{"id":79028,"date":"2020-04-23T19:43:19","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T17:43:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pishem-v-postgresql-na-subsvetovoj-1-host-1-day-1tb"},"modified":"2020-04-23T19:43:19","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T17:43:19","slug":"pishem-v-postgresql-na-subsvetovoj-1-host-1-day-1tb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pishem-v-postgresql-na-subsvetovoj-1-host-1-day-1tb","title":{"rendered":"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ned\u00e1vno som hovoril o tom, ako pomocou typov\u00fdch receptov <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/tensor\/blog\/492694\/\">zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 v\u00fdkon SQL dotazov \u201ena \u010d\u00edtanie\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> z PostgreSQL datab\u00e1zy. Dnes sa budeme zaobera\u0165 t\u00fdm, ako <b>m\u00f4\u017eeme urobi\u0165 z\u00e1pis<\/b> do DB efekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed bez pou\u017eitia ak\u00fdchko\u013evek \u201evrta\u010diek\u201c v konfigur\u00e1cii \u2014 jednoducho spr\u00e1vne usporiadan\u00edm tokov d\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cbebbe0ed0e9a6590a4e8dd144f82f40.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>#1. \u0421\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u010cl\u00e1nok o tom, ako a pre\u010do by sa malo organizova\u0165 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483170\/\">aplikovan\u00e9 segmentovanie \u201eteoreticky\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> u\u017e bol, tu sa budeme zaobera\u0165 praktick\u00fdm uplatnen\u00edm niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edstupov v r\u00e1mci na\u0161ich <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/487380\/\">slu\u017eieb monitorovania stoviek PostgreSQL serverov<\/a><\/noindex>.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h4>\u201eZ d\u00e1vnych \u010dias\u2026\u201c<\/h4>\n<p>\nP\u00f4vodne, ako ka\u017ed\u00fd MVP, n\u00e1\u0161 projekt za\u010dal pod celkom malou z\u00e1\u0165a\u017eou \u2014 monitorovanie sa vykon\u00e1valo iba pre desiatku najkritickej\u0161\u00edch serverov, v\u0161etky tabu\u013eky boli relat\u00edvne kompaktne\u2026 Ale \u010das plynul, sledovan\u00fdch hostite\u013eov prib\u00fadalo, a pok\u00fasili sme sa znova spravi\u0165 nie\u010do s jednou z <b>tabuliek s rozmerom 1.5TB<\/b>, pochopili sme, \u017ee \u017ei\u0165 tak \u010falej je s\u00edce mo\u017en\u00e9, ale ve\u013emi nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>\u010casy boli takmer rozpr\u00e1vkov\u00e9, aktu\u00e1lne boli r\u00f4zne verzie PostgreSQL 9.x, preto v\u0161etko segmentovanie sa muselo robi\u0165 \u201eru\u010dne\u201c \u2014 cez <b>dedi\u010dstvo tabuliek a sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165ace<\/b> routing s dynamick\u00fdm <code>EXECUTE<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/a480e75ccec73080aa2d0be1435d2a2e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nV\u00fdsledn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie sa uk\u00e1zalo ako dostato\u010dne univerz\u00e1lne, aby ho bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 previes\u0165 na v\u0161etky tabu\u013eky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bola vyhl\u00e1sen\u00e1 pr\u00e1zdna \u201ehlavi\u010dkov\u00e1\u201c rodi\u010dovsk\u00e1 tabu\u013eka, na ktorej boli pop\u00edsan\u00e9 v\u0161etky <b>potrebn\u00e9 indexy a sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165ace<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Z\u00e1pis z poh\u013eadu klienta sa vykonal do \u201ekore\u0148ovej\u201c tabu\u013eky, a vn\u00fatri pomocou <b>sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aceho routingu<\/b> <code>BEFORE INSERT<\/code> z\u00e1znam sa \u201efyzicky\u201c vkladal do potrebn\u00e9ho oddelenia. Ak tak\u00e9 e\u0161te neexistovalo \u2013 zachytili sme v\u00fdnimku a \u2026<\/li>\n<li>... pomocou <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/492464\/\"><code>CREATE TABLE ... (LIKE ... INCLUDING ...)<\/code><\/a><\/noindex> pod\u013ea \u0161abl\u00f3ny rodi\u010dovskej tabu\u013eky sa vytvorila <b>sekcia s obmedzen\u00edm na po\u017eadovan\u00fd d\u00e1tum<\/b>, aby pri vyh\u013ead\u00e1van\u00ed \u00fadajov sa \u010d\u00edtanie vykon\u00e1valo iba v nej.