pam\u00e4te na magnetick\u00fdch jadr\u00e1ch vy\u017eadoval dodato\u010dn\u00e9 dr\u00f4ty, tzv. \u010diaru zabr\u00e1nienia. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 matica mala jednu \u010diaru zabr\u00e1nienia, ktor\u00e1 prech\u00e1dzala v\u0161etk\u00fdmi jadrami v nej. Po\u010das z\u00e1pisu pr\u00fadi pr\u00fad cez \u010diary X a Y, premagnetizuj\u00fac vybran\u00e9 prstence (po jednom na rovinu) do stavu 1, uchov\u00e1vaj\u00fac v\u0161etky 1 v slove. Na z\u00e1pis 0 na poz\u00edcii bitu sa l\u00ednia nap\u00e1jala polovi\u010dn\u00fdm pr\u00fadom, opa\u010dn\u00fdm k l\u00ednii X. V d\u00f4sledku toho ostali jadr\u00e1 na hodnote 0. T\u00fdm p\u00e1dom \u010d\u00e1ra zabr\u00e1nienia nedovo\u013eovala jadru prepn\u00fa\u0165 na 1. Ak\u00e9ko\u013evek po\u017eadovan\u00e9 slovo mohlo by\u0165 zap\u00edsan\u00e9 do pam\u00e4te aktivovan\u00edm pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch \u010diar zabr\u00e1nienia.<\/p>\n

Modul pam\u00e4te LVDC.<\/h2>\n

\nAko je modul pam\u00e4te LVDC fyzicky kon\u0161truovan\u00fd? V strede modulu pam\u00e4te sa nach\u00e1dza z\u00e1sobn\u00edk zo 14 mat\u00edc ferromagnetickej pam\u00e4te, ktor\u00e9 boli uk\u00e1zan\u00e9 sk\u00f4r. Je obklopen\u00fd nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi doskami s obvodmi na ovl\u00e1danie dr\u00f4tov X a Y a \u010diar zabr\u00e1nienia, \u010diar \u010d\u00edtania bitov, detekcie ch\u00fdb a generovania potrebn\u00fdch hodinov\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov. <\/p>\n

Vo v\u0161eobecnosti sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina obvodov s\u00favisiacich s pam\u00e4\u0165ou nach\u00e1dza v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej logike LVDC, a nie v samotnom module pam\u00e4te. Konkr\u00e9tne, logika po\u010d\u00edta\u010da obsahuje registry na uchov\u00e1vanie adresy a slova \u00fadajov a premenu medzi s\u00e9riov\u00fdm a paraleln\u00fdm. Obsahuje tie\u017e obvod na \u010d\u00edtanie z \u010diar \u010d\u00edtania bitov, kontrolu ch\u00fdb a taktovanie.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nModul pam\u00e4te so zobrazen\u00edm k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch komponentov. MIB (Multilayer Interconnection Board) \u2013 je 12-vrstvov\u00e1 doska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spojov.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Doska ovl\u00e1da\u010da pam\u00e4te Y<\/h2>\n

