{"id":75250,"date":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","date_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas"},"modified":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","modified_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","slug":"obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","title":{"rendered":"Diskusia: \u0161tandardn\u00e9 UNIXov\u00e9 utilitky, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1lokto pou\u017e\u00edval a pou\u017e\u00edva v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Pred t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148om Douglas McIlroy, v\u00fdvoj\u00e1r UNIX pipeline a autor konceptu \u201ekomponentne orientovan\u00e9ho programovania\u201c, povedal<\/a><\/noindex> o zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch a neobvykl\u00fdch UNIX programoch, ktor\u00e9 nenabraly \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatnenie. Publik\u00e1cia spustila akt\u00edvnu diskusiu na Hacker News. Zhroma\u017edili sme to najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie a budeme radi, ak sa pripoj\u00edte k diskusii.<\/p>\n

\"Diskusia:<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFoto \u2014 Virginia Johnson<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ca s textom<\/h2>\n

\nV UNIX-like opera\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch je \u0161tandardn\u00e1 sada n\u00e1strojov na form\u00e1tovanie textu. Utilita typo<\/i><\/b> umo\u017e\u0148ovala prehliada\u0165 dokument na pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 preklepov a hapax legomena<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 slov\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 sa v materi\u00e1li objavia len raz. Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee na vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie preklepov program nepou\u017e\u00edva<\/a><\/noindex> slovn\u00edky. Opiera sa len o inform\u00e1cie v s\u00fabore a vykon\u00e1va frekven\u010dn\u00fa anal\u00fdzu na trojgramoch (po\u010det z troch znakov). Pri tom v\u0161etky potrebn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtadl\u00e1 s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex> v poli 26x26x26. Pod\u013ea slov Douglasa McIlroya tak\u00fd objem pam\u00e4te sotva sta\u010dil na nieko\u013eko jednobitov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edtadiel. Preto ich na \u00fasporu p\u00edsali v logaritmickej forme.<\/p>\n

Dnes typo nahradili modernej\u0161ie a presnej\u0161ie programy na kontrolu pravopisu zalo\u017een\u00e9 na slovn\u00edkoch. Av\u0161ak n\u00e1stroj sa st\u00e1le pam\u00e4t\u00e1 \u2014 pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi nad\u0161enec predstavil<\/a><\/noindex> realizoval typo v Go. Repozit\u00e1r sa aktualizuje dodnes.<\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1strojom na pr\u00e1cu s dokumentmi z 80-tych rokov je bal\u00edk Writer's Workbench<\/i><\/b> od Lorindy Cherry a Niny Macdonald z Bell Labs. Jeho s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou boli<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00e1stroje na ur\u010dovanie\u8a5e\uff0c\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u044b, ozna\u010denie \u0161t\u00fdlu dokumentu, vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie tautol\u00f3gi\u00ed a zbyto\u010dne zlo\u017eit\u00fdch viet. N\u00e1stroje sa vyv\u00edjali ako podpora pre \u0161tudentov a jedno \u010dasov\u00e9 obdobie ich pou\u017e\u00edvali<\/a><\/noindex> \u0161tudenti \u0160t\u00e1tnej univerzity Colorado v USA. Ale na za\u010diatku dev\u00e4\u0165desiatych rokov na Writer's Workbench zabudli, preto\u017ee ho nezaradili do Version 7 Unix. Tento n\u00e1stroj v\u0161ak pokra\u010doval vo svojej ceste napodobite\u013eov \u2014 napr\u00edklad, Grammatik<\/a><\/noindex> pre IBM PC.<\/p>\n

V UNIX s\u00fa tie\u017e \u0161tandardn\u00e9 prostriedky, ktor\u00e9 zjednodu\u0161uj\u00fa pr\u00e1cu s formulkami. Existuje preprocesor jazyka na form\u00e1tovanie matematick\u00fdch v\u00fdrazov. eqn<\/i><\/b>Vynik\u00e1 t\u00fdm, \u017ee na zobrazenie vzorcov sta\u010d\u00ed, aby ich v\u00fdvoj\u00e1r op\u00edsal jednoduch\u00fdmi slovami a symbolmi. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 slov\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa pos\u00fava\u0165 matematick\u00e9 znaky vertik\u00e1lne a horizont\u00e1lne, meni\u0165 ich ve\u013ekosti a \u010fal\u0161ie parametre. Ak sa n\u00e1stroju predlo\u017e\u00ed re\u0165azec:<\/p>\n