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>PG10: prv\u00fd pokus<\/h4>\n<p>\nAle segment\u00e1cia cez dedi\u010dstvo nebola historicky ve\u013emi prisp\u00f4soben\u00e1 pre pr\u00e1cu s akt\u00edvnym tokom z\u00e1pisu alebo ve\u013ek\u00fdm po\u010dtom sekci\u00ed potomkov. Napr\u00edklad, m\u00f4\u017eeme si spomen\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee algoritmus v\u00fdberu spr\u00e1vnej sekcie mal <b>kvadratick\u00fa zlo\u017eitosti<\/b>, \u010do pri 100+ sekci\u00e1ch funguje, sami ch\u00e1pete ako\u2026<\/p>\n<p>V PG10 sa t\u00e1to situ\u00e1cia v\u00fdrazne optimalizovala, implementuj\u00fac podporu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postgrespro.ru\/docs\/postgresql\/10\/ddl-partitioning\">nativn\u00e9ho sekcionovania<\/a><\/noindex>. Preto sme sa ihne\u010f pok\u00fasili aplikova\u0165 to hne\u010f po migr\u00e1cii \u00falo\u017eiska, ale\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Ako sa uk\u00e1zalo po pre\u0161tudovan\u00ed manu\u00e1lu, nativne sekcionovan\u00e1 tabu\u013eka v tejto verzii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>nepodporuje popis indexov<\/li>\n<li>nepodporuje triggere na nej<\/li>\n<li>nem\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nik\u00fdm \u00abpotomkom\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>nepodporuje <code>INSERT ... ON CONFLICT<\/code><\/li>\n<li>nedok\u00e1\u017ee automaticky generova\u0165 sekciu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPo bolestivom \u00fadere do hlavy sme si uvedomili, \u017ee bez modifik\u00e1cie aplik\u00e1cie sa nezaob\u00eddeme a odlo\u017eili sme \u010fal\u0161ie v\u00fdskumy na pol roka.<\/p>\n<h4>PG10: druh\u00e1 \u0161anca<\/h4>\n<p>\nTak\u017ee sme za\u010dali rie\u0161i\u0165 vyvst\u00e1vaj\u00face probl\u00e9my po jednom:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ke\u010f\u017ee triggere a <code>ON CONFLICT<\/code> sa n\u00e1m na niektor\u00fdch miestach predsa len zdali potrebn\u00e9, na ich spracovanie sme vytvorili medzistup\u0148ov\u00fa <b>proxy tabu\u013eku<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li><b>zbavili sme sa \u00abrouting-u\u00bb<\/b> v triggeroch \u2014 teda od <code>EXECUTE<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>Naseparovali sme <b>tabu\u013eku-\u0161abl\u00f3nu so v\u0161etk\u00fdmi indexami<\/b>, aby ani neboli pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 na proxy tabu\u013eke.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/db3118798357575568489f6b575373b6.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNakoniec, po v\u0161etkom tom, sme nativne odsekcionovali hlavn\u00fa tabu\u013eku. Vytvorenie novej sekcie zatia\u013e zostalo na svedom\u00ed aplik\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<h4>\u201eP\u00edlime\u201c slovn\u00edky<\/h4>\n<p>\nRovnako ako v ka\u017edom analytickom syst\u00e9me, mali sme aj my <b>\u201efakty\u201c a \u201erezania\u201c<\/b> (slovn\u00edky). V na\u0161om pr\u00edpade vystupovali napr\u00edklad ako <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/5XKbFb-l5Do?t=2487\">telo \u201e\u0161abl\u00f3ny\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> rovnak\u00fdch pomal\u00fdch dotazov alebo text samotn\u00e9ho dotazu.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eFakty\u201c u\u017e boli sekcionovan\u00e9 pod\u013ea dn\u00ed, tak\u017ee sme si bez probl\u00e9mov mohli odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 zastaran\u00e9 sekcie, a tie n\u00e1m neprek\u00e1\u017eali (logy predsa!). Ale so slovn\u00edkmi sa to zhor\u0161ilo\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Ned\u00e1 sa poveda\u0165, \u017ee by ich bolo ve\u013emi ve\u013ea, ale pribli\u017ene <b>na 100TB \u201efaktov\u201c vznikol slovn\u00edk na 2,5TB<\/b>. Z takej tabu\u013eky sa pohodlne ned\u00e1 ni\u010d odstr\u00e1ni\u0165, nezmen\u0161i\u0165 v rozumnom \u010dase, a aj z\u00e1pis do nej postupne spoma\u013eoval.