\nSlovo v pam\u00e4ti na magnetick\u00fdch jadierkach sa vyber\u00e1 prechodom pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch l\u00edni\u00ed X a Y cez hlavn\u00fa hromadu dosiek. Za\u010dneme opisom sch\u00e9my Y-drivers a toho, ako generuje sign\u00e1l cez jednu z 64 Y-l\u00edni\u00ed. Namiesto 64 samostatn\u00fdch obvodov \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439ver modul zni\u017euje po\u010det sch\u00e9m v\u010faka pou\u017eitiu 8 \u201evysok\u00fdch\u201c \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439verov a 8 \u201en\u00edzkych\u201c \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439verov. Tieto s\u00fa pripojen\u00e9 v \u201emrie\u017ekovej\u201c konfigur\u00e1cii, tak\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 kombin\u00e1cia vysok\u00e9ho a n\u00edzkeho \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439vera vyber\u00e1 r\u00f4zne pr\u00fady. T\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom 8 \u201evysok\u00fdch\u201c a 8 \u201en\u00edzkych\u201c \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439verov vyber\u00e1 jednu z 64 (8 \u00d7 8) Y-l\u00edni\u00ed. <\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nDoska Y-drivers (predn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165) riadi v\u00fdberov\u00e9 linky Y v hromade dosiek<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zku ni\u017e\u0161ie m\u00f4\u017eete vidie\u0165 niektor\u00e9 z modulov ULD (biele) a p\u00e1ry tranzistorov (zlat\u00e9), ktor\u00e9 riadia v\u00fdberov\u00e9 l\u00ednie Y. Modul \u201eEI\u201c je srdcom \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439vera: poskytuje impulz kon\u0161tantn\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia (E) alebo prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165a impulz kon\u0161tantn\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu (I) cez v\u00fdberov\u00fa l\u00edniu. V\u00fdberov\u00e1 l\u00ednia je riaden\u00e1 aktiv\u00e1ciou modulu EI v re\u017eime nap\u00e4tia na jednom konci l\u00ednie a modulu EI v re\u017eime pr\u00fadu na druhom konci. V\u00fdsledkom je impulz s dostato\u010dn\u00fdm nap\u00e4t\u00edm a pr\u00fadom na premagnetovanie jadra. Vy\u017eaduje sa ve\u013ek\u00fd impulz, aby sa oto\u010dilo; impulz nap\u00e4tia je fixovan\u00fd na 17 voltov a pr\u00fad sa pohybuje od 180 mA do 260 mA v z\u00e1vislosti od teploty. <\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nMakrofoto dosky Y-drivers, na ktorom je zobrazen\u00fdch \u0161es\u0165 modulov ULD a \u0161es\u0165 p\u00e1rov tranzistorov. Ka\u017ed\u00fd modul ULD je ozna\u010den\u00fd \u010d\u00edslom dielu IBM, typom modulu (napr. \u201eEI\u201c) a k\u00f3dom, ktor\u00fd nebol objasnen\u00fd<\/i> <\/p>\n

Doska je tie\u017e vybaven\u00e1 modulmi na sledovanie ch\u00fdb (ED), ktor\u00e9 zistia, ke\u010f sa s\u00fa\u010dasne aktivuje viac ako jedna v\u00fdberov\u00e1 l\u00ednia Y. Modul ED pou\u017e\u00edva jednoduch\u00e9 poloanalo\u017en\u00e9 rie\u0161enie: s\u010d\u00edta vstupn\u00e9 nap\u00e4tia pomocou siete odporov. Ak v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie presiahne prah, rel\u00e9 sa aktivuje. <\/p>\n

Pod doskou ovl\u00e1da\u010da sa nach\u00e1dza di\u00f3da matica, ktor\u00e1 obsahuje 256 di\u00f3d a 64 rezistorov. T\u00e1to matica prev\u00e1dza 8 horn\u00fdch a 8 doln\u00fdch p\u00e1rov sign\u00e1lov z dosiek ovl\u00e1da\u010dov na spojenia s 64 Y-l\u00edniami, ktor\u00e9 prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa cez hlavn\u00fa z\u00e1sobn\u00edkov\u00fa dosku. Flexibiln\u00e9 k\u00e1ble na vrchu a na spodnej strane dosky sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa dosku s di\u00f3dovou maticou. Dva flexibiln\u00e9 k\u00e1ble na\u013eavo (na obr\u00e1zku nie s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9) a dva zbernice napravo (jedna je vidite\u013en\u00e1) sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa di\u00f3dov\u00fa maticu s po\u013eom jadier. Flexibiln\u00fd k\u00e1bel vidite\u013en\u00fd na\u013eavo sp\u00e1ja Y-dosku s ostatnou \u010das\u0165ou po\u010d\u00edta\u010da cez dosku vstupu a v\u00fdstupu, a mal\u00fd flexibiln\u00fd k\u00e1bel v pravom dolnom rohu sa sp\u00e1ja s doskou gener\u00e1tora sign\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Doska ovl\u00e1da\u010da pam\u00e4te X<\/h2>\n

