{"id":78254,"date":"2020-04-18T01:42:42","date_gmt":"2020-04-17T23:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/veb-highload-kak-my-upravlyaem-trafikom-desyatkov-tysyach-domenov"},"modified":"2026-05-20T17:45:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T15:45:17","slug":"veb-highload-kak-my-upravlyaem-trafikom-desyatkov-tysyach-domenov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/veb-highload-kak-my-upravlyaem-trafikom-desyatkov-tysyach-domenov","title":{"rendered":"Web-HighLoad \u2013 ako spravujeme prenosy desiatok tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Legit\u00edmny prenos v sieti DDoS-Guard ned\u00e1vno prekro\u010dil sto gigabitov za sekundu. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti 50 % v\u0161etk\u00e9ho n\u00e1\u0161ho prenosu generuj\u00fa webov\u00e9 slu\u017eby klientov. To je mnoho desiatok tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n, ve\u013emi r\u00f4znych a vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov vy\u017eaduj\u00facich individu\u00e1lny pr\u00edstup.<\/p>\n<p>Pod katom \u2013 ako spravujeme front-nody a poskytujeme <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" title=\"SSL certifik\u00e1ty\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/ssl-sertifikat\/\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"357\">SSL certifik\u00e1ty<\/a> pre stovky tis\u00edc str\u00e1nok.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/5e4fece0f5039f0fb1af5ead9e0e0089.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2013 ako spravujeme prenosy desiatok tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Nastavi\u0165 front pre jednu str\u00e1nku, hoci aj ve\u013emi ve\u013ek\u00fa, je jednoduch\u00e9. Berieme nginx alebo haproxy \u010di lighttpd, nastav\u00edme pod\u013ea n\u00e1vodov a zabudneme. Ak je potrebn\u00e9 nie\u010do zmeni\u0165 \u2013 urob\u00edme reload a znova zabudneme.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161etko sa men\u00ed, ke\u010f spracov\u00e1vate ve\u013ek\u00e9 objemy prenosu na\u017eivo, hodnot\u00edte legit\u00edmnos\u0165 po\u017eiadaviek, kompresujete a cachujete pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00fd obsah, a pritom men\u00edte parametre nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t za sekundu. Pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e chce vidie\u0165 v\u00fdsledok na v\u0161etk\u00fdch extern\u00fdch nodoch hne\u010f po tom, ako zmenil nastavenia vo svojom \u00fa\u010dte. A e\u0161te pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e m\u00f4\u017ee nahra\u0165 cez API nieko\u013eko tis\u00edc (niekedy aj desiatok tis\u00edc) dom\u00e9n s individu\u00e1lnymi parametrami prenosu. To v\u0161etko mus\u00ed fungova\u0165 okam\u017eite a v Amerike, a v Eur\u00f3pe, a v \u00c1zii \u2013 \u00faloha nie je najtrivi\u00e1lnej\u0161ia, ber\u00fac do \u00favahy, \u017ee v jednej len Moskve je nieko\u013eko fyzicky rozmiestnen\u00fdch uzlov filtrovania.<\/p>\n<h3>Pre\u010do to\u013eko ve\u013ek\u00fdch spo\u013eahliv\u00fdch uzlov po celom svete?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Kvalita obsluhy klientsk\u00e9ho prenosu \u2013 po\u017eiadavky z USA mus\u00edme spracov\u00e1va\u0165 pr\u00e1ve v USA (vr\u00e1tane z poh\u013eadu \u00fatokov, parsing a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch anom\u00e1li\u00ed), a nie ich \u0165aha\u0165 do Moskvy alebo Eur\u00f3py, nepravidelne zvy\u0161uj\u00fac latenciu spracovania.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dato\u010dn\u00fd prenos treba lokalizova\u0165 \u2013 tranzitn\u00ed oper\u00e1tori m\u00f4\u017eu degradova\u0165 po\u010das \u00fatokov, ktor\u00fdch objem \u010dasto presahuje 1Tbps. Transportova\u0165 \u00fato\u010dn\u00fd prenos po transatlantick\u00fdch alebo trans\u00e1zijsk\u00fdch link\u00e1ch \u2013 nie je najlep\u0161ia my\u0161lienka. Mali sme re\u00e1lne pr\u00edpady, kedy Tier-1 oper\u00e1tori hovorili: \u201eObjemy \u00fatokov, ktor\u00e9 prij\u00edmate, s\u00fa pre n\u00e1s nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9\u201c. Preto prij\u00edmame prich\u00e1dzaj\u00face toky \u010do najbli\u017e\u0161ie k ich zdrojom.