s\u00fa\u010det od { k = 1 } do N { k sup 2 }<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nNa v\u00fdstupe bude vygenerovan\u00fd nasleduj\u00faci vzorec:<\/p>\n
\"Diskusia:<\/p>\n
\nV roku 1980 \u2013 1990 eqn pom\u00e1hal<\/a><\/noindex> IT \u0161pecialistom p\u00edsa\u0165 manu\u00e1ly k softv\u00e9ru. Nesk\u00f4r ho v\u0161ak nahradil syst\u00e9m LaTeX, ktor\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edva<\/a><\/noindex> aj Habr. Ale eqn je prv\u00fd n\u00e1stroj podobn\u00e9ho druhu, ktor\u00fd zost\u00e1va s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou UNIX-podobn\u00fdch OS.<\/p>\n
Pr\u00e1ca so s\u00fabormi<\/h2>\n
\nV tematickej diskusii si obyvatelia Hacker News v\u0161imli nieko\u013eko m\u00e1lo pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch util\u00edt na pr\u00e1cu s s\u00fabormi. Jednou z nich kontrola<\/a><\/noindex> comm<\/i><\/b> na ich porovnanie. Je to zjednodu\u0161en\u00fd ekvivalent diff<\/a><\/noindex>, zameran\u00fd na pr\u00e1cu v skriptoch. Jeho nap\u00edsal<\/a><\/noindex> s\u00e1m Richard Stallman (Richard Stallman) spolu s Davidom MacKenziem (David MacKenzie).<\/p>\n
V\u00fdstup programu sa sklad\u00e1 z troch st\u013apcov. Do prv\u00e9ho st\u013apca sa dostan\u00fa hodnoty, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa jedine\u010dn\u00e9 pre prv\u00fd s\u00fabor, do druh\u00e9ho \u2014 jedine\u010dn\u00e9 pre druh\u00fd s\u00fabor. Tret\u00ed st\u013apec obsahuje spolo\u010dn\u00e9 hodnoty. Pre spr\u00e1vne fungovanie komandy comm musia by\u0165 porovn\u00e1van\u00e9 dokumenty lexik\u00e1lne usporiadan\u00e9. Preto jeden z n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edkov str\u00e1nky navrhol<\/a><\/noindex> pracova\u0165 s utilitou v nasleduj\u00facej podobe:<\/p>\n
comm <(sort fileA.txt) <(sort fileB.txt)<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nComm je vhodn\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 na kontrolu p\u00edsania slov. Sta\u010d\u00ed ich porovn\u00e1va\u0165 s referen\u010dn\u00fdm dokumentom \u2014 slovn\u00edkom. Vzh\u013eadom na detaily spojen\u00e9 s nevyhnutnos\u0165ou triedenia s\u00faborov existuje n\u00e1zor<\/a><\/noindex>, \u017ee Stallman a MacKenzie nap\u00edsali svoju utilitu v\u00fdlu\u010dne pre tento pr\u00edpad pou\u017eitia.<\/p>\n
\"Diskusia:
\nFoto \u2014 Marnix Hogendoorn<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n
Taktie\u017e \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk diskusie na HN poznamenal<\/a><\/noindex> mo\u017enosti oper\u00e1tora paste<\/b><\/i>, ktor\u00e9 boli pre neho nejasn\u00e9. Umo\u017e\u0148uje strieda\u0165 toky d\u00e1t alebo rozdeli\u0165 jeden tok na dva st\u013apce pri v\u00fdstupe:<\/p>\n
$ paste <( echo -e 'foonbar' ) <( echo -e 'baznqux' )\nfoo     baz\nbar     qux\n$ echo -e 'foonbarnbaznqux' | paste - -\nfoo     bar\nbaz     qux\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nJeden z pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov si v\u0161imol<\/a><\/noindex>, \u017ee \u010dasto na vykon\u00e1vanie t\u00fdchto jednoduch\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa nie najoptim\u00e1lnej\u0161ie rie\u0161enia: po\u010dn\u00fac fmt<\/a><\/noindex>, ex<\/a><\/noindex> a\u017e po mlr<\/a><\/noindex> s jot<\/a><\/noindex> a rs<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n
Ak\u00e9 \u0161tandardn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti UNIX-podobn\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov sa stali objavom pre v\u00e1s?<\/i><\/p>\n
O \u010dom p\u00ed\u0161eme v na\u0161om firemnom blogu:<\/b><\/p>\n
\"Diskusia: Ako sa vyv\u00edjal syst\u00e9m dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch mien: \u00e9ra ARPANET<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Diskusia: Hist\u00f3ria syst\u00e9mu dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch mien: prv\u00e9 DNS servery<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Diskusia: Hist\u00f3ria DNS: kedy sa dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 men\u00e1 stali platen\u00fdmi<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Diskusia: Hist\u00f3ria syst\u00e9mu dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch mien: \u201evojny\u201c protokolov<\/a><\/noindex><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439 (Douglas McIlroy), \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 UNIX \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 UNIX-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 Hacker News. \u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u2014 Virginia Johnson \u2014 Unsplash \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0412 UNIX-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 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