\nSch\u00e9ma na riadenie l\u00edni\u00ed X je podobn\u00e1 sch\u00e9me Y, s t\u00fdm rozdielom, \u017ee existuje 128 l\u00edni\u00ed X a 64 l\u00edni\u00ed Y. Preto\u017ee je X-vodi\u010dov dvakr\u00e1t to\u013eko, modul m\u00e1 druh\u00fa dosku X-ovl\u00e1da\u010dov umiestnen\u00fa pod \u0148ou. Aj ke\u010f maj\u00fa dosky X a Y rovnak\u00e9 komponenty, rozlo\u017eenie je odli\u0161n\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nT\u00e1to doska a podobn\u00e1 pod \u0148ou riadia vybran\u00e9 X riadky v z\u00e1sobn\u00edku dosiek s jadrami.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Na ni\u017e\u0161ie uvedenom obr\u00e1zku je vidno, \u017ee na doske boli po\u0161koden\u00e9 niektor\u00e9 komponenty. Jeden z tranzistorov je posunut\u00fd, modul ULD je zlomen\u00fd na pol a druh\u00fd je odtrhnut\u00fd. Rozlo\u017eenie je vidite\u013en\u00e9 pri zlomenom module, tam sa tie\u017e zjavuje jeden z mal\u00fdch krem\u00edkov\u00fdch kry\u0161t\u00e1lov (vpravo). Na tomto obr\u00e1zku s\u00fa tie\u017e vidite\u013en\u00e9 stopy vertik\u00e1lnych a horizont\u00e1lnych vodiv\u00fdch cest na 12-vrstvovej potla\u010denej doske.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nDetail po\u0161koden\u00e9ho miesta na doske<\/i> <\/p>\n

Pod doskami ovl\u00e1da\u010dov X sa nach\u00e1dza di\u00f3da matica X, ktor\u00e1 obsahuje 288 di\u00f3d a 128 rezistorov. X-di\u00f3dov\u00e1 matica pou\u017e\u00edva topol\u00f3giu, ktor\u00e1 sa l\u00ed\u0161i od Y-di\u00f3dovej dosky, aby sa predi\u0161lo zdvojeniu po\u010dtu komponentov. Rovnako ako Y-di\u00f3dov\u00e1 doska, aj t\u00e1to doska obsahuje komponenty umiestnen\u00e9 vertik\u00e1lne medzi dvoma potla\u010den\u00fdmi doskami. T\u00e1to met\u00f3da sa naz\u00fdva \u201ekor\u010fv\u00fad\u201c a umo\u017e\u0148uje hust\u00e9 balenie komponentov.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nMakrofotografia di\u00f3dy matice X ukazuje vertik\u00e1lne umiestnen\u00e9 di\u00f3dy pod\u013ea met\u00f3dy kor\u010fv\u00fad medzi 2 potla\u010den\u00fdmi doskami. Dve dosky ovl\u00e1da\u010dov X s\u00fa nad di\u00f3dovou doskou, oddelen\u00e9 od nich polyuret\u00e1novou penou. V\u0161imnite si, \u017ee potla\u010den\u00e9 dosky s\u00fa umiestnen\u00e9 ve\u013emi bl\u00edzko k sebe.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Zosil\u0148ova\u010de pam\u00e4te<\/h2>\n