<\/li>\n<li>Prihl\u00e1senie na pr\u00edsne po\u017eiadavky na kontinuitu prev\u00e1dzky - \u010distiace centr\u00e1 by nemali by\u0165 vz\u00e1jomne z\u00e1visl\u00e9 ani z\u00e1visl\u00e9 od miestnych udalost\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161ho r\u00fdchlo sa meniaceho sveta. Bolo odpojen\u00fdch v\u0161etk\u00fdch 11 poschod\u00ed MMTS-9 na t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148? - Nijak\u00fd probl\u00e9m. \u017diaden klient, ktor\u00fd nem\u00e1 fyzick\u00e9 prepojenie pr\u00e1ve na tejto lokalite, nebude postihnut\u00fd, a webov\u00e9 slu\u017eby nebud\u00fa za \u017eiadnych okolnost\u00ed ovplyvnen\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ako to v\u0161etko spravova\u0165?<\/h3>\n<p>Konfigur\u00e1cie slu\u017eieb by sa mali \u010do najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie (ide\u00e1lne okam\u017eite) \u0161\u00edri\u0165 na v\u0161etk\u00fdch front-endov\u00fdch uzloch. Nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 len tak jednoducho prepisova\u0165 textov\u00e9 konfigur\u00e1cie a vykon\u00e1va\u0165 re\u0161tarty d\u00e9monov pri ka\u017edej zmene - ten ist\u00fd nginx dr\u017e\u00ed kon\u010diace procesy (worker shutting down) e\u0161te nieko\u013eko min\u00fat (a mo\u017eno aj hod\u00edn, ak s\u00fa tam dlh\u00e9 websocketov\u00e9 rel\u00e1cie).<\/p>\n<p>Pri re\u0161tarte konfigur\u00e1cie nginx je celkom norm\u00e1lny nasleduj\u00faci obraz:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6a1ffc01ad9bac1e51d46c3130ea2a37.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2013 ako spravujeme prenosy desiatok tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pokia\u013e ide o vyu\u017e\u00edvanie pam\u00e4te:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/d356134b0866b8c92a3d5f7a3a8df208.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2013 ako spravujeme prenosy desiatok tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Star\u00e9 workery zaberaj\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165, vr\u00e1tane pam\u00e4te, ktor\u00e1 nie je line\u00e1rne z\u00e1visl\u00e1 od po\u010dtu spojen\u00ed - to je norm\u00e1lne. Ke\u010f sa klientsk\u00e9 spojenia uzavr\u00fa, t\u00e1to pam\u00e4\u0165 sa uvo\u013en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pre\u010do to nebolo probl\u00e9mom, ke\u010f sa nginx len za\u010d\u00ednal vyv\u00edja\u0165? Nebolo ani HTTP\/2, ani WebSocket, ani hromadn\u00e9 dlh\u00e9 keep-alive spojenia. 70% n\u00e1\u0161ho webov\u00e9ho prev\u00e1dzky je HTTP\/2, a to s\u00fa ve\u013emi dlh\u00e9 spojenia.<\/p>\n<p>Rie\u0161enie je jednoduch\u00e9 - nevyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 nginx, nepredspravova\u0165 fronty na z\u00e1klade textov\u00fdch s\u00faborov a u\u017e ur\u010dite nesp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u0165 komprimovan\u00e9 textov\u00e9 konfigur\u00e1cie po trans-pacifick\u00fdch kan\u00e1loch. Kan\u00e1ly s\u00fa s\u00edce garantovan\u00e9 a rezervovan\u00e9, ale od toho sa nikde nestan\u00fa menej transkontinent\u00e1lne.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e1me vlastn\u00fd front-endov\u00fd serverov\u00fd vyva\u017eova\u010d, o ktorom sa podrobnej\u0161ie rozpisujem v nasleduj\u00facich \u010dl\u00e1nkoch. Hlavn\u00e1 funkcia je aplikovan\u00e1 tis\u00edce zmien konfigur\u00e1cie za sekundu na\u017eivo, bez restartov, reloadov, skokov\u00e9ho n\u00e1rastu spotreby pam\u00e4te a podobn\u00fdch vec\u00ed. To ve\u013emi pripom\u00edna Hot Code Reload, napr\u00edklad v Erlangu. D\u00e1ta s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v geograficky rozdistributed key-value datab\u00e1ze a s\u00fa \u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 priamo vykon\u00e1vac\u00edmi mechanizmami front-endu. T.j. ak ste nahrali SSL certifik\u00e1t cez webov\u00e9 rozhranie alebo API v Moskve, za nieko\u013eko sek\u00fand je u\u017e pripraven\u00fd na pou\u017eitie v na\u0161om \u010distiacom centre v Los Angeles. Ak by n\u00e1hodou vypukla svetov\u00e1 vojna a internet zmizol, na\u0161e uzly bud\u00fa fungova\u0165 auton\u00f3mne a oprav\u00ed split-brain, len \u010do bude dostupn\u00fd jeden z vyhraden\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov Los Angeles-Amsterdam-Moskva, Moskva-Amsterdam-Hongkong-Los Angeles alebo aspo\u0148 jeden z rezervn\u00fdch overlayov\u00fdch GRE.<\/p>\n<p>Tento ist\u00fd mechanizmus n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje okam\u017eite vyd\u00e1va\u0165 a predl\u017eova\u0165 <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/\">certifik\u00e1ty Let's Encrypt.