<\/p>\n<p>Akoby slovn\u00edk\u2026 v \u0148om by mala by\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00e1 polo\u017eka zast\u00fapen\u00e1 presne raz\u2026 a to je spr\u00e1vne, ale!.. Nikto n\u00e1m nebr\u00e1ni ma\u0165 <b>na ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 samostatn\u00fd slovn\u00edk<\/b>! \u00c1no, to prin\u00e1\u0161a ur\u010dit\u00fa nadbyto\u010dnos\u0165, ale na druhej strane to umo\u017e\u0148uje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie zapisovanie\/\u010d\u00edtanie<\/b> v\u010faka men\u0161ej ve\u013ekosti sekcie<\/li>\n<li><b>spotrebova\u0165 menej pam\u00e4te<\/b> v\u010faka pr\u00e1ci s kompaktn\u00fdmi indexami<\/li>\n<li><b>uskladni\u0165 menej \u00fadajov<\/b> v\u010faka mo\u017enosti r\u00fdchleho odstr\u00e1nenia zastaran\u00fdch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV d\u00f4sledku cel\u00e9ho komplexu opatren\u00ed <b>z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e CPU sa zn\u00ed\u017eila o ~30%, na disku o ~50%<\/b>:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/fd3a219a304dc46173a7eb435502fe02.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPri tom sme na\u010falej zapisovali do datab\u00e1zy presne to ist\u00e9, len s men\u0161ou z\u00e1\u0165a\u017eou.<\/p>\n<h2>#2. \u042d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0411\u0414<\/h2>\n<p>\nTak\u017ee sme sa zastavili pri tom, \u017ee m\u00e1me <b>na ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 svoju sekciu<\/b> s \u00fadajmi. Vlastne, <code>CHECK (dt = '2018-10-12'::date)<\/code> \u2014 a to je k\u013e\u00fa\u010d sekcionovania a podmienka na zaradenie z\u00e1znamu do konkr\u00e9tnej sekcie.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee v\u0161etky spr\u00e1vy v na\u0161ej slu\u017ebe s\u00fa zostaven\u00e9 pod\u013ea konkr\u00e9tneho d\u00e1tumu, aj indexy z \"nesekcionovan\u00fdch \u010dias\" pre ne boli v\u0161etky typu <i>(Server, <b>D\u00e1tum<\/b>, \u0160abl\u00f3na pl\u00e1nu)<\/i>, <i>(Server, <b>D\u00e1tum<\/b>, Uzol pl\u00e1nu)<\/i>, <i>(<b>D\u00e1tum<\/b>, Trieda chyby, Server)<\/i>,\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Ale teraz v ka\u017edej sekcii \u017eij\u00fa <u>svoje in\u0161tancie<\/u> ka\u017ed\u00e9ho tak\u00e9ho indexu\u2026 A v r\u00e1mci ka\u017edej sekcie <u>d\u00e1tum je kon\u0161tanta<\/u>\u2026 Zis\u0165ujeme, \u017ee teraz do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho tak\u00e9ho indexu <b>ban\u00e1lne zapisujeme kon\u0161tantu<\/b> ako jedno z pol\u00ed, \u010do zvy\u0161uje jeho objem aj \u010das vyh\u013ead\u00e1vania, no neprin\u00e1\u0161a \u017eiadny v\u00fdsledok. Sami sme si vytvorili probl\u00e9my, ups...<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/c7644644b960c568c4adaeec57cfef2d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nSmer optimaliz\u00e1cie je samozrejm\u00fd \u2014 jednoducho <b>odstr\u00e1nime pole s d\u00e1tumom zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch indexov<\/b> na sekcionovan\u00fdch tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch. Pri na\u0161ich objemoch zisk \u2014 okolo <b>1TB\/t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148<\/b>!<\/p>\n<p>A teraz si v\u0161imnime, \u017ee tento terabajt sme e\u0161te museli nejako zap\u00edsa\u0165. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee aj <b>disk mus\u00edme teraz za\u0165a\u017eova\u0165 menej<\/b>! Na tomto obr\u00e1zku je dobre vidite\u013en\u00fd dosiahnut\u00fd efekt odvedenej pr\u00e1ce, ktorej sme venovali t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/f45e3b26337074a07751ea28961009bf.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>#3. \u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u00bb \u043f\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443<\/h2>\n<p>\nJedn\u00fdm z ve\u013ek\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov za\u0165a\u017een\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov je <b>zbyto\u010dn\u00e1 synchroniz\u00e1cia<\/b> niektor\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 to nevy\u017eaduj\u00fa. Niekedy \"preto\u017ee si to nev\u0161imli\", inokedy \"tak to bolo jednoduch\u0161ie\", ale sk\u00f4r \u010di nesk\u00f4r sa od nej mus\u00edme zbavi\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Pribl\u00ed\u017eime predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci obr\u00e1zok \u2014 a vid\u00edme, \u017ee disk m\u00e1 <b>\"prenos\" z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee s dvojitou amplit\u00fadou<\/b> medzi susedn\u00fdmi meraniami, \u010do jasne \"\u0161tatisticky\" nemalo by\u0165 pri takom mno\u017estve oper\u00e1ci\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/ac3f19213cba0f111864c6dbf9a73912.