\nNa obr\u00e1zku ni\u017e\u0161ie je zobrazen\u00e1 doska zosil\u0148ova\u010da \u010d\u00edtania. M\u00e1 7 kan\u00e1lov na \u010d\u00edtanie 7 bitov z pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edka; identick\u00e1 doska ni\u017e\u0161ie spracov\u00e1va \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 7 bitov, celkovo 14 bitov. \u00dalohou zosil\u0148ova\u010da \u010d\u00edtania je detekova\u0165 slab\u00fd sign\u00e1l (20 milivoltov), generovan\u00fd premagnetizovate\u013en\u00fdm jadrom, a premeni\u0165 ho na 1-bitov\u00fd v\u00fdstup. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kan\u00e1l pozost\u00e1va z diferen\u010dn\u00e9ho zosil\u0148ova\u010da a buffera, nasleduje diferen\u010dn\u00fd transform\u00e1tor a v\u00fdstupn\u00fd stabiliz\u00e1tor. V\u013eavo je 28-\u017eilov\u00fd flexibiln\u00fd k\u00e1bel pripojen\u00fd k pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9mu z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, ktor\u00fd priv\u00e1dza dva konce ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edtacieho vodi\u010da k sch\u00e9me zosil\u0148ova\u010da, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fac modulom MSA-1 (zosil\u0148ova\u010d \u010d\u00edtania pam\u00e4te). Samostatn\u00fdmi komponentmi s\u00fa rezistory (hned\u00e9 valce), kondenz\u00e1tory (\u010derven\u00e9), transform\u00e1tory (\u010dierne) a tranzistory (zlat\u00e9). D\u00e1ta vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z dosiek zosil\u0148ova\u010da \u010d\u00edtania cez flexibiln\u00fd k\u00e1bel vpravo.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nDoska zosil\u0148ova\u010da \u010d\u00edtania v hornej \u010dasti pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu. T\u00e1to doska zosil\u0148uje sign\u00e1ly z senzorov\u00fdch vodi\u010dov na vytv\u00e1ranie v\u00fdstupn\u00fdch bitov.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Ovl\u00e1da\u010d linky z\u00e1kazu z\u00e1pisu<\/h2>\n

\nOvl\u00e1da\u010de z\u00e1kazu s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 na z\u00e1pis do pam\u00e4te a nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa sa na spodnej strane hlavn\u00e9ho modulu. Existuje 14 z\u00e1kazu, po jednom pre ka\u017ed\u00fa maticu v z\u00e1sobn\u00edku. Na to, aby sa zap\u00edsal 0 bit, sa aktivuje zodpovedaj\u00faci ovl\u00e1da\u010d zamykania a tok cez z\u00e1konn\u00fa linku zabra\u0148uje prep\u00ednaniu jadra na 1. Ka\u017ed\u00fa linku riadi modul ID-1 a ID-2 (ovl\u00e1da\u010d linky z\u00e1kazu z\u00e1pisu) a p\u00e1r tranzistorov. Vysokopresn\u00e9 rezistory 20,8 Ohmov v hornej a dolnej \u010dasti dosky reguluj\u00fa tok z\u00e1mku. 14-\u017eilov\u00fd flexibiln\u00fd k\u00e1bel vpravo sp\u00e1ja ovl\u00e1da\u010de s 14 zakazovac\u00edmi vodi\u010dmi v z\u00e1sobn\u00edku dosiek s jadrami.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nZakazovacia doska na spodnej strane pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu. T\u00e1to doska generuje 14 zakazovac\u00edch sign\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa po\u010das z\u00e1pisu.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Pam\u00e4\u0165 ovl\u00e1da\u010da hodiniek<\/h2>\n