<\/a> Ve\u013emi zjednodu\u0161ene to funguje takto:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Akon\u00e1hle vid\u00edme aspo\u0148 jeden HTTPS po\u017eiadavok pre dom\u00e9nu n\u00e1\u0161ho klienta bez certifik\u00e1tu (alebo s expirovan\u00fdm certifik\u00e1tom), extern\u00e1 uzol, ktor\u00e1 prijala po\u017eiadavku, informuje o tom intern\u00e9 certifika\u010dn\u00e9 centrum.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20830ee7c4ea57ec1d0833f0bc25412d.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2013 ako spravujeme prenosy desiatok tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Ak pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e nevypol vydanie Let's Encrypt, certifika\u010dn\u00fd \u00farad vytvor\u00ed CSR, z\u00edska od LE token potvrdenia a rozpo\u0161le ho na v\u0161etky fronty cez \u0161ifrovan\u00fd kan\u00e1l. Teraz m\u00f4\u017ee ak\u00e1ko\u013evek uzol potvrdi\u0165 valida\u010dn\u00fd dopyt od LE.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/1c8b295065f27c1b69c810ff74ce4018.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2013 ako spravujeme prenosy desiatok tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/li>\n<li>O nieko\u013eko okamihov z\u00edskame platn\u00fd certifik\u00e1t a s\u00fakromn\u00fd k\u013e\u00fa\u010d a presne takto ich rozosielame frontom. Op\u00e4\u0165 bez re\u0161tartovania d\u00e9monov.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/e4fc349089fbf7cbe7824ea539865daf.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2013 ako spravujeme prenosy desiatok tis\u00edc dom\u00e9n\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Sedem dn\u00ed pred d\u00e1tumom expir\u00e1cie sa iniciuje proces op\u00e4tovn\u00e9ho z\u00edskania certifik\u00e1tu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Pr\u00e1ve teraz v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase rotujeme 350 000 certifik\u00e1tov, \u00faplne transparentne pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov.<\/p>\n<p>V nasleduj\u00facich \u010dl\u00e1nkoch tohto cyklu sa podel\u00edm o \u010fal\u0161ie vlastnosti spracovania ve\u013ek\u00e9ho webov\u00e9ho toku v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase \u2014 napr\u00edklad o anal\u00fdze RTT na ne\u00fapln\u00fdch \u00fadajoch na zlep\u0161enie kvality slu\u017eieb pre tranzitn\u00fdch klientov a v\u00f4bec o ochrane tranzitn\u00e9ho toku pred terabitov\u00fdmi \u00fatokmi, o dod\u00e1vke a agreg\u00e1cii inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o toku, o WAF, takmer neobmedzenom CDN a mnoh\u00fdch mechanizmoch optimaliz\u00e1cie dod\u00e1vania obsahu.<\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Len registrovan\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvatelia sa m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00fa\u010dastni\u0165 prieskumu. <a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Prihl\u00e1ste sa<\/a>, pros\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">O \u010dom by ste chceli vedie\u0165 najprv?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"poll-result\">\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">14,3%<\/strong>Algoritmy klasifik\u00e1cie a anal\u00fdzy kvality webov\u00e9ho trafficu&lt;3<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent  poll-result__data-percent_winner\">33,3%<\/strong>Vo vn\u00fatri vyva\u017eova\u010dov DDoS-Guard7<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">9,5%<\/strong>Ochrana tranzitn\u00e9ho L3\/L4 trafficu2<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">0,0%<\/strong>Ochrana webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nok na tranzitnom trafficu0<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">14,3%<\/strong>Web Application Firewall3<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">28,6%<\/strong>Ochrana pred parsovan\u00edm a klikac\u00edmi podvodmi6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hlasovalo 21 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. Zdr\u017eali sa 6 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ddosguard\/blog\/497632\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 DDoS-Guard \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044e \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 50% \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442-\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c SSL-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":78255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-78254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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