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDosiahnu\u0165 to je dos\u0165 jednoduch\u00e9. Na monitorovanie sme mali zaveden\u00fdch u\u017e <b>takmer 1000 serverov<\/b>, ka\u017ed\u00fd spracov\u00e1va samostatn\u00fdm logick\u00fdm tokom, a ka\u017ed\u00fd tok uklad\u00e1 nahromaden\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie na odoslanie do datab\u00e1zy s ur\u010ditou pravidelnos\u0165ou, pribli\u017ene takto:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"javascript\">setInterval(sendToDB, interval)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nProbl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edva presne v tom, \u017ee <b>v\u0161etky toky sa sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa pribli\u017ene v rovnakom \u010dase<\/b>, preto s\u00fa chv\u00edle odosielania skoro v\u017edy rovnak\u00e9 \"do bodky\". Ups \u010d. 2...<\/p>\n<p>Na\u0161\u0165astie sa to pomerne jednoducho oprav\u00ed, <b>pridan\u00edm \"n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho\" rozptylu.<\/b> \u010dasovo:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"javascript\">setInterval(sendToDB, interval * (1 + 0.1 * (Math.random() - 0.5)))<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>#4. \u041a\u044d\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e<\/h2>\n<p>\nTret\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m highloadu \u2014 <b>absence cache<\/b> tam, kde je <i>mohol<\/i> by\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Napr\u00edklad, urobili sme mo\u017enos\u0165 anal\u00fdzy z poh\u013eadu uzlov pl\u00e1nu (v\u0161etky tieto <code>Seq Scan on users<\/code>), ale hne\u010f si pomyslie\u0165, \u017ee s\u00fa, v masovom, rovnak\u00e9 \u2014 zabudli sme.<\/p>\n<p>Nie, samozrejme, do datab\u00e1zy sa ni\u010d neopakuje, to odstra\u0148uje sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010d s <code>INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING<\/code>. Ale do datab\u00e1zy tieto \u00fadaje predsa len dorazia, a to e\u0161te aj zbyto\u010dn\u00e9 <b>\u010d\u00edtanie na overenie konfliktu<\/b> robi\u0165 mus\u00edme. Ups \u010d. 3\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Rozdiel v po\u010dte z\u00e1znamov posielan\u00fdch do datab\u00e1zy pred\/po zapnut\u00ed cachovania \u2014 je jasn\u00fd:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/37fa7e64a674f03a79f2765a79ec8138.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nA toto \u2014 sprievodn\u00e9 poklesnutie z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee na \u00falo\u017eisku:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/b2c563b4b41755211e77768d80f8702f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Spolu<\/h2>\n<p>\nTera-bajt za de\u0148\u201c znie iba hrozivo. Ak rob\u00edte v\u0161etko spr\u00e1vne, je to len <b>2^40 bytov \/ 86400 sek\u00fand = ~12.5MB\/s<\/b>, \u010do udr\u017eali aj stoln\u00e9 IDE disky. \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>A ak sa na to pozrieme v\u00e1\u017ene, dokonca aj pri desatin\u00e1sobnom \u201eprevrhu\u201c z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee po\u010das d\u0148a, sa v pohode m\u00f4\u017eete zmesti\u0165 do mo\u017enost\u00ed modern\u00fdch SSD.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ed\u0161eme v PostgreSQL na subsveteln\u00fdch: 1 host, 1 de\u0148, 1TB\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6f3f8d4636ba50f3d5401bf4e456757f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/497008\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c SQL-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0438\u0437 PostgreSQL-\u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0411\u0414 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043a\u00bb \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. #1. \u0421\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00bb [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":79029,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-79028","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c 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