\nOvl\u00e1da\u010d hodiniek je p\u00e1r dosiek, ktor\u00e9 generuj\u00fa synchroniza\u010dn\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly pre pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fd modul. Hne\u010f ako po\u010d\u00edta\u010d za\u010dne oper\u00e1ciu s pam\u00e4\u0165ou, r\u00f4zne synchroniza\u010dn\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdm modulom generuje asynchr\u00f3nne ovl\u00e1da\u010d hodiniek modulu. Dosky ovl\u00e1da\u010da hodiniek s\u00fa umiestnen\u00e9 v dolnej \u010dasti modulu, medzi z\u00e1sobn\u00edkom a zakazovacou doskou, tak\u017ee s\u00fa dosky zle vidite\u013en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nDosky ovl\u00e1da\u010da taktovacej frekvencie s\u00fa umiestnen\u00e9 pod hlavn\u00fdm pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdm blokom, ale nad blokom uzamknutia.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Modr\u00e9 komponenty dosky na fotografii hore predstavuj\u00fa viacoto\u010dn\u00e9 potenciometre, pravdepodobne na \u00fapravu \u010dasu alebo nap\u00e4tia. Rezistory a kondenz\u00e1tory s\u00fa tie\u017e vidite\u013en\u00e9 na dosk\u00e1ch. Sch\u00e9ma zobrazuje nieko\u013eko modulov MCD (Memory Clock Driver), ale \u017eiadne moduly na dosk\u00e1ch nie s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9. \u0164a\u017eko poveda\u0165, \u010di to s\u00favis\u00ed s obmedzenou vidite\u013enos\u0165ou, zmenou sch\u00e9my alebo pr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou inej dosky s t\u00fdmito modulmi.<\/p>\n

Panel I\/O pam\u00e4te<\/h2>\n

\nPoslednou doskou pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu je panel I\/O, ktor\u00fd distribuuje sign\u00e1ly medzi doskami pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu a zvy\u0161kom po\u010d\u00edta\u010da LVDC. Zelen\u00fd 98-kontaktn\u00fd konektor na dne sa prip\u00e1ja k \u0161asi pam\u00e4te LVDC, pri\u010dom zabezpe\u010duje sign\u00e1ly a nap\u00e1janie z po\u010d\u00edta\u010da. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina plastov\u00fdch konektorov je zlomen\u00e1, a preto s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9 kontakty. Distribu\u010dn\u00e1 doska je s t\u00fdmto konektorom spojen\u00e1 dvoma 49-kontaktn\u00fdmi flexibiln\u00fdmi k\u00e1blami dole (vidite\u013en\u00fd je iba predn\u00fd k\u00e1bel). In\u00e9 flexibiln\u00e9 k\u00e1ble distribuuj\u00fa sign\u00e1ly na dosku X-ovlada\u010da (v\u013eavo), dosku Y-ovlada\u010da (vpravo), dosku zosil\u0148ova\u010da \u010d\u00edtania (hore) a dosku blokovania (dole). 20 kondenz\u00e1torov na doske filtruje nap\u00e1janie dod\u00e1van\u00e9 na pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fd modul.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nDoska I\/O medzi pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdm modulom a zvy\u0161kom po\u010d\u00edta\u010da. Zelen\u00fd konektor na dne sa prip\u00e1ja k po\u010d\u00edta\u010du a tieto sign\u00e1ly s\u00fa nasmerovan\u00e9 cez ploch\u00e9 k\u00e1ble do in\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n

\nHlavn\u00fd pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fd modul LVDC zabezpe\u010doval kompaktn\u00e9, spo\u013eahliv\u00e9 \u00falo\u017eisko. Do dolnej polovice po\u010d\u00edta\u010da sa mohlo umiestni\u0165 a\u017e 8 pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch modulov. To umo\u017enilo po\u010d\u00edta\u010du uchov\u00e1va\u0165 32 kilobytov <\/a><\/noindex>26-bitov\u00fdch slov alebo 16 kilobytov v redundantnom vysoko spo\u013eahlivom \u201eduplexnom\u201c re\u017eime.<\/p>\n

Zauj\u00edmavou vlastnos\u0165ou LVDC bolo, \u017ee pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 moduly mohli by\u0165 zrkadlen\u00e9 pre vy\u0161\u0161iu spo\u013eahlivos\u0165. V \u201eduplexnom\u201c re\u017eime bolo ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo uchov\u00e1van\u00e9 v dvoch pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch moduloch. Ak do\u0161lo k chybe v jednom module, spr\u00e1vne slovo mohlo by\u0165 z\u00edskan\u00e9 z druh\u00e9ho modulu. Aj ke\u010f to zabezpe\u010dilo spo\u013eahlivos\u0165, zn\u00ed\u017eilo to objem pam\u00e4te na polovicu. Alternat\u00edvne m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 moduly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v \u201esimplexnom\u201c re\u017eime, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo je uchov\u00e1van\u00e9 len raz.<\/p>\n

\"Pam\u00e4\u0165
\nLVDC mohol obsahova\u0165 a\u017e osem pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch modulov centr\u00e1lneho procesora<\/i> <\/p>\n

Modul pam\u00e4te na magnetick\u00fdch jadr\u00e1ch poskytuje n\u00e1zorn\u00fa predstavu o \u010dase, ke\u010f na ulo\u017eenie 8 kB bol potrebn\u00fd 5-kilogramov\u00fd (2,3 kg) modul. Napriek tomu bola t\u00e1to pam\u00e4\u0165 pre svoje obdobie ve\u013emi pokro\u010dil\u00e1. Podobn\u00e9 zariadenia prestali by\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v 70-tych rokoch 20. storo\u010dia s pr\u00edchodom polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch DRAM.<\/p>\n

Obsah opera\u010dnej pam\u00e4te sa uchov\u00e1va aj pri vypnut\u00ed nap\u00e1jania, preto je ve\u013emi pravdepodobn\u00e9, \u017ee modul st\u00e1le uchov\u00e1va programov\u00e9 vybavenie z posledn\u00e9ho pou\u017eitia po\u010d\u00edta\u010da. \u00c1no, tam m\u00f4\u017eeme n\u00e1js\u0165 nie\u010do zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 aj po desa\u0165ro\u010diach. Bolo by zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 pok\u00fasi\u0165 sa obnovi\u0165 tieto \u00fadaje, ale po\u0161koden\u00fd obvod vytv\u00e1ra probl\u00e9m, a preto pravdepodobne nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 obsah extrahova\u0165 z pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9ho modulu e\u0161te nieko\u013eko desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u010co \u010fal\u0161ie u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 si m\u00f4\u017eete pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 na blogu Cloud4Y<\/a><\/noindex><\/b><\/p>\n

\u2192 Ve\u013ekono\u010dn\u00e9 vaj\u00ed\u010dka na topografick\u00fdch map\u00e1ch \u0160vaj\u010diarska<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 zna\u010dky 90-tych rokov, \u010das\u0165 1<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Ako matka hackera prenikla do v\u00e4zenia a nakazila po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u0161\u00e9fa <\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Diagnostika sie\u0165ov\u00fdch pripojen\u00ed na virtu\u00e1lnom smerova\u010di EDGE<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Ako sa bank zr\u00fatil<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Prihl\u00e1ste sa na n\u00e1\u0161 Telegram<\/a><\/noindex>-kan\u00e1l, aby ste nepreme\u0161kali \u010fal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nok! P\u00ed\u0161eme maxim\u00e1lne dvakr\u00e1t t\u00fd\u017edenne a iba ak ide o vec. A tie\u017e pripom\u00edname, \u017ee Cloud4Y m\u00f4\u017ee poskytn\u00fa\u0165 bezpe\u010dn\u00fd a spo\u013eahliv\u00fd vzdialen\u00fd pr\u00edstup k podnikov\u00fdm aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1m a inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m potrebn\u00fdm na zabezpe\u010denie kontinuity podnikania. Pr\u00e1ca z dia\u013eky je \u010fal\u0161ou prek\u00e1\u017ekou \u0161\u00edrenia koronav\u00edrusu. Podrobnosti u na\u0161ich mana\u017e\u00